ECHENIQUE-DIAZ Lazaro M.

KAWAI Kuniko

TAKAHASHI Osamu

Miyagi University of Education Repository

宮城教育大学機関リポジトリInsights into the Natural History ofPipistrellus endoi Imaizumi, 1959 from SurveyRecords in Miyagi Prefecture著者 KAWAI Kuniko, ECHENIQUE-DIAZ Lazaro M.,TAKAHASHI Osamu雑誌名 宮城教育大学環境教育研究紀要巻 17ページ 53-57発行年 2015-03URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1138/00000925/Insights into the Natural History of Pipistrellus endoi Imaizumi, 1959 from Survey Records in Miyagi PrefectureKuniko KAWAI*, Lázaro M. ECHENIQUE-DÍAZ*, Osamu TAKAHASHI**and Chiemi SAITO* Abstract: Assessing and documenting wildlife occurrence in a local area is important for the understanding of its natural history, being the latter a necessary condition to address conservation strategies and environmentally educate the local population. Records of the Japanese endemic bat Pipistrellus endoi are very limited all over Japan, a major reason why there has not been a conservation strategy for the species. In this paper, records of this bat from Miyagi Prefecture have been compiled, providing new insights into the ecology and natural history of Pipistrellus endoi. Key words: bat, Pipistrellus endoi, hibernating site, litter size* Environmental Education Center, Miyagi University of Education, Sendai, Japan，** Miyagino Wildlife Study Group, Sendai, Japan1. Introduction　In Miyagi Prefecture, 15 species of bats have been reported (Table 1) (Akiba et al., 1966; Myagi Prefecture, 2013; O. Takahashi, unpublished data). The Red List of Miyagi Prefecture listed 9 out of these 15 species as data deficient (DD), VU (vulnerable), and CR+EN (critically endangered + endangered) (Table 1).　Pipistrellus endoi is an endemic species to Japan. The type locality is Horobe, Ashiro-cho, Ninohe, Iwate prefecture (Imaizumi, 1959). This species has been recorded from 16 prefectures in Japan (Kawai, 2009; see Fig. 1). However, the records of this species are Fig. 1 Distribution map of Pipistrellus endoi Imaizumi, 1959 modified from Kawai, 2009. The solid circles in the map denote the sites where this species was observed in Japan. Star shape shows new record sites in this study.Table 1. List of bats and their Red List category in Miyagi prefecture.宮城教育大学 環境教育研究紀要　第 17 巻 (2015)－ 53 －very limited and only about 40 individuals have been reported. This species is not known from Kyushu, the Ryukyu archipelago, Hokkaido and many oceanic islands of the Japanese archipelago. In Miyagi Prefecture, the species has categorized as CR+EN due to very limited information and poor capture record.　The morphology of this species is similar to the P. abramus. But the baculum of P. endoi is apparently different from that of P. abramus: relatively short and neary straight, its straight-line length is 9-10 mm (Imaizumi, 1959). Little is known about the ecological features and its habitat, home range and behavior.　To elucidate the natural history of P. endoi in Miyagi Prefecture, we compiled all records of the species reported for the prefecture, and discuss the ecological features learnt from this data.2. Methods　One of us, O. Takahashi, has conducted bat surveys in Miyagi Prefecture since 1990s. In this study, we compiled all records P. endoi from his field note to look for patterns that can help us understand the species ecology.3. Results and discussion　We confirmed a total of 21 individuals of P. endoi from 7 sites in Miyagi Prefecture (Table. 2; Fig. 2). Of these, 6 were females: mean ± standard division (min-max); body weight (g) 7.5 ± 0.92 (6.8-8.7), forearm length (mm) 32.6 ± 0.58 (32.1-33.7); and 15 were males: BW 6.4 ± Fig. 2. Map of the sites where Pipistrellus endoi was confirmed.The numbers correspond to Table 2.Table 2. Body weight and forearm length measurement of bats in Miyagi Prefecture.Insights into the Natural History of Pipistrellus endoi Imaizumi, 1959 from survey records in Miyagi－ 54 －0.76 (5.6-8.7), FA 32.0 ± 1.00 (30.8-34.2).  Although most individuals of this species had been captured in the forest, only 8 individuals of those reported here for Miyagi prefecture had been captured in this kind of habitat (5 males and 3 females), at altitudes ranging from 360 to 1020 m. This species has been regarded as a forest dwelling bat given that it usually found in natural forests (Kawai, 2009), although there is a record from a secondary forest in suburban Tokyo (Kasahi et al., 2006). A similar record from a secondary forest, consisting mainly of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), has been reported for Miyagi Prefecture (locality 4). Usually this species has been recorded from forests at altitudes over 1000 m (Abe et al., 1970; Yasui and Kamijo, 1990; Maeda, 1991; Ueno, 1993; Yamamoto et al., 2005; Ueno et al., 2002), and in fewer occasions from altitudes lower than 500 m (Suzuki, 1978; Machida et al., 1986; Urano, 1998; Kasahi et al., 2006). On the contrary, in Miyagi prefecture, records from 4 sites are in forests at altitudes lower than 500 m, and 2 above that (locality 3 and 5).　Information about the hibernating habits of P. endoi is extremely scarce. Only one record exist of a bat hibernating in a Japanese cedar at a forest in January (Yoshiyuki, 1990). However, in Miyagi Prefecture, 12 out of 21 records (9 males and 3 females) were of individuals captured when hibernating in solitary from November to Fig. 3. Pictures of Pipistrellus endoi and the industrial stone pit where it hibernates in Miyagi Prefecture.A: An individual of P. endoi, B: The two infants from a captive female, C: Hibernating P. endoi individuals carefully pulled out of the crevices, D: The stone pit and a hibernating bat.宮城教育大学 環境教育研究紀要　第 17 巻 (2015)－ 55 －late March in rock crevices at an industrial stone pit (Fig. 3C, D). The stone pit is located in Miyato-jima Island, Higashi-matsushima city, at an altitude of 4 to 8 m above sea level. Moreover, the site where these individuals were captured far from any pristine forest, in a patchy landscape composed of rice field, sub-urban settlements and occasional secondary forests. This suggest that rock crevices are an important place for this species to hibernate, and that P. endoi may use different kinds of environments along the year, including anthropized ones as does its congeneric species P. abramus. These data points towards the need to establish a monitoring study of this site and similar ones common in Higashi-matsushima, to find he extend of rock crevices use as a hibernating site by this species, and advocate for the protection of the most important sites from further development.　One female (S2698) captured at the stone pit was injured by the survey, and it was kept from 26th March 2004 to July 2004. The female had two infants, male and female (Fig. 3B). The parturition occurred on June 18th, 2004. One of the infants (a female) was kept until October 21st, 2008 (four years and four months). It is known that the reproductive strategy for this species is the delayed fertilization type (Son et al., 1988). However, up to now, there was no information on litter size. This is the first report of litter size for P. endoi. Similarly, the parturition time had been assumed to be between mid-July to mid-August based on a few observations: lactating females have been captured in late July in Ishikawa Prefecture (Yamamoto et al., 2005), and early August in Aomori Prefecture (Machida et al., 1986). Our data shows that the parturition time in P. endoi can start at least a month earlier than previously reported, although this can also be the result of a better nutritional condition for the mother given that it was fed in captivity. However, although it is clear that its condition in captivity was different from that in the wild, mating probably occurred before March.4. Conclusion   The records of P. endoi in Miyagi prefecture are very important for knowing the species' ecological requirements. Compiling the available data was key in elucidating two relevant elements when considering a conservation strategy: hibernating habits (preference for rock crevices), and litter size. This information, albeit still very poor, considerably advances what is known of P. endoi, and highlight the importance of surveying areas where endangered bats such as this can find refuge.  The industrial stone pit where P. endoi has been found is at the moment an abandoned site with no ongoing human activities. However, as of this moment, there is no guarantee that this will not change in the future. Therefore, educating the local communities surrounding  this locality is of importance to preserve the only known site in Japan where P. endoi hibernates outside its typical forest habitat. It is recommended that a monitoring program be implemented in this area so as to collect more data that could help us understand the natural history of this bat, and then apply this knowledge in environmental education activities where local people play a central role.ReferencesAbe, H., Kobayashi, T., Maeda, K., and Miyato, T. 1970. Faunal survey of the Mt. Ishizuchi area, JIBP main area - II. Results of the small mammal survey on the Mt. Ishizuchi Area. In: Studies on the Animal Communities in the Terrestrial Ecosystems and their Conservation; Annual Report of JIBP/CT-S for Fiscal Year of 1969. Kato, M. (ed.). JIBP/CT-S Section, Sendai, pp. 7-14.秋葉保夫 (Y. Akiba), 高橋修 (O. Takahashi), and 高橋雄一 (Y. Takahashi). 1996. 宮城県の野生哺乳動物 . Miyagino Wildlife Study Group, Sendai. (in Japanese)Imaizumi, Y. 1959. A new bat of the "Pipistrel lus javanicus" group from Japan. Bulletin of the National Science Museum 4, 363-371.Kasahi, T., Urano, M., Ando, K. and Takamizu, Y. 2006. Spring roosts of the Endo's pipistrelle, Pipistrellus Insights into the Natural History of Pipistrellus endoi Imaizumi, 1959 from survey records in Miyagi－ 56 －endoi, in Okutama region, central Japan. Animate, 6, 12-26.(in Japanese)Kawai, K. 2009. Pipistrellus endoi Imaizumi, 1959. In: The Wild Mammals of Japan. Ohdachi, S. D., Ishibashi, Y., Iwasa, M. A.  and Saitoh, T. (eds.). Shoukadoh, Kyoto, pp. 81-82.Machida, K., Saito, T., Ooyagi A, Inoue, S. and Saito, T. 1986. Bat fauna in Osorezan district, Aomori Prefecture. The Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan, 11, 173-181. (in Japanese with English abstract)前田喜四雄 (K. Maeda) 1991.　岐阜県下のコウモリ類 (15) 尾上郷国有林 (1) . 岐阜のふるさと動物通信 , 629. (in Japanese)Miyagi Prefecture. 2013. The Red List of Endangered Species in Miyagi Prefecture.http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/uploaded/attachment/207568.pdfSon, S. W., Mori, T., Yoon, M. H. and Uchida, T. A. 1987. Reproduction of two rare Pipistrellus species, with special attention to the fate of spermatozoa in their female genial tracts. Journal of the Mammalogical Society of Japan, 13, 77-91.Suzuki, K. 1978. Mammals of Saitama. In: 埼玉県動物誌 , 埼玉県動物誌編集委員会 (ed.). Saitama Prefectural Board of Education, Urawa, pp.31-44. (in Japanese)上野吉雄 (Y. Ueno).1993. 西中国山地におけるモリアブラコウモリの記録 . おおの自然観察の森研究報告 , 3, 35. (in Japanese)Ueno, Y., Hatase, J., Koshiba, M., Kawazu, T., Hibino, M., Yoshiyuki, M., Mukohyama, M. and Usuki, N. 2002. Bat fauna in Nishi-Chugoku Mountains I. Natural History of Nishi-Chugoku Mountains, 7, 85-97.Urano, M. 1998. 西多摩郡檜原村で確認されたモリアブラコウモリ Pipistrellus endoi. 東京の自然 , 24, 22. (in Japanese)Yamamoto, T,. Ueuma, Y. and Nozaki, E. 2005. Fauna of Chiroptera in Mt. Hakusan, Ishikawa Prefecture-ecological survey from 1998 to 2005. Annual Report of the Hakusan Nature Conservation Center 32, 25-30. (in Japanese)Yasui, S., and Kamijo, T. 1990. A record of the Enod's pipistrelle bat Pipistrelles endoi Imaizumi, and the Natterer's bat, Myotis nattereri (Khul), from Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. Bulletin of the Tochigi Prefectural Museum, 16, 81. (in Japanese and English abstract).Yoshiyuki, M. 1990. Notes on the genus Pipistrellus from Japan. 日本の生物 , 4, 74-77. (in Japanese)宮城教育大学 環境教育研究紀要　第 17 巻 (2015)－ 57 －

Insights into the Natural History of Pipistrellus endoi Imaizumi, 1959 from Survey Records in Miyagi Prefecture

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Insights into the Natural History of Pipistrellus endoi Imaizumi, 1959 from Survey Records in Miyagi Prefecture

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