Bernaschina Rivera, Sebastian

Kohl, Noah

Korn, Michael R

English

Liberty University Digital Commons

Investigating Formations on Titanium Surfaces for Enhanced Fluid-Surface InteractionsNoah Kohla, Sebastian Bernaschinab, Dr. Michael Kornb, Dr. Hector Medinaa*aSchool of Engineering and bDepartment of Biology & ChemistryPotential Applications and Broader ImpactsPotential applications for the rosettes will be investigated in the creationof a titanium-based device containing pre-made titanyl sulfate rosetteson its surface to use in detecting H2O2, forming a yellow compound andin providing micrometer size TiO2 clusters on titanium, useful forsubsequent Ti-based catalysis.The goal of the current research project is to advance knowledge thatcan conduce to creating new technology aimed at helping society. Forexample, the creation of advanced titanium surfaces that can enhancebiological interactions will lead to the development of improved boneimplants. Simultaneously, the knowledge will lead to the developmentlocal therapy aimed at helping patient with bone tissue deficiencies.Furthermore, the enhanced surfaces can also be used in otherapplications such as water purification (i.e., the removal of ioniccontaminants via surface-water interactions), the storage of hydrogen,and other processes. All these applications will lead to the developmentof advanced devices aimed at benefiting our society.Acknowledgements• We thank Katelyn Sowards, Rachel Kohler and Nicole Villalba for their contribution in this project.The research project is aimed at investigating crystalized formations observed on titanium (Ti) surfaces via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), which were etched with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at temperatures between 40 to 90 degrees Celsius. According to the literature, similar formations obtained with different materials or processes have found important applications such as water purification, hydrogen storage, photocatalysis, and others. In general, these formations are desirable in fluid-surface interactions where surface composition and enhanced surface roughness can play a key role to promote such reactions. Various processes will be utilized to pursue the creation of both the observed and other similar formations. For example, Ti surfaces will be exposed to oxygen-rich and hydrogen-rich environments under temperature-controlled environments. In this study, we propose to investigate the factors that influence the nucleation and growth of this novel crystallized formations and their potential uses in aforementioned industrial chemical processes. Full understanding of both etching off (ground-down) as well as building up (ground-up) processes could lead to further understanding of the engineering science behind these formations. This knowledge could lead to applications such as: improved bone-implant devices; microbead-based local therapy for bone-deficient medical conditions; advance knowledge in corrosion science; and development of various improved devices involving enhance fluid-surface chemical reactions.Abstract ConceptsFigure 1. Illustration of the titanyl sulfate plate with rosette-like structures. The edges of the structures are reacted with  H2O2 producing H2[Ti(O2)(SO4)2] and treated to form TiO2. (Villalba, 2019)Chemical ReactionTiOSO4 + H2OReferences[1] Kohler, R., Sowards, K., and Medina, H. Numerical model for acid-etching of titanium: engineering surface roughness in dental implants. Dental Materials (Under review since June 2019).[2] Lee, S. Y., & Park, S. J. (2013). TiO2 photocatalyst for water treatment applications. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 19(6), 1761-1769.[3] Kohler, R., Medina, H. Novel rosette formations on acid-etched titanium. Journals of Materials Research & Technology (Under review).[4] Gittens, R. A., McLachlan, T., Olivares-Navarrete, R., Cai, Y., Berner, S., Tannenbaum, R., & Boyan, B. D. (2011). The effects of combined micron-/submicron-scale surface roughness and nanoscale features on cell proliferation and differentiation. Biomaterials, 32(13), 3395-3403.[5] Ban, S., Iwaya, Y., Kono, H., & Sato, H. (2006). Surface modification of titanium by etching in concentrated sulfuric acid. Dental Materials, 22(12), 1115-1120.TiO2 + H2SO4TiOSO4 + H2O2 H2[Ti(O2)(SO4)2] + H2OResearch Plan• Part 1 of our research plan consists of recreating the rosettes andchanging variables to recreate rosettes under different conditions onthe titanium plates (Figure 4):• Acid concentrations: 4M, 9M and 18M.  • Temperature: 60°C and 90°C. • Reaction time: 30 min. to 3 hours. • After heating, some samples will be analyzed, and some will remain in their tubes for longer time periods at room temperature. Our control group will be commercial TiSO4 reacted with H2O2,producing TiO2; analysis by SEM and EDS.Part 2, once the rosettes form, we willtest how well the rosette structures maintaintheir geometry with and without exposureto chemicals. If they maintain their structure,we will chemically modify the edges of theserosettes and determine if the edges are hydrogen disulfatoperoxotitanate(IV) or TiO2..+Figure 4. Commercially pure titanium plates. (Kohl, 2019)Initial DiscoveryOn-going research identified the presence ofrosette-like structures on the surfaces oftitanium plates. However, a systematicprocedure has not yet been established.Titanium plates have been treated with avariety of concentrations of sulfuric acid indifferent temperatures and “resting” periods.Plenty of research [4][5] and SEM has shownthat the surfaces of the titanium platesbecome etched when treated withconcentrated sulfuric acid (Figure 2). Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysisindicated that the composition of the rosettesis based on Ti, O2, and S atoms; whereas EDS ofregularly etched Ti reveal no S atoms.The rosettes were about 15-30 μm in diameterand were discovered near specimen edges.These crystals are composed of many thinsheets resembling ‘petals’ that form in aroughly hexagonal arrangement, whichresemble the rosette-like formation. Theserosette structures exhibit a large surface areaon titanium plates, which can be explored in avariation of surface-based interactions(Figure 3).Figure 2. EDS image of the surface of titanium plate after being treated with sulfuric acid. [3]Figure 3. Interaction of the rosette-like structures with fluids. (Villalba, 2019)Hydrogen disulfatoperoxotitanate(IV)                  .Hydrogen disulfatoperoxotitanate(IV)on rosettes .Titanium dioxide on rosettesTiOSO4(Titanyl sulfate)TiOSO4Titanium plateH2[Ti(O2)(SO4)2]H2[Ti(O2)(SO4)2]H2OTiO2ObjectivePrimarily, the project seeks to reproduce rosette-like structures formedwhen Ti is reacted with H2SO4. The structures are believed to be smallformations of titanyl sulfate TiOSO4. The surfaces of the rosette-likestructures will be investigated to be reacted with H2O2 to form hydrogendisulfatoperoxotitanate(IV) (Figure 1). Additionally, the titanyl sulfatecould be hydrolysis to form TiO2 (Figure 1). The challenge of the projectlies in determining if the rosettes can be reproduced and if they willmaintain their structural integrity once chemically modified.MethodsSpecimen Preparation Specimen Analysis• Plates will be cut from 0.007”thin sheets and cleansed withchloroform.• Plates will be submerged indifferent concentrations ofsulfuric acid at 60°C or 90°C for30 or more minutes.• Plates will be rinsed in de-ionized (DI) water and then airdried.• Specimen mass will be recordedbefore and after etching forcomparison.• Scanning electron microscopyanalysis will be used to visualizethe specimens after treatment.

Investigating Formations on Titanium Surfaces for Enhanced Fluid-Surface Interactions

https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?filename=0&article=1545&context=research_symp&type=additional

Investigating Formations on Titanium Surfaces for Enhanced Fluid-Surface Interactions

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Liberty University Digital Commons