Power point presentation about practical experiences regarding flower strips and monitoring of natural enemies in Swedish apple orchards. Co-presented by researchers and farmers at a Horticultural conference in Linköpling Sweden. The language is mixed Swedish and English

Joakim, Pålsson

Marco, Tasin

Mario, Porcel

Märta, Johansson

Weronika, Swiergiel

Organic Eprints

Praktiska erfarenheter med blomsterremsor i äppelodling från forskning & praktikTrädgårdskonferensen, Linköping 2017.10.24Märta Johansson (odlare KM Lantbruks AB, Karlskrona)  kallemarta@kmlantbruksab.seWeronika Świergiel (forskare, SLU Alnarp växtskyddsbiologi) weronika.swiergiel@slu.seMario Porcel, Joakim Pålsson, Marco TasinInstitutionen för växtskyddsbiologiEnheten for integrerat växtskyddVi berättar om;Vilka nyttodjur kan gynnas med vilka växter och påverkar det skadegörarna? Erfarenheter och lärdomar från försök med blomsterremsor i ekologiska kommersiella äppelodlingar ur odlares och forskares perspektiv. Hur fungerar det praktiskt att ha blomsterremsor i odlingen? Vilka framtida utvecklingsbehov ser vi och hur kan odlare, forskare och rådgivare samverka?Experiences from researchForskningen finansierad avSLF projektet H1256150 “Studie av tidsmässig utbredning av naturliga fiender förekommande i trädkronor i svenska äppelodlingar“ Formas projektet 225 - 2013-934 "Förbättrad bekämpning av skadeinsekter i äppleodlingar genom synergieffekter mellan beteendemodifierande ämnen och biologisk bekämpning där naturliga fiender bevaras och uppförökas” (Joakim Pålsson & Marco Tasin)ERA-net CORE Organic Plus, ett nätverk bestående av internationella forskningsprojekt i 20 länder inom området ekologiska livsmedels- och lantbrukssystem. År 2014 valde CORE Organic Plus att stödja bl.a. projektet EcoOrchard (Weronika Swiergiel, Mario Porcel, Marco Tasin) Mario PorcelJoakim PålssonMarco TasinWeronika SwiergielMario PorcelMarco Tasin- 9 länder: Sverige, Danmark, Tyskland, Polen, Lettland, Schweiz, Italien, Frankrike, Belgien 2015-2017: European CORE Organic Plus ProjectSveriges Lantbruksuniversitet AlnarpInstitutionen för växtskyddsbiologiEnheten för integrerat växtskyddÖvergripande mål Underlätta tillämpningen av metoder som gynnar funktionell agrobiologisk mångfald för att skapa robustare fruktodlingar, minska bekämpningsbehovet samt öka den generella biologiska mångfalden till nytta för odlare, konsumenter och miljön. Mer information om projektet: http://coreorganicplus.org/research-projects/ecoorchard/Preparation• Sown (Nordic countries) in May or August to early September. • Probably autumn best (at least soil prep): higher soil humidity and better germination? Allows enough time for soil cultivation during summer to reduce weeds. Lower weed development in autumn? Some seeds require cold stratification to germinate.• Tilled soil 3-4 times (“Rotorkultivator”) between Marsh-April (depending on severity of root weed and soil type). Raking (kratta) to remove grassroots if still left the soil • Adapt soil cultivation to not disturb harvest… Sowing• Ensure settling of the soil for 4-6 weeks to allow good contact between the seeds and the soil.• False seedbed to reduce annual weeds 2x after sowing (possible in Nordic conditions?)• Sow (no drilling) in mid-May• Seed mix of 20% flowers and 80% grass = 5 g/m2. We may need much lower % grass in Nordic conditions though! Pure flower would require 2 g/m2.• Walter (“Vältra”) after seeding• Slugproblem? Feramol suggested in EuropeSeed mixSvenskt namn LatinVårbrodd Anthoxanthum odoratumKamäxing Cynosurus cristatus- Festuca guestfalicaRödsvingel Festuca rubra rubra Mit.Engelskt rajgräs Lolium perenneLundgröe Poa nemoralisÄngsgröe Poa pratensisKärrgröe Poa trivialisSvenskt namn LatinRöllika Achillea millefoliumTusensköna Bellis perennisLiten blåklocka Campanula rotundifoliaKummin Carum carviRödklint Centaurea jaceaGrönfibbla Crepis capillarisStormåra Galium mollugoSkuggnäva Geranium pyrenaicumRotfibbla Hypochaeris radicataGulvial Lathyrus pratensisHöstfibbla Leontodon autumnalisSommarfibbla Leontodon hispidusPrästkrage Leucanthemum vulgareKäringtand Lotus corniculatusHumlelusern Medicago lupulinaÄkta förgätmigej Myosotis scorpioidesLundviva Primula elatiorBrunört Prunella vulgarisRödblära Silene dioicaGökblomster Silene flos-cuculiRödklöver Trifolium pratenseHäckvicker Vicia sepiumMorot Daucus carotaCikoria Cichorium intybusPimpinell Sanguisorba minorIn Nordic conditions we probably require a much larger proportion flowering herbs and the species composition needs adaptations to local soilManagementFirst year• 6-8 week after sowing, at plant height of  30-40 cm, cut 7-12 cm from soil. Weeds germinate after 2-3 weeks and sown flowers after 6-8 weeks.• Next cutting 6-8 weeks later. More light down to the soil surface to encourage germination of new flower seeds. Remove cut biomass if covers too much (eg into tree rows if possible). Depends on when it is sown.• Again at harvest (August-October) (and possible before winter, soil disturbance may benefit seed germination)Second year• Cut 2-3 times 8-12 cm adapted to peaks of key natural enemies, apple differentiation,  ease of harvest, protecting birds. Perhaps 15-20 cm on machine results in 12-15 cm in field and better result? Removing cuttings may be important especially in N-rich soils.• Cut 1: during branch crushing after pruning the strip will be cut but better to avoid this by crushing branches before vegetation has started to grow higher. • Cut 2: after the apple bloom when key flowers have flowered for at least a week and before June 23 (rule of thumb to assure re-flowering the same season in Nordic conditions).• Cut 3: Before harvest (Voles!)Third year• Same as second year but with 12-15 cm above ground• In the eco-orchard project, no cut before flowering in order to get flowering during the peak aphid period a few weeks after flowering. Too much grass compared to flowering herbs? Cut higher; 15-20 cm instead? Clover and dandelion dominates30 august 2017. 9 june 2017. Good floweringToo frequent cuttingLearnings• Important to remove old vegetation before sowing• Cutting low first year to help sunlight to reach ungerminated seeds• Choose flowers which like the soil and the nutrient level in the soil• Some flowers in our mix did not like the rich soil• Management as important as choice of flowers for perennials• Plan cutting to benefit flowering when key natural enemies are present – monitoring• Mulching or removing grass after cutting very important to keep flower• Don’t cut all the flowers at the same time to have continually flowering• Cutting at 15 cm (only flower buds cut) will make re-flowering for several species to occur around 4-5 weeks• Cutting in autumn can be good for next year's establishment• Some soil disturbance could be done in autumn spring to benefit seed germinationExperiences from practiceSåteknik – när, hur. Klippning av gräsbanor – när hur. Fortsatt arbete;Det vi vill utveckla och hitta lösningar till är dels att • veta med större säkerhet vilka nyttodjur som gynnas av vilka växter och • när behovet/skyddet finns så att man inte tar bort det i fel tid. • Hur vi kan få in blommor, örter och öka nyttodjurens habitat inne i odlingen men samtidigt kunna köra, klippa gräs, ogräsrensa och inte gynna skadedjur samtidigt. Här känner vi stor tillit till forskningen men i allt arbete är odlarens praktiska vardag och ekonomiska situation den viktigaste grunden. Funkar det?Vad säger våra försök och literaturenhttp://orgprints.org/30032/1/biokontrollsyntes_web.pdfhttps://www.slu.se/globalassets/ew/org/centrb/epok/dokument/habitatmanipulering_se_webb.pdfParasitoid wasps = ParasitsteklarT.ex. skadegörarägg, trips, kvalster, bladlöss, små larverT.ex.bladlöss, blodlöss, kvalster Nätvingar!!Lilla kålfluganKålmalRovfjärilKnopp- och bladvecklarePredators abundance and diversityThe relationship between amount of anthocorid (natural enemy) and rosy apple aphid (pest)Connecting your key pests to their key natural enemies in time through monitoring and biological knowledge – then plan how to enhance themAn example for a ongoing project on apple production where growers, researchers and advisors collaborate to find feasible and efficient CBC strategiesMonitoring / ÖvervakningBankning Äggpredationskort WellpappfällorVisuell kontroll Häfte på gång! Kräver finansiering för slutförande och översättning till Svenska50 m 50 m AEI48 hBortförande / utsugning av sommarfruktvecklarens (Archips orana) äggBortförande UtsugningMain pests in Swedish apple orchards:LeafrollersMain pests in Swedish apple orchards:Rosy apple aphidConservation Biological Controlbevarandebiologisk bekämpningShelter (skydd)Nectar (nektar)Alternative prey (alternativt byte)Pollen (pollen)Ackronym påhittad av Steve Wratten ekologiprofessor i NZSupplementary food:Nectar and Pollen•While some parasitoids (parasitoider) are able to obtain needed resources from hosts or do not need to feed at all others require access to non-host foods. •Floral nectar is taken by many species and can result in increased rates of parasitism. •The flowers that can be used by parasitoids have exposed nectar that they can access (not hidden or superficial).Phacelia sp.Strandkrassing BoveteParasitoiderFlowering periodNectar accessibility; Floral architechtureAttractiveness; Odour, Colours, Taste, Nutrients (Nectar composition)Longevity of NENote; pests could potentially also benefit…Supplementary food:Nectar and Pollen – flower strips/bedseg. Baggen et al., 1999; Patt el al., 1997; Vattala et al., 2006;  Pfiffner & Wyss, 2004; Wäckers, 2005; Wäckers et al., 2007Buckwheat / Fagopyrum esculentum /BoveteLacewing / Crysopidae / Nätvingar - GuldögonsländorChikory / Cichorium intybus / CikoriaLettuce aphids and hover fliesSweet alyssum, (strandkrassing) Lobularia maritimaSupplementary food:Nectar and Pollen – flower strips/bedshttp://www.sare.org/publications/insect/chapter3_beneficials.htm Supplementary food:Nectar and Pollen•There are two important groups of predators that require floral resources to survive as adults. Lace wings / Crysopids / Nätvingar/ GuldögonsländaHover flies / Syrphids / Blomflugor   Previous studies on plant which provided foods for parasitoids wasps have     concluded that:Parasitoid wasps generally have short mouth parts, and feed on nectar, not pollenApiaceae / Flockblommiga – shallow nectaries; highly suitable (e.g. cow parsley, coriander)Lamiaceae / Kransblommiga & Rosaceae / Rosväxter  – some species suitable (eg. oregano, mint, wild strawberry )Asteraceae / Korgblommiga, Fabaceae / Ärtväxter – nectaries deep down in narrow corollas; unsuitable Supplementary food:Nectar – Parasitoid wasps requirementsLamiaceae family Apiaceae familyDiadegma semiclausum Winkler et al, 2006. Basic and Applied Ecology photo: B.M ShepardOnly 3 of 11 females were able to parasitise without nectar. With nectar 100% parasitise. Longevity:1,2 days without nectar28 days with nectar With nectar plant No nectar plantNo of parsitisedWell-studied, suitable plant species for parasitoid wasps. Number indicate reference;1 = Idris & Grafius, 1995; 2 =  Patt et al., 1997; 3 = Baggen & Gurr, 1998; 4 = Winkler et al., 2003;5 = Wäckers, 2004; 6 = Vattala et al., 2006; 7 = Lee et al., 2006; 8 = Winkler et al., 2006.Species  Family Referencesdill Anethum graveolens Apiaceae 2,3,4coriander Coriandrum sativum Apiaceae 2,3,6carrot Daucus carota Apiaceae 1,2,4,5ground elder Aegopodium podagraria Apiaceae 5parsnip Pastinaca sativa Apiaceae 2bupleurum Bupleurum rotundifolia Apiaceae 2fennel Foeniculum vulgare Apiaceae 2parsley Petroselinum crispum Apiaceae 2angelica Angelica archangelica Apiaceae 2ammi Ammi majus Apiaceae 2buchwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Polygonaceae 4,6,7,8borage Borago officinalis Boraginaceae 3common figwort Scrophularia nodosa Scrophulariaceae 1Supplementary food:Nectar – Parasitoid wasps requirementsFavours eg. hoverflies, lacewings but also ladybirds, predatory bugs (Orius etc) & predatory midges.Asteraceae; eg. Centaurea cyanus, Taraxacum vulgare, Leucanthemum vulgare Others; Lobularia maritima, Fagopyrum esculentum, Fragaria vesca, Salix spp.Pollen quality variableExperience from bee keepers eg. Fiedler et al., 2008Supplementary food:Pollen plantsMaskros/DandelionBlåklint/cornflower Prästkrage/Oxyeye DaisyStrandkrassing/Alyssum Bovete/Buckwheat Smultron/Wild strawberryVide/WillowNectar secreting gland present outside flower; eg. on leaves and stalksProduces nectar before floweringStudies have shown that more EN can form as a damage response (i.e. reward for NE); Vicia faba, (Bondböna/Broadbean, stipules) (Fabaceae), Prunus avium, (Sötkörsbär/Sweet cherry, petiole) (Rosaceae)Other examples; cotton (Bomull, sepals), Centaurea sp. (Klint/Cornflower, sepals)Tips: ants can guide you to them…Vicia sp.BergklintPionCherry leavesSupplementary food:Extrafloral Nectar (EN)Supplementary food:Nectar and Pollen – flower strips/bedsEstablishmentPlacementCompetition with cropsGreening Waipara - vineyard biodiversity trails                                                                   - native plants (New Zealand)Functional Agro-biodiversity and the “Attract & Reward” conceptHelp signalHelp signal: biodegradable formulation (SPLAT, Isca Tech, USA)Ecostat - optimising ECOsystem Services in Terms of Agronomy and Conservation ‘Functional Agro-Biodiversity’Prof Felix Wäckers of Lancaster Universityhttp://www.ecostac.co.uk/seed_list.phpUnderstorey in appleCBC of NE of leafrollers (Tortricidae, vecklare) in New Zealand apple orchards (Irvin et al., 2006)Study species light-brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana and parasitoid wasp Dolichogenidea tasmanicaLobularia maritima, Phacelia tanacetifolia, Fagopyrum esculentum testedAbundance of studied parasitoid higherLongevity (78%) and fecundity (62%) increasedParasitism increased with L.maritima and F.esculentum. Damage ~30% lower. Trees and shrubs could be important sources for nectar and pollen, as well as overwintering sites/shelter. In addition berries for birds.Eg; Lonicera spp., Crataegus spp., Prunus spp., Sorbus spp., Rosa spp., Sambucus spp., Salix spp.Shelter and Microclimate  - overwintering sitesShelter and Microclimate – flower strips/bedsShelter and Microclimate – field edgesShelter and Microclimate Don’t clean too much = overwintering sites!Mulches (eg. leaves, straw)Debris and crop residuesAvoid cutting perennials until springDont cut all the grass at once and not too oftenMacLeod et al., 2004Shelter and Microclimate Beetle bankshttp://www.gwct.org.uk/education__advice/english_entry_level_stewardship/habitat_issues/338.aspTussock forming grasses protects against winter temperature fluctuationsDactylis glomerata – Carabidae (ground beetles) Holcus lanatus – Staphylinids (rove beetles)Source of alternative preyEarly crop colonisation prevents pest outbreakes eg. Landis et al., 2000Game & Wildlife  Conservation Thrust http://www.gwct.org.uk/education__advice/sustainable_farming/habitat_management/1546.aspShelter and Microclimate Beetle banksAlternative Host or PreyThistleAphidsLadybirdsUnruh et al. 2012. Parasitism of leafrollers in Washington fruit orchards is enhanced by perimeter plantings of rose and strawberry.Parasitic waspsColpoclypeus florusOverwinter 5th instarTortricid pestsRose StrawberryApple orchardsTortricid pestsAlternative Host or PreyAlternative Host or PreyUnruh et al. 2012. Parasitism of leafrollers in Washington fruit orchards is enhanced by perimeter plantings of rose and strawberry.Tack för er uppmärksamhet!Märta Johansson Odlare Grönsaker direkt, Karlskrona  kallemarta@gronsakerdirekt.seWeronika Świergiel Forskare, SLU Alnarp växtskyddsbiologi weronika.swiergiel@slu.se

Praktiska erfarenheter med blomsterremsor i äppelodling från forskning & praktik

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