In the article the author investigate the urban forestry education in the world. As the results of the research he conclude that, new programs and approaches such as landscape ecology and management, sustainable land use, urban ecology, and urban agriculture all take a more integrative perspective on different land uses, land covers and ecosystems. Also he found out the in Russia urban forestry education is not presented and can be prospective for development.Исследуется образование в сфере городского лесного хозяйства в мире. По результатам исследования автор пришел к выводу, что новые программы и подходы, такие как ландшафтная экология и управление, устойчивое землепользование, городская экология и городское сельское хозяйство, имеют отношение к различным видам землепользования, земельным покровам и экосистемам. Показано, что в России образование в сфере городских лесов не представлено и может быть перспективным

Vukovic, D. B.

Electronic archive of the Ural State Forest Engineering University

ЭКО-ПОТЕНЦИАЛ № 3 (19), 2017    42  УДК 332.1 D.B. Vukovic  Geographical Institute «Jovan Cvijic» of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts,  Belgrade, Serbia  URBAN FORESTRY  Ключевые слова: городское лесное хозяйство, ландшафтная экология, устой-чивое землепользование, городская экология. Исследуется образование  в сфере городского лесного хозяйства в мире. По ре-зультатам исследования автор пришел к выводу, что новые программы и подходы, та-кие как ландшафтная экология и управление, устойчивое землепользование, городская экология и городское сельское хозяйство, имеют отношение к различным видам земле-пользования, земельным покровам и экосистемам. Показано, что в России образование в сфере городских лесов не представлено и может быть перспективным. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Key words: urban forestry, landscape ecology, sustainable land use, urban ecology. In the article the author investigate the urban forestry education in the world. As the results of the research he conclude that,  new programs and approaches such as landscape ecology and management, sustainable land use, urban ecology, and urban agriculture all take a more integrative perspective on different land uses, land covers and ecosystems. Also he found out the in Russia urban forestry education is not presented and can be prospective for development. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Вукович Дарко Божа - доктор экономических наук, Serbian Academy of Scienc-es and Arts, Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijic, Belgrade, Serbia. E-mail: vdar-ko@hotmail.rs. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- According to Salbitano et al. (2016), all cities share a similar physical texture, com-prising “grey” infrastructure (e.g. residential and industrial buildings, roads, utilities and park-ing lots), blue infrastructure (e.g. rivers, lakes, ponds and water channels) and green infra-structure (e.g. trees, shrubs and grasses in parks, forests, gardens and streets). Optimizing the interactions among these elements is the key to reshaping or building cities capable of re-sponding to urban challenges. Same authors define urban forests can be defined as networks or systems comprising all woodlands, groups of trees, and individual trees located in urban and peri-urban areas; they include, therefore, forests, street trees, trees in parks and gardens, and trees in derelict corners.  The most broadly accepted definition of urban forestry, based on Miller (1997) is ‘the art, science and technology of managing trees and forest resources in and around urban com-munity ecosystems for the physiological, sociological, economic and aesthetic benefits trees provide society’ (Helms, 1998). These natural systems are not limited to parks and green spaces but include trees lining streets and private yards. However, the focus of discussions on Электронный архив УГЛТУЭКО-ПОТЕНЦИАЛ № 3 (19), 2017    43  urban forestry revolves around those trees and natural systems on public lands over which the governing jurisdiction can exert direct influence. Konijnendijk and Randrup (2005) argue that urban forests can be defined as all forest stands and other tree-dominated vegetation in and near urban areas. Benefits of urban forests are multiple (McPherson et al., 2005):   energy savings based on computer modeling of the effects of shading on heat-ing and cooling costs in buildings;  the reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide from both the sequestration of carbon in wood and the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions related to energy savings;  air-quality improvements due to the collection of pollutants on leaves (but not counting the effect of reduced emissions);  improvements in aesthetics, as measured by relative increases in property val-ue; and  educed storm water runoff, based on average precipitation levels. This benefits are very important bearing in mind that more than 50% of the world’s population lives in cities and suburbs, which are the fastest growing communities in the coun-try. Pirnat (2001) set a different following functions of the urban forest: a) Ecological forest functions: - рrotection of soils on steep and highly erodible sites; - hydrological function; - biodiversity function; and - climatic function. b) Social forest functions: - natural and cultural heritage protection function; - recreation function; - aesthetic function; - educational function; and - health function.  Fig. 1. Urban forestry in Etobicoke, Toronto. Photo by Sam Javanrouh (http://www.slocat.net/news/383).  Электронный архив УГЛТУЭКО-ПОТЕНЦИАЛ № 3 (19), 2017    44  According to all of this and by definition of Konijnendijk and Randrup (2005), urban forestry education could be defined as education with focus on one or more of the following topics: function, phoning, design, selection, establishment and management of urban and pe-riorban woodland, parks, street toes and other tree resources. Nowadays, urban forestry has emerged as a new profession and a field of scientific attention. Given the wide range of skills and knowledge requited to deal with both a varied natural resource and urban society, it is not surprising that many different disciplines are involved.  The overview of urban forestry research in Europe has indicated that applied sciences with a focus on natural science-oriented fields such as forestry, horticulture, (landscape) ecol-ogy and arboriculture dominate the research arena. On the other hand, disciplines and profes-sions with a stronger societal character, such as landscape architecture and landscape plan-ning, also play an important role (Konijnendijk & Randrup, 2005). Many of researches and good practice in urban forestry (Forrest et al. 1999,  Konijnendijk et al. 2000) have stressed the importance of developing multi and interdisciplinary approaches to studying, planning, designing, establishing and managing woodland and other tree resources in urban and perbur-ban lands. Education takes place at many different levels, aimed at people with differing needs in terms of knowledge or skills to be acquired. Johnston (2001) lists three main fields of education within urban forestry:  1. Formal educational courses at different levels ('school' or university education).  2. Training, as usually refers to the acquisition of basic practical skills.  3. Continuing professional development, to frequently informal education to keep profes-sionals abreast of new developments and knowledge in their field. The term ‘urban forestry’ was first used in 1965 as title for a graduate study on the success and failures of municipal tree planting in part of Metropolitan Toronto (Johnston, 1996). Before that, graduates of forestry schools in North America were more frequently hired to manage municipal tree management programs because of their biological, quantita-tive and managerial skills (Miller, 2001). In USA there are 63 universities where is possible to study Urban Forestry. The most important universities in USA and Canada are presented in Table 1. Europe can pride itself on a long tradition of urban green space planning, design and management. Most European countries have a tradition of close collaboration between practi-tioners and researchers in urban forestry. Research has been strongly rooted in practice and municipalities have been amongst the important funders of research. Many universities have specific programs in arboriculture and urban forestry (Table 2). According to Konijnendijk (2003) survey of 20 European countries identified more than 400 recent or ongoing research projects on trees and forests in the urban environment. In Europe the urban forest resource is relatively small compared to overall forest re-sources, but expanding and already covering a significant area of land. Higher education (i.e. at Bachelor level or higher) on urban forestry has been less developed so far. One hundred and eighty educational institutions in 28 countries offered 31 full degree programs and 191 courses and modules (Konijnendijk, 2003). New programs and approaches such as landscape ecology and management, sustainable land use, urban ecology, and urban agriculture all take a more integrative perspective on different land uses, land covers and ecosystems.  Acknowledgments  This paper is the result of the project No. 47007 funded by the Ministry for Education, Science, and Technological Development of Republic of Serbia.     Электронный архив УГЛТУЭКО-ПОТЕНЦИАЛ № 3 (19), 2017    45  Table 1  The most important universities in USA and Canada with Urban Forestry education University Areas of study University of Washington, USA Forestry and Wildlands Management  Graduate: Doctorate, First Professional Degree, Master Undergraduate: Bachelor  Ashford University, USA Master         MBA - Environmental Management Bachelor Degrees         Bachelor - Environmental Studies Johns Hopkins University, USA Master MS in Environmental Sciences & Policy Penn Foster Career School, USA Certificates Wildlife & Forestry Conservation Career Diploma Southern New Hampshire University, USA Bachelor Degrees BS Environmental Science in Geospatial Tech-nologies BS Environmental Science BS in Geosciences concentration in Natural Re-sources & Conservation BS Env Science in Nat Resources & Conservation University of British Columbia, Faculty of Forestry, Canada Bachelor of Urban Forestry in Urban Forestry Minor in Urban  Green-Space Management Minor in Landscape and  Recreation Planning University of Maryland, College of Ag-riculture and Natural Resources (AGNR), USA Undergraduate Programs in Urban Forestry University of California, USA Doctoral program of Urban Forestry University of Toronto’s, Faculty of For-estry, Canada All level programs Oregon State University, USA All level programs  References  Forrest M., Konijnendijk C.C., Randrup T.B. (eds). COST Action E12 — Research and development in urban forestry in Europe. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1999. Helms J.A. The Dictionary of Forestry. The Society of American Foresters, Bethesda. 1998. Internet: Urban forestry in Etobicoke, Toronto. Photo by Sam Javanrouh (http://www.slocat.net/news/383). Johnston M. A brief history of urban forestry in the United States // Arboricultural Journal. 1996. Vol. 20. P. 257–278.   Электронный архив УГЛТУЭКО-ПОТЕНЦИАЛ № 3 (19), 2017    46  Table 2 The most important universities in Europe with Urban Forestry education University Areas of study Mediterranea University of Reggio Ca-labria, Italy Master in Environmental and Forest Sciences Polytechnic Institute Of Bragança, Por-tugal Master in Management of Forest Resources University of Aberdeen, UK Master in Forestry (Urban Forestry) University of Wales, Bangor, UK Agroforestry (PhD/MPhil) Myerscough College, UK Arboriculture and Urban Forestry (MSc) University of Aberdeen, UK Environmental and Forest Management (MSc)  Erasmus Mundus Master of Science in European Forestry, organised by Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany, Aus-tria, Sweden and France. European Forestry (MSc) University of Eastern Finland - School of Forest Sciences Environmental Science and Forestry Technische Universität Dresden, Germa-ny Tropical Forestry master program The University of the Highlands and Is-lands, UK BSc (Hons) Forest Management  Johnston M. Educating the relevant professionals in urban forestry // Collins K.D., Konijnendijk C.C. (eds). Planting the idea — The role of education in urban forestry. Pro-ceedings of the COST Action ‘Urban Forests and Trees’ seminar in Dublin, 23. March, 2000. The Tree Council of Ireland, Dublin, 2001. P. 35–48. Konijnendijk C.C., Randrup T.B. Urban Forestry Education. Springer Berlin Heidel-berg, 2005. DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27684-X_18. Konijnendijk C.C. A decade of urban forestry in Europe // Forest Policy & Economics. 2003. Vol. 5. P. 173–186. Konijnendijk C.C., Randrup T.B., Nilsson K. Urban forestry research in Europe: An Overview // Journal of  Arboriculture. 2000. Vol. 26. No 3. P.152–161. McPherson G., Simpson J.R., Peper P.J., Maco S.E., Xiao Q. Municipal forest benefits and costs in five US cities // Journal of Forestry. 2005. Vol. 103. No 8. P. 411–416. Miller R.W. Urban Forestry: Planning and Managing Urban Green Spaces. Second ed. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1997. Miller R.W. Urban forestry in third level education: the US experience // Planting the idea—the role of education in urban forestry. Collins K.D., Konijnendijk C.C. (Eds.). Pro-ceedings of the COST Action ‘Urban Forests and Trees’ Seminar in Dublin, 23 March, 2000. The Tree Council of Ireland, Dublin. P. 49–57. Pirnat J. The development of urban forestry in Slovenia – a key study of Ljubljana. Urbanistica, 2001. Salbitano F., Borelli S., Conigliaro M., Chen Y. Guidelines on urban and peri-urban forestry. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2016.  ISBN 978-92-5-109442-6.  Рецензент статьи: Marko D. Petrović, Ph.D., Res. Assoc. Geographical Institute ''Jovan Cvijić'', Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.   Электронный архив УГЛТУ

Urban forestry

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Electronic archive of the Ural State Forest Engineering University