This viewgraph presentation reviews the debris that is in orbit, and reduction of the orbital debris. Specifically, attention is paid to the reduction of orbital debris from launch vehicle stages after the launch

Johnson, Nicholas L.

NASA Technical Reports Server

N
at
io
na
l A
er
on
au
tic
s 
an
d 
Sp
ac
e 
Ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
O
rb
ita
l D
eb
ris
 E
nv
iro
nm
en
t A
ss
es
sm
en
t 
an
d 
M
iti
ga
tio
n 
fo
r L
au
nc
h 
Ve
hi
cl
es
N
ic
ho
la
s 
L.
 J
oh
ns
on
C
hi
ef
 S
ci
en
tis
t f
or
 O
rb
ita
l D
eb
ris
N
A
SA
 J
oh
ns
on
 S
pa
ce
 C
en
te
r
25
 J
ul
y 
20
07
7t
h
N
R
O
 / 
A
IA
A
 S
pa
ce
 L
au
nc
h 
In
te
gr
at
io
n 
Fo
ru
m
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070022834 2019-08-30T01:17:28+00:00Z
N
at
io
na
l A
er
on
au
tic
s 
an
d 
Sp
ac
e 
Ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
2
O
ut
lin
e
•
D
ef
in
iti
on
 o
f a
nd
 C
on
ce
rn
s 
ab
ou
t o
rb
ita
l d
eb
ris
 
•
C
ha
ra
ct
er
iz
at
io
n 
of
 O
rb
ita
l D
eb
ris
 E
nv
iro
nm
en
t
•
O
rb
ita
l D
eb
ris
 P
ol
ic
ie
s 
an
d 
M
iti
ga
tio
n 
G
ui
de
lin
es
•
Pr
in
ci
pa
l L
au
nc
h 
Ve
hi
cl
e 
Is
su
es
–
En
d-
of
-m
is
si
on
 p
as
si
va
tio
n
–
St
ag
e 
di
sp
os
al
–
R
ee
nt
ry
 ri
sk
s
•
C
on
cl
us
io
ns
N
at
io
na
l A
er
on
au
tic
s 
an
d 
Sp
ac
e 
Ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
3
G
ro
w
th
 o
f t
he
 S
at
el
lit
e 
Po
pu
la
tio
n
19
60
19
65
19
70
19
75
19
90
19
80
19
85
19
95
20
00
20
0694
%
 o
f T
ra
ck
ed
 O
bj
ec
t 
Po
pu
la
tio
n 
ar
e 
D
eb
ris
99
+ %
 o
f O
bj
ec
ts
 L
ar
ge
r 
th
an
 1
 c
m
 a
re
 D
eb
ris
N
at
io
na
l A
er
on
au
tic
s 
an
d 
Sp
ac
e 
Ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
4
W
ha
t i
s 
O
rb
ita
l D
eb
ris
?
•
O
rb
ita
l d
eb
ris
 a
re
 m
an
-m
ad
e 
ob
je
ct
s 
in
 o
rb
it 
ab
ou
t t
he
 E
ar
th
.
N
on
-o
pe
ra
tio
na
l S
pa
ce
cr
af
t D
er
el
ic
t L
au
nc
h 
Ve
hi
cl
e 
St
ag
es
Fr
ag
m
en
ta
tio
n 
an
d 
M
is
si
on
-r
el
at
ed
 D
eb
ris
N
at
io
na
l A
er
on
au
tic
s 
an
d 
Sp
ac
e 
Ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
5
C
ha
lle
ng
e 
of
 O
rb
ita
l D
eb
ris
•
Fa
ilu
re
 to
 c
ur
ta
il 
th
e 
gr
ow
th
 o
f o
rb
ita
l d
eb
ris
 w
ill
 e
ve
nt
ua
lly
 le
ad
 to
 
po
te
nt
ia
l l
os
s 
or
 li
m
ita
tio
n 
of
 th
e 
pr
ac
tic
al
 u
se
 o
f p
or
tio
ns
 o
fn
ea
r-
Ea
rt
h 
sp
ac
e 
fo
r e
co
no
m
ic
, s
ci
en
tif
ic
, a
nd
 n
at
io
na
l s
ec
ur
ity
 p
ur
po
se
s.
•
A
s 
w
ith
 m
an
y 
ot
he
r g
lo
ba
l e
nv
iro
nm
en
ta
l i
ss
ue
s,
 
–
Ef
fe
ct
iv
e 
so
lu
tio
ns
 re
qu
ire
 th
e 
co
op
er
at
io
n 
of
 a
ll 
(o
r n
ea
rly
 a
ll)
 p
la
ye
rs
an
d
–
In
ve
st
m
en
ts
 a
re
 re
qu
ire
d 
to
da
y 
fo
r a
 b
en
ef
it 
to
 b
e 
re
ap
ed
 in
 th
e
di
st
an
t f
ut
ur
e
•
Th
e 
ch
al
le
ng
e 
of
 o
rb
ita
l d
eb
ris
 is
 to
 id
en
tif
y 
ec
on
om
ic
al
ly
 a
cc
ep
ta
bl
e,
 b
ut
 
ef
fe
ct
iv
e,
 m
iti
ga
tio
n 
pr
ac
tic
es
 w
hi
ch
 w
ill
 b
e 
im
pl
em
en
te
d 
by
 th
e
m
aj
or
ity
 
of
 in
te
rn
at
io
na
l s
pa
ce
-fa
rin
g 
co
m
m
un
ity
.
N
at
io
na
l A
er
on
au
tic
s 
an
d 
Sp
ac
e 
Ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
6
O
rb
ita
l D
eb
ris
 D
et
ec
to
rs
 a
nd
 D
am
ag
e 
Po
te
nt
ia
l
0.
5
1.
5
2.
5
3.
5
4.
5
5.
5
6.
5
0.
00
1
0.
01
0.
1
1
10
10
0
10
00
H
ay
st
ac
k 
R
ad
ar
H
ay
st
ac
k 
Au
xi
lia
ry
 R
ad
ar
Sp
ac
e 
Su
rv
ei
lla
nc
e 
N
et
w
or
k
G
ol
ds
to
ne
 R
ad
ar
s
Sp
ac
ec
ra
ft 
Su
rf
ac
e 
In
sp
ec
tio
ns
W
in
do
w
 R
ep
la
ce
m
en
t
EV
A 
Su
it 
Pe
ne
tr
at
io
n
R
ad
ia
to
r P
en
et
ra
tio
n
D
eb
ris
 D
ia
m
et
er
 in
 C
en
tim
et
er
s
R
C
C
 P
en
et
ra
tio
n
TP
S 
Ti
le
 P
en
et
ra
tio
n
C
ab
in
 P
en
et
ra
tio
n
C
ar
go
 B
ay
 D
am
ag
e
Po
te
nt
ia
l S
hu
ttl
e 
D
am
ag
e
N
at
io
na
l A
er
on
au
tic
s 
an
d 
Sp
ac
e 
Ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
7
Sa
m
pl
e 
Sm
al
l P
ar
tic
le
 Im
pa
ct
s
H
ub
bl
e 
Sp
ac
e 
Te
le
sc
op
e
M
ir 
Sp
ac
e 
St
at
io
n
IS
S 
Lo
gi
st
ic
s 
M
od
ul
e
ST
S-
90
 R
ad
ia
to
r
ST
S-
92
 W
in
do
w
IS
S 
Se
rv
ic
e 
M
od
ul
e
N
at
io
na
l A
er
on
au
tic
s 
an
d 
Sp
ac
e 
Ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
8
En
vi
ro
nm
en
t D
ef
in
iti
on
O
rb
ita
l D
eb
ris
 E
nv
iro
nm
en
t
1.
0E
-8
1.
0E
-7
1.
0E
-6
1.
0E
-5
1.
0E
-4
1.
0E
-3
1.
0E
-2
1.
0E
-1
1.
0E
+0
1.
0E
+1
1.
0E
+2
1.
0E
+3
1.
0E
+4
1.
0E
+5
1.
0E
+6 0.
00
00
1
0.
00
01
0.
00
1
0.
01
0.
1
1
10
10
0
10
00
D
ia
m
et
er
 [c
m
]
Cross-sectional Flux of a Given Size and 
Larger [Number/m
2
- Yr]
M
et
eo
ro
id
s,
 4
00
 k
m
H
ay
st
ac
k 
flu
x,
 3
50
-6
00
 k
m
H
AX
 F
lu
x 
45
0-
60
0 
km
C
at
al
og
 F
lu
x 
45
0-
60
0 
km
LD
EF
 ID
E,
 3
00
-4
00
 k
m
SM
M
 im
pa
ct
s 
LD
E
F 
cr
at
er
s 
(H
um
es
)
H
ST
 Im
pa
ct
s 
(D
ro
ls
ha
ge
n)
,
50
0 
km
Sp
ac
e 
Fl
ye
r U
ni
t, 
48
0 
km
G
ol
ds
to
ne
 ra
da
r, 
30
0-
60
0 
km
SM
M
 h
ol
es
SM
M
 c
ra
te
rs
, 5
00
-5
70
 k
m
LD
EF
 c
ra
te
rs
 (H
or
z)
E
uR
eC
a 
Im
pa
ct
s
(D
ro
ls
ha
ge
n)
, 5
00
 k
m
A
 w
id
e 
va
rie
ty
 o
f m
ea
su
re
m
en
ts
 a
re
 n
ec
es
sa
ry
 to
 c
ov
er
 th
e 
en
tir
e 
de
br
is
 s
iz
e 
sp
ec
tr
um
30
0-
60
0 
km
 a
lti
tu
de
N
at
io
na
l A
er
on
au
tic
s 
an
d 
Sp
ac
e 
Ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
9
O
rb
ita
l D
eb
ris
 a
nd
 U
SA
 N
at
io
na
l S
pa
ce
 P
ol
ic
y
•
O
rb
ita
l d
eb
ris
 h
as
 b
ee
n 
ad
dr
es
se
d 
in
 a
ll 
U
SA
 n
at
io
na
l s
pa
ce
 p
ol
ic
ie
s 
si
nc
e 
19
88
.
•
N
ew
 N
at
io
na
l S
pa
ce
 P
ol
ic
y 
(s
ig
ne
d 
31
 A
ug
us
t 2
00
6 
by
 P
re
si
de
nt
 B
us
h)
 
st
at
es
:
“O
rb
ita
l d
eb
ris
 p
os
es
 a
 ri
sk
 to
 c
on
tin
ue
d 
re
lia
bl
e 
us
e 
of
 s
pa
ce
-b
as
ed
 
se
rv
ic
es
 a
nd
 o
pe
ra
tio
ns
 a
nd
 to
 th
e 
sa
fe
ty
 o
f p
er
so
ns
 a
nd
 p
ro
pe
rt
y 
in
 
sp
ac
e 
an
d 
on
 E
ar
th
.  
Th
e 
U
ni
te
d 
St
at
es
 s
ha
ll 
se
ek
 to
 m
in
im
iz
e 
th
e 
cr
ea
tio
n 
of
 o
rb
ita
l d
eb
ris
 b
y 
go
ve
rn
m
en
t a
nd
 n
on
-g
ov
er
nm
en
t 
op
er
at
io
ns
 in
 s
pa
ce
 in
 o
rd
er
 to
 p
re
se
rv
e 
th
e 
sp
ac
e 
en
vi
ro
nm
en
t f
or
 
fu
tu
re
 g
en
er
at
io
ns
…
.”
N
at
io
na
l A
er
on
au
tic
s 
an
d 
Sp
ac
e 
Ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
10
O
rb
ita
l D
eb
ris
 M
iti
ga
tio
n 
G
ui
de
lin
es
•
N
A
SA
 is
su
ed
 it
s 
fir
st
 s
et
 o
f d
et
ai
le
d 
or
bi
ta
l d
eb
ris
 m
iti
ga
tio
n 
gu
id
el
in
es
 
fo
r a
ll 
sp
ac
e 
pr
oj
ec
ts
 a
nd
 p
ro
gr
am
s 
in
 1
99
5.
•
U
S 
G
ov
er
nm
en
t O
rb
ita
l D
eb
ris
 M
iti
ga
tio
n 
St
an
da
rd
 P
ra
ct
ic
es
 w
er
e 
de
ve
lo
pe
d 
in
 1
99
7 
an
d 
fin
al
iz
ed
 in
 2
00
1.
•
Pr
in
ci
pa
l i
nt
er
na
tio
na
l o
rb
ita
l d
eb
ris
 m
iti
ga
tio
n 
gu
id
el
in
es
 h
av
e 
be
en
 
is
su
ed
 b
y 
–
In
te
r-
A
ge
nc
y 
Sp
ac
e 
D
eb
ris
 C
oo
rd
in
at
io
n 
C
om
m
itt
ee
 (I
A
D
C
) i
n 
20
02
–
U
ni
te
d 
N
at
io
ns
 C
om
m
itt
ee
 o
n 
th
e 
Pe
ac
ef
ul
 U
se
s 
of
 O
ut
er
 S
pa
ce
 in
 2
00
7
•
A
ll 
m
iti
ga
tio
n 
gu
id
el
in
es
 a
re
 v
er
y 
si
m
ila
r w
ith
 v
ar
yi
ng
 le
ve
ls
 o
f s
pe
ci
fic
ity
•
M
aj
or
 o
rb
ita
l d
eb
ris
 m
iti
ga
tio
n 
is
su
es
 fo
r l
au
nc
h 
ve
hi
cl
es
 a
re
–
Po
st
-m
is
si
on
 p
as
si
va
tio
n 
(d
ep
le
tio
n 
of
 s
to
re
d 
en
er
gy
 s
ou
rc
es
)
–
D
is
po
sa
l o
rb
its
–
R
ee
nt
ry
 ri
sk
s
N
at
io
na
l A
er
on
au
tic
s 
an
d 
Sp
ac
e 
Ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
11
St
ag
e 
Pa
ss
iv
at
io
n
•
A
ll 
af
or
em
en
tio
ne
d 
or
bi
ta
l d
eb
ris
 m
iti
ga
tio
n 
gu
id
el
in
es
  a
nd
 F
A
A
re
gu
la
tio
ns
 c
al
l f
or
 p
as
si
va
tio
n 
of
 la
un
ch
 v
eh
ic
le
 o
rb
ita
l s
ta
ge
s 
as
 s
oo
n 
as
 p
os
si
bl
e 
af
te
r t
he
 s
ta
ge
 h
as
 c
om
pl
et
ed
 it
s 
m
is
si
on
.
–
Pr
im
ar
y 
re
qu
ire
m
en
t: 
 R
em
ov
e 
al
l r
es
id
ua
l p
ro
pe
lla
nt
s 
an
d 
pr
es
su
ra
nt
s
•
A
s 
of
 1
 J
an
ua
ry
 2
00
7,
 7
3%
 o
f c
at
al
og
ed
 b
re
ak
-u
p 
de
br
is
 w
as
 a
ttr
ib
ut
ed
 
to
 la
un
ch
 v
eh
ic
le
 o
rb
ita
l s
ta
ge
s.
–
98
%
 o
f c
at
al
og
ed
 L
V 
br
ea
ku
p 
de
br
is
 c
am
e 
fr
om
 s
ta
ge
s 
w
hi
ch
 h
ad
 
su
cc
es
sf
ul
ly
 c
om
pl
et
ed
 th
ei
r m
is
si
on
s.
•
85
 o
rb
ita
l s
ta
ge
 p
os
t-m
is
si
on
 b
re
ak
up
s 
id
en
tif
ie
d 
to
 d
at
e,
 in
cl
ud
in
g 
m
os
t 
m
aj
or
 L
V 
ty
pe
s:
  A
ria
ne
, C
os
m
os
, D
el
ta
 2
, D
el
ta
 4
, H
-2
A
, L
on
g 
M
ar
ch
, 
Pe
ga
su
s,
 P
ro
to
n,
 P
SL
V,
 T
sy
kl
on
, Z
en
it
N
at
io
na
l A
er
on
au
tic
s 
an
d 
Sp
ac
e 
Ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
12
W
or
st
 L
V 
St
ag
e 
B
re
ak
up
s 
C
au
se
d 
by
 F
ai
lu
re
 to
 P
as
si
va
te
St
ag
e 
Ty
pe
B
re
ak
up
 Y
ea
r
Ti
m
e 
in
 O
rb
it
D
eb
ris
 C
at
al
og
ed
As
se
ss
ed
 C
au
se
P
ro
to
n 
B
riz
 M
20
07
12
 m
on
th
s
TB
C
  (
10
00
+)
P
ro
pe
lla
nt
 in
du
ce
d
P
eg
as
us
 H
A
P
S
19
96
24
 m
on
th
s
71
3
P
re
ss
ur
an
t i
nd
uc
ed
A
ria
ne
1 
3r
d 
st
ag
e
19
86
9 
m
on
th
s
48
9
P
ro
pe
lla
nt
 in
du
ce
d
A
ge
na
 D
19
70
6 
m
on
th
s
37
3
U
nk
no
w
n;
 P
ro
pe
lla
nt
 in
du
ce
d?
P
S
LV
 4
th
 s
ta
ge
20
01
2 
m
on
th
s
34
6
P
ro
pe
lla
nt
 in
du
ce
d
Lo
ng
 M
ar
ch
 4
 3
rd
 s
ta
ge
20
00
5 
m
on
th
s
32
1
P
ro
pe
lla
nt
 in
du
ce
d
Pa
ss
iv
at
io
n 
te
ch
ni
qu
es
 n
ee
d 
to
 b
e 
ef
fe
ct
iv
e 
un
de
r b
ot
h 
no
m
in
al
 a
nd
 m
al
fu
nc
tio
n 
sc
en
ar
io
s.
N
at
io
na
l A
er
on
au
tic
s 
an
d 
Sp
ac
e 
Ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
13
St
ag
e 
D
is
po
sa
l
•
Fo
ur
 d
is
po
sa
l o
pt
io
ns
:
–
C
on
tr
ol
le
d 
re
en
tr
y
–
N
at
ur
al
 d
ec
ay
 w
ith
in
 2
5 
ye
ar
s 
of
 la
un
ch
–
St
or
ag
e 
or
bi
t b
et
w
ee
n 
LE
O
 a
nd
 G
EO
–
St
or
ag
e 
or
bi
t a
bo
ve
 G
EO
0
2
0
0
4
0
0
6
0
0
8
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
4
0
0
1
6
0
0
1957
1962
1967
1972
1977
1982
1987
1992
1997
2002
2007
Number of Rocket Bodies in Earth Orbit
N
at
io
na
l A
er
on
au
tic
s 
an
d 
Sp
ac
e 
Ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
14
D
is
po
sa
l o
f L
au
nc
h 
Ve
hi
cl
e 
St
ag
es
 fo
r L
EO
 
C
om
m
un
ic
at
io
ns
 C
on
st
el
la
tio
ns
•
Iri
di
um
–
88
 s
pa
ce
cr
af
t l
au
nc
he
d 
in
 2
5 
m
on
th
s 
(1
99
7-
19
99
) u
si
ng
 th
re
e 
di
ffe
re
nt
 la
un
ch
 v
eh
ic
le
s 
fr
om
 th
re
e 
co
un
tr
ie
s
–
26
 o
rb
ita
l s
ta
ge
s 
in
se
rt
ed
, b
ut
 o
nl
y 
on
e 
re
m
ai
ns
 in
 o
rb
it 
du
e 
to
m
al
fu
nc
tio
n
•
Pr
ot
on
 o
rb
ita
l s
ta
ge
s 
de
-o
rb
ite
d 
ov
er
 P
ac
ifi
c 
O
ce
an
•
D
el
ta
 a
nd
 L
on
g 
M
ar
ch
 o
rb
ita
l s
ta
ge
s 
m
ov
ed
 to
 lo
w
er
 d
is
po
sa
l o
rb
its
•
G
lo
ba
ls
ta
r
–
52
 s
pa
ce
cr
af
t l
au
nc
he
d 
in
 2
4 
m
on
th
s 
(1
99
8-
20
00
)  
us
in
g 
D
el
ta
 a
nd
 S
oy
uz
 la
un
ch
 v
eh
ic
le
s
–
17
 o
f 1
9 
or
bi
ta
l s
ta
ge
s 
ha
ve
 a
lre
ad
y 
de
ca
ye
d
–
Si
x 
So
yu
z-
IK
A
R
 s
ta
ge
s 
w
er
e 
de
-o
rb
ite
d 
in
to
 P
ac
ifi
c 
fr
om
 a
lti
tu
de
 n
ea
r 9
00
 k
m
•
O
rb
co
m
m
–
35
 s
pa
ce
cr
af
t l
au
nc
he
d 
as
 p
rim
ar
y 
or
 s
ec
on
da
ry
 p
ay
lo
ad
s
–
Ei
gh
t o
rb
ita
l s
ta
ge
s 
us
ed
 fo
r d
ed
ic
at
ed
 m
is
si
on
s 
(3
1 
sp
ac
ec
ra
ft)
; o
nl
y 
on
e 
or
bi
ta
l s
ta
ge
 
re
m
ai
ns
 in
 o
rb
it 
du
e 
to
 lo
w
er
 s
ta
ge
 m
al
fu
nc
tio
n
•
O
nl
y 
4 
of
 5
3 
la
un
ch
 s
ta
ge
s 
us
ed
 to
 o
rb
it 
17
5 
sp
ac
ec
ra
ft 
w
ill
 fa
il 
to
 m
ee
t 
25
-y
ea
r r
ul
e 
(tw
o 
du
e 
to
 la
un
ch
 v
eh
ic
le
 m
al
fu
nc
tio
ns
).
N
at
io
na
l A
er
on
au
tic
s 
an
d 
Sp
ac
e 
Ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
15
C
on
tr
ol
le
d 
R
ee
nt
ry
 o
f D
el
ta
 IV
 S
ec
on
d 
St
ag
e
•
In
 1
99
6 
th
e 
U
.S
. d
em
on
st
ra
te
d 
th
e 
ab
ili
ty
 to
 s
ig
ni
fic
an
tly
 re
du
ce
 th
e 
al
tit
ud
e 
of
 a
 la
un
ch
 v
eh
ic
le
 s
ta
ge
 to
 li
m
it 
its
 ti
m
e 
in
 lo
w
 E
ar
th
 o
rb
it.
–
Th
e 
M
SX
 D
el
ta
 II
 s
ec
on
d 
st
ag
e 
w
as
 m
an
eu
ve
re
d 
fr
om
 a
 p
ay
lo
ad
 d
el
iv
er
y 
or
bi
t o
f 9
00
 k
m
 
to
 a
 d
is
po
sa
l o
rb
it 
of
 2
25
 k
m
 b
y 
87
0 
km
; r
ee
nt
ry
 o
cc
ur
re
d 
on
ly
 9
m
on
th
s 
la
te
r.
•
In
 2
00
6 
th
e 
D
M
SP
 5
D
-3
 F
17
 D
el
ta
 IV
 s
ec
on
d 
st
ag
e 
w
as
 
co
m
pl
et
el
y 
de
-o
rb
ite
d 
fr
om
 a
 c
irc
ul
ar
 o
rb
it 
of
 8
50
 k
m
.
N
at
io
na
l A
er
on
au
tic
s 
an
d 
Sp
ac
e 
Ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
16
La
un
ch
 V
eh
ic
le
 S
ta
ge
 R
ee
nt
ry
 R
is
ks
•
29
 la
un
ch
 v
eh
ic
le
 o
rb
ita
l s
ta
ge
s 
re
en
te
re
d 
in
 a
n 
un
co
nt
ro
lle
d 
m
an
ne
r 
du
rin
g 
20
06
 w
ith
 a
 to
ta
l m
as
s 
of
 6
3 
m
et
ric
 to
ns
.
•
So
m
e 
of
 th
es
e 
st
ag
es
 e
xc
ee
d 
th
e 
U
SG
 re
co
m
m
en
de
d 
hu
m
an
 c
as
ua
lty
 
ris
k 
of
 1
 in
 1
0,
00
0 
pe
r e
ve
nt
.
–
N
ew
, l
ar
ge
r s
ta
ge
s 
of
 p
ar
tic
ul
ar
 c
on
ce
rn
Te
xa
s,
 1
99
7
So
ut
h 
A
fr
ic
a,
 2
00
0
Sa
ud
i A
ra
bi
a,
 2
00
1
G
ua
te
m
al
a,
 2
00
3
A
rg
en
tin
a,
 2
00
4
Th
ai
la
nd
, 2
00
5
N
at
io
na
l A
er
on
au
tic
s 
an
d 
Sp
ac
e 
Ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
17
C
on
cl
us
io
ns
•
A
dh
er
en
ce
 to
 n
at
io
na
l a
nd
 in
te
rn
at
io
na
l o
rb
ita
l d
eb
ris
 m
iti
ga
tio
n 
gu
id
el
in
es
 is
 e
ss
en
tia
l i
f t
he
 d
eb
ris
 p
op
ul
at
io
n 
is
 to
 b
e 
co
nt
ro
lle
d.
•
La
un
ch
 v
eh
ic
le
 s
ta
ge
 p
as
si
va
tio
n 
at
 e
nd
 o
f m
is
si
on
 is
 w
id
el
y 
ac
co
m
pl
is
he
d,
 b
ut
 s
om
e 
fu
rt
he
r w
or
k 
ne
ed
ed
.
•
Th
e 
di
sp
os
al
 o
f l
au
nc
h 
ve
hi
cl
e 
st
ag
es
 re
qu
ire
s 
se
rio
us
 c
on
si
de
ra
tio
n 
by
 
bo
th
 la
un
ch
 s
er
vi
ce
 p
ro
vi
de
r a
nd
 c
us
to
m
er
.
–
So
lid
-p
ro
pe
lla
nt
 L
EO
 s
ta
ge
s 
us
ed
 a
bo
ve
 6
50
 k
m
 re
qu
ire
 s
pe
ci
al
 a
tte
nt
io
n
•
Th
e 
ris
k 
of
 h
um
an
 c
as
ua
lti
es
 fr
om
 s
ta
ge
 re
en
tr
ie
s 
co
nt
in
ue
s 
to
 p
re
se
nt
 
si
gn
ifi
ca
nt
 c
ha
lle
ng
es
.
N
at
io
na
l A
er
on
au
tic
s 
an
d 
Sp
ac
e 
Ad
m
in
is
tr
at
io
n
18
Fr
an
k 
an
d 
Er
ne
st
 o
n 
O
rb
ita
l D
eb
ris


Orbital Debris Environment Assessment and Mitigation for Launch Vehicles

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