Bellman, Donald R

Imming, Harry S

English

NASA Technical Reports Server

Restriction/
Classification 
Cancelled
Restriction/Classification 
Cancelled
Restriction/
Classification 
Cancelled
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930085752 2020-06-17T23:32:42+00:00Z
EACA R/I No. 36L35a E D  
NATIOPTAJ:, ADVISCRY C'11MDm FOR AF;RVRAUTICS 
KNOCIZ-LD4ITF3 P G ' i  CK,TPZ7TS FRZM A CFI? I X G I I G  USIISG 
JTJTm'NAL COOLANTS 
I n - ~ e s t i g a t l m a  were conducted t o  de tcmine  t he  antilrnock 
effectrf-~eness of t-arlons additive-water solut ions  used as in te rna l  
coolants i-n conjmct ion with AX-F-28, Amenclment-2, f ue i  En a 
m,od.if led CFR e ~ g i n e  . E8,ch in ternal-csolmt  solutior, was 31 jected 
a t  a coolant-fr-el r a t l o  c~f 0,50 and cx-itained 70-sarcent vater and 
30 -pe rce~ t  by w e i ~ h t  of each of t h e  following c 3mp~v.ndu : 
t e r t  -~Butglm.ine 
-
Mono8mylanine 
Restriction/
Classification 
Cancelled
Restriction/
Classification 
Cancelled
Heterocyclic cr-mpounds 
2,2 -DS.metlL~rls-t~1ylenimlne 
E4arph 3 l ine  
Pyrid ine  
2 -Neth;~12:w Zd i ne  
3-EJlotli;-lj?jridine 
4-Mcthylpyridine 
2,6-Di1.~e~lyL~>,vk'id iile 
2 -Tinylpgriaine 
Results  ;if invest igat ions  a r e  a l s o  -p:.-ese~ted f o r  AR-F-2t3, 
hl-endment-E, f u e l  run  with no In t e rna l  coolant and with va t e r  alone 
a s  the  ! . n t e rn~ l  coo!.ant a t  coolant-fcei  ~ a t i o s  of 0.35 snd 0,50, 
Three of t he  a!.ky:l. amines, t h e  s ix  midea ,  and s i x  of t he  hetero- 
cycl fe  compom~ds ra i sed  tile knock Iinlt cf t h e  base f u e l  nore than 
an equivalent ~rilour;t of wa%er a t  of t he  f u e l - a i r  ra-t-i.os im~es - t i s  
gated. Etlzsm.>lamine and 2-amlno-Z-;:~ethyl-l-pro~anc)l ra ised t he  knock 
l i m i t  more t h m  an equiva1en.t cmoun'; of watel- a-t f a e l - a i r  ra%i.:;s 
grea te r  than !3.09;5, The 21 e o m ~ ~ u ~ ~ d s  invaatica'ted were l e s s  e f f ec t i ve  
i n  r a i s i n g  the. 1cnoc;c 1lmi. i ;  thm.  r n o n o ~ ~ ~ t h y l m i n e  d im.ethylanine and 
ethylened im.4no, wLich vsre pr.sviousl.y invest  i g ~ t e d ,  
A n  inves-tigation of t he  antilcnock offrct lvenesa of vmious 
add it ive-~?a ie r  sol.utlons when ~ e s d  as in te rna l  coolant 3 has been 
conducted a t  t h e  3A.CA Clevsiand laboratory,  Xine csm.pi>unds have been 
prsvioualy run i n  a CFR ongins and t he  r3esul ts  a r e  pv'esen4;ed i n  r e f -  
erences 1 t a  3, Of t3.e nine compouada , m.on~methyl;33nIne~ d i a e t h y l a i n s ,  
and e thylenedlmine ger:aittec? the  g r ea t e s t  inc remes  i n  icngck-3.imi-led 
powor, fior2 coraiderat ions of t h s  pi?ys!.cal proper t ies ,  ksrever, tho  
use of -these cosap~~~mds a s  i n t e rna l  coolznts w u l d  52 res t r ic- tod,  For 
exaple, m.ono~.ethylmlne and dim,ethylm-ine a r e  gctse2v.o a t  room temper- 
a t u r e  and have limTted sol.;bllitiec i n  water ,  Ethyl.enediask%ne, as 
well  as rnonomx?-t;hylw~no and d i n e t h ~ l m i n o ,  is corrobivo i n  contac.: 
with cop c r .  % 
& an effort. 4x1 2j.nd a go.:,d an'tiknock-coolan add t t ivo  wi th  nore 
des i rab le  p h y ~ i c a l  p roper t i es  than tllose of t h e  nine c~xnpounds 
p r e ~ ~ f o u s l y  investigateG, r.ra"cer s o l n t i o ~ s  of foilx' a l ky l  a i n o s ,  t h r ee  
alkhnolanj:nes, six amides, and e igh t  heterocyclic cor'~pounds were 
in$estigated anrl t h e  r e s u l t s  a r o  pyesanted, 
RESTRICTED 
NACA Pa RTO , E61,OSa 
ITJTBIaT, C O O L , m S  AN1) BASE 33IJEL 
Each additive..tsater a o l u t i ~ n  contafned 30-percent add i t ive  by 
wei.giit, B o i l i r a  points  asld s o l u b i l i t i e s  of t he  pure addi5ives a r e  
preserited I n  t h e  followi-ng t ab i e :  
-4dtiitive 
Alkyl a i n e e  
Isopropyl~aminc 
Isobutylarnine 
t e r t  -Butylmine 
-- 
~~or~oarnylm;aine 
(inixed 5smer.o) 
- 
Al.1canoim.ine s 
%thanolmine 
Diet h.anolar3ina 
2 -Amino - 2 -j;~.e t1-!y 
F o r m i d e  
N-Ethyif o r - i d e  
N-E-t'llj~Lacetazid e 
T\J-E.thylpropioi12?'3.Id Gi) 
N, N-Dimet:iylf 3rlilazide 
N, N-Diethylacstmide 
-- 
Ze-Lerocyclic cospom-ds 
2,Z-Df:~~ethylethylenimfne 
Mo~phol ine 
Pyridine 
2 -Me-tl.iylpvidine 
3-Methylpy~id ine 
4-Meth.ylpy?ic?ine 
2,G-Dimet~.zylpgrldine 
2 -Vinylpyrl dine 
  he following ab'ureviatlons a r e  med t o  indicate  thz  sc)lu- 
b i l i t i c s  of the  add i t ives ;  co, i n f i n i t e l y  soluble;  
vs, very soluble;  s, 8oL:tble; ss, s l i g h t l y  soluble;  
vss, verg s1iglii;ly ~01.~13le. 
b ~ o  data  a r e  ava i i ah le  f o r  %his  conpound, 
4 1 W A  Ri\? No, E6LC)5a 
I n  % d d i t l ~ n  t o  r7:ns m d e  with ad6itive-water solut ions  a s  i n t e rna l  
cool.ants, runs were a l so  made with w.%ter alone as the  i n t e rna i  coolant, 
The addi t i l -e-~rater  solnt ions  we2e prepaved a t  t h i s  labcratory from 
comerciai-gi-ede cum3ounds and distil!.ed water, The 2,2-diluethyloVt1.1~~lea- 
imine and t'2e "ar&.-butyl-ine compounds vers  not avai lzble  com~erc i a l l y  
and were prepailed a t  -this laboratsry  . The correct  conccritrat ion of 
2,s-d-irne thylpyrtd 1115 could be mintairled only a t  "certgeratures of 20" C 
c r  l e s s .  Th5.s s o l l z t i * ~ ~  vas kept i n  an i c e  bath while beirig rlun, 
The a e r i t s  cf t he  int.e:rnsl-c:.~olanL sol11 t ions were detemined by 
t he  e f f ec t  of the  coolant oil the  boclr-1im.ited performance of AT?-F-28, 
h.endnent-2, f s e l .  A eingls  batch of t h i s  Fuel was  :wed i n  t h i s  present 
inves-t iga1;ion a;-!.Z i n  t l i o  i n -~es t i ga t  yeported t n  lief erences 2 and 3. 
In o r d w  t c ;  a v ~ j . 3  con f~s ion ,  t he  fi7llowing def TnSticns a r e  uaed: 
(1) Fuel: AN-F-28, &ne~~dmnL-2, usod a s  base f u e l  
( 2 )  *dater-fuel m t i o :  weight r a l i o  of water containing no 
adriitive t o  M-F-26, niii,:?zidmoni;-Z, fue l  
(3) Additive-wa-ier r a t i o :  weight r a t i o  of puye addi t ive  t o  water 
(4 )  In te rna l  c>ol.ant : e i t h e r  pu?e water ?r addf ti ve-vater soltrtion 
The engine, aux i l i a ry  eguiprnent, and procedure of invest igat ing 
t he  i 'nternal coolants seers t he  same a s  dcscr-ibsd i n  reference 3, The 
additive-water solnt ions  were run a t  a coolant-fuel r a t i o  of 0,50,  
'dater alone w a s  run a t  c?olan$-fuel r a t i o s  of 0,35 and. 0.50 by weight, 
The following engini. c o n d i t i ~ n s  were maintained constant throush- 
o u t  t he  program: 
Engine speed, rpm, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2500 
Com~res s ion ra t i o .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  7,0 
Spark advance, deg B,T,C, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30 
I n l e t - a i r  tenpe2aturo, OF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  250 
Jacket  t emp=r~~ture ,  OF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,  250 
IWA RM No, E6Ld5a 
Ihoc!;-1-imi-bed indicated mean e f f ec t i ve  pressures and indicate-d 
spec i f i c  f u e l  consumptions plot ted  aga ins t  f u e l - a i r  r a t i o  f c r  f u e l  
wi th  and withou-t water as an in te l -ml  coolant a r e  presented i n  
f i g u r e  1. Sirnil-ar da ta  f o r  f u e l  with internal-coolant  solnt ions  
containing 70-percent water t y  weiglit and 39-portent of each of tile 
21 addi t ives  a r e  present->d i n  f i gu re s  2 t c  4, 
The fol lorr i~ig  ta5l.e ind ica tes  t h e  reproduc ib i l i ty  of the  data  
by giving raJtiios ol' arltlme-t5cal-iaean dsvfat ion t o  average k n ~ c k -  
l i n i t e d  indicated iilcan e f f ec t i ve  Tressuro (expressed as percentage) 
a s  detcrnined fro12 t he  runs c;i" f u e l  alone and wit::: water a s  an  
i n t e r m l  coolant : 
I / ~ a t f o  f aritl!meticnl.-ueaa devia t ion 
~l ,~mb er t o  knot!:-limited imep 
a t e - u e  of 1 (percent)  
ra- t io  .-__Y_ICIL -- I runs ! Fuo l -~a i r  r a t i o  
The values i n  t h i s  t a b l e  were detsrm.ined from. runs made a t  i n t e rva l s  
throu,gl~out he  program and ind ica te  t h a t  a good degree of reproduci- 
b i l i t y  was obtainecl. The reproduc ib i l i ty  of the  knock-1irn.ited 
performance vhen using in ternal -coolant  addi t ives ,  however, was not  
checked because of limf ted  supplies.  
The r e s u l t s  obtained i n  t h i s  inves t iga t ion  a r e  presented i n  
t a b l e  I i n  telms of' t h e  r a t i o s  of t he  knock-limited indicated mean 
e f f ec t i ve  pressures obtained when using coolant add i t ives  'LO those 
ob-tained when using water alone a t  two d i f f e r e a t  water-fuel r a t i o s ,  
The upper an6 lric~or values were determined 57 t h e  f o l l o ~ ~ i n g  r a t i o s :  
knock-limited lnep of O,50 (0.30 add i t ive  -t 3.?0 water) -+ 0.50 f u e l  
knock-liinitefl imep of 0,35 water t. 0.65 f u e l  
Lover value, 
knock--limited oi" 0.50 (0 'O add i t ive  + 0.70 water) s- Q.50 f u e l  
-e eL--","--. 
knock-liqited imep of 0.50 water -t 0,50 f u e l  
An upper value above 1,00 indicates  t h a t  t he  addi t ion of the  
addTtive ra ised the  Imock l i m i t ,  Yhi s imp-ove~rent i n  knock-limited 
peri'oruance can be a t t r i bu t ed  t o  t h e  e f f e c t  of t he  addi t ive  as an 
antiknock agent and t o  t h e  bprovement i n  oooline: r e su l t i ng  from t h e  
addi t ion of more i n t e r ~ a i  coolant per  paund of f u e l ,  A !.ewer value 
above 1,00 indieatas  t h a t  t he  addi t ive  ra i sed  t h e  knock l i m i t  a 
g rea te r  amount than an equiva2en-t mount of water. A s  b e f ~ r e ,  t h i s  
iro.provomedc m y  r e s u l t  from t h e  antfknock qua l i t y  of t he  addi t ive  as 
~ ~ e l 1 .  as the  c ~ o l i n g  p ro l e r t i e s  . Pr~i?m t h i s  a l  sc~?ssion,  an  upper value 
above 1 , O O  together with a lower -,ialue below 1.00 therefore  denotes 
t ha t  t h e  addixive raised the  knock limit bn-t not a s  acch a s  an 
equivalent mount of water. 
Monoaaylaine, diethanolanine, 2,2-dimth3.1ethylenimine9 and 
morpholine were Leas effect ive  t h m  water a s  i n t e rna l  coolants f o r  
a l l  values of f uel -a i r  r a t  50. E;'that=olaaine 'and 2 -amino- 2 -methyl- 
1-propanol were more effect ive  than water a s  i n t e r ~ ~ a l  coolants at 
fue l - a i r  r a t i o s  greats?.% -than 0,093 but were l e s s  d f e c t i v e  than 
~rntex- a t  los~er  f u e l - a i r  r a t i o s ,  The a lky l  amines (with tho? excep- 
t f  on of ~ono&;1il;rlmiino), t he  a l ldes ,  a.nd t h e  heterocyclic compot~iids 
(with t h e  exception of 2,2-dhethyletlq-lenilnfne and morpholine) were 
ac re  e f f ec t i ve  -thayl water as in t e rna l  coolants f o r  most values of 
f ue l - a i r  r a t i o ,  
The bar  graph (f.lg, 5) comi3ares a t  f u e l - a i r  r a t i o s  of 0.06, 
0.08, and C,10 t he  effectiveness of t h e  ixtemna2.-coolant addi t ives  
run during t l i i ~  invest igat ion with t h a t  of s lx  fn t e rna l  coolants 
previously re]?ortec? i n  reference 3 ,  The vaiues used In t he  graph 
a r e  r a t t o s  of t he  lmocl:-linited indicated mean e f f ec t i ve  pressure 
permitted with an additive-wa-t;er s ~ l u ' t i o n  a s  t h e  i n t e rna l  coolant 
t o  t h a t  permi'ctee! with va t e r  a l m e  as t h e  i n t e rna l  coolaat a t  a 
coolant -f ue l  1-ati3 of 0,50 ~ o n h e t h y l - m i n e  dinethylamine , and 
ethylenediamine aye m.we e f fec t ive  as internal-coolant  ad2ditives 
than a r q  of t he  o'ther 24 C O K Q O U ~ ~ ~ S ~  
The r e s u l t s  of invest igat ions  of water solnt ions  of four  a lky l  
amincs, three  all:rwol&nes, s ix arnides, and e ight  heterocycl-ic 
compounds as Internal-coolant addi t ives  i n  a CFE! engine may be 
s ~ ~ r i z e c l  as follows : 
NACA RM No, E6L05a 
1, Three a lky l  aminea, tikg s i x  axides, and s i x  heterccyclic 
comyov-nds sfere more effective than water a s  i n t e rna l  coolants f c r  
most values of f u e l - a i r  r a t i o ,  
2 ,  ~~lonoamylamine , cliethanolmine , 2,2-aimethylethyleni~inc, 
and mor2holine were l e s s  e f f e c t i ~ e  th.m water a s  i n t e rna l  coolants 
f o r  a11 values of f u e l - a i r  r 3 t i o ,  E thano l~~n ine  and 2-amino- 
2-methyl-1-propano1 r a i s ed  the  knock l i m i t  a t  f u e l - a i r  r a t i o s  
g r ea t e r  than 0,095, 
3,  The 21 compo~mds isiveatj.ga.ted were l e s s  ef2ect ive  i n  
r a i s i n g  th.e knock l i m i t  t h m  wo:iornethylmine, dimethylstmine, and 
ethylenediamine which were j?re-vriouslg invest igated,  
Ai rc ra f t  Engine Eesearcli L a b o ~ a t ~ r y ,  
Na5ioml Advisory Cormittee f o r  Aeronau.ti.cs, 
Cleveland, Ohio, 
1, Bellman, Donald R, , and Evvard, John C ,  : Knock-Limited Perfoxm- 
ance of Several  I n t e rna l  Coolants. I W A  ACR No, 4B08, 154.1, 
(Class i f i ca t ion  changed from "Confitl.entia1" t o  "Restr icted",  
Apri l  1946,) 
2 ,  Bellman, Donald R., Moeckei, W, E, , and Evvaril, John C , : Xjnock- 
Limited Power Outputs from a CFR Englr-e Using In t e rna l  Coolants. 
I - Nonometh~lamlne and Dimethylamine, TlACA AFB TTo, E4L21, 1944, 
3, Bellman, Donald R, ,  Itloeskel, 14, E,, and Evvard, J o b  C , :  Knock- 
Limited Power Outputs fram s CE'R Engine Using In t e rna l  Coolants, 
I1 - Six  Al iphs t i c  ilmines, NACA ACR No. E5H31, 1945, (C l a s s i f i -  
ca t ion  changed from "Conf'idential" t o  "Restricted", April  1946,) 
IIACA 334 No, 36L05a 
' Cm, engine; Aj:\T-F-2G, kaendr~ent-2, f i .~el; engine s?eed, 250C rpm; L 
comi~resaion 1-atPo, 7 ,O ;  a2arl: advance, 30" B,T,C. ; iniet-air t e q e r -  
a turo ,  2503 F; jacket -i;emi~eratu;.e, 250' F. Fox1 each acl6itive "ciere 
a r e  t i 7 9  rows of valuer,, The :Ipyer value is  t ha  r a t i o  
lm9ck-limited f i l e u f  0,;0 (0 .30  adclitrve + 0.70 T.TcL~~&O. 50 f v e l  
-- -- - -.r) -%"- ---L - I - - - - . ~ u l .  --- 
l~noc;r-li~;i'~€+.ib ?me> of 0 ,  35 water -t O,65 f u e l  
The lower value is  ths ra-bio 
knock-l imikd i~ae-,) of 0.50 <(?,3:! 
.---mu --.-."r. w.<rsrarcr r r w a  
1mos':-liu'ted i m p  of 0,50 ~ i a t e r  + 0,5'3 f u e l  
 h he compounds TTCTO not considered ao f u e l s  and tlze heats  of 
c o ~ 1 1 ~ 1 s t i o ~ " ~ ~ e r e  neglected. In com.outlng the  fuel.-air r a t i o s ,  
N X A  FJkf No, E6L05a 9 
TtBLE I - L W ~ L ~ F Y  OF A.?211mOCE;' EFFECTIVE1iSS OF VRRIOUS 
C ObPOU flDS .G INTYRPZ.AL-C OOLANT ADDITIVES - Cont inlned 
-----.. L- 
Additive 
K-Etky!.acetar~ Zde 
N-Ethyl>rspionx~idc 
W,N-Diet.j.~-l.accta:i5e 
Pyr id ine  
I 
I j 2 -Metl~y?.qyridine 
i 
I 3-Methylp;midlne ! 
 he conpounds wore consideyed as f u e l s  and t h e  h e a t s  
of conzbusticl~ were negiec ted  i n  coxputing the f u e l - a i r  
r a t i o s .  
PKT710TTAL A D ~ S O R Y  C 01.G1LTTIE FOE AXROf.SAU?'ICS 
N A C A  RM N o .  E6L05a F i g .  I 
Fuel-air ratio 
(a) No internal ooolant. (b) Internal coolant, water. 
Figtbe 1. - Effect of' water as internal coolant on knock-limited performance of AH-F-28, Amend- 
ment-2, fuel. CFR engine; engine speed, 2500 ~ p m ;  compression ratio, 7.0; spark advance, 
300 B.T.c.~ inlet-air temperatwe 250° FX jacket temperature# 250° F. 
N A C A  RM N o .  E 6 L O 5 a  
I 
F i g .  2 
(a) Internal-coolant additives,  a lkyl  mines .  ( b )  Internal-coolant additives, alkanol- 
amisae s, 
Figure 2. - Effect of various alkyl  amlnes and alkanolamiees as internal-coolant additfves 
on knock-limited performance of AN-F-28, Amendment-2, fuel*  CFR engine ; engine speedl 
2500 rpmi compression rat io ,  7,O; spark advance, 30' B,T,C,: inlet-air  temperature, 250° Ft 
jacket temperature, 250° Fa 
N A C A  RM No. E 6 L 0 5 a  F i g .  3 
Figure 3. - Effect of various amides a s  Internal-coolant additives on knock-limited performance 
of AN--28, ~mendment-2, fuel .  C F R  engines engine speed* 2500 rpm; compression ratio,  
7.0; spark advance, 300 B.T.C.; inlet-alr temperatwe, 250° FJ jacket temperature, 2500 F. 
N A C A  R M  N O .  E6L05a F i g .  4 '  
Figure 4, - =feet af various hetelpoo~relfc c ~ p ~ s  as Intereal-eoolant addltlws m bock- 
limited p e ~ f a m c e  of AW-P-28, A~~endnreat-2, fuel, CFR englneg engine speed, 2500 reg  
compression ratio, T,Oj  spark advance, 30° B.T,C,$ inlet-air temperatme, 250° F; jacket 
temperature, 250° F, 
Fuel-air r a t i o  
0.08 0.10 Internal-coolant addltive 
Water 
~onomethylami~e~v * 
~ i m e t h y l a m l n e ~ ~ ~  
~ t h ~ l e n e d i a m i n e ~ ~  
~ i e t h y l a m i n e ~ * ~  
~riethylamine'* 
~ u t ~ l a m i n e ~ ~ ~  
~sopropylamine~  
1sobutylasiae5 
tert-Butylamine5 
- 
Monoamylamine (mixed isomers) 
~thanolamiae5 
~iethanolamine5 
2-~mino-2-me~hyl-1~p6~pa~10~5 
~ormamide5 . 
~ - ~ t h y l a o e t & d e 5  
~-~tb~hglpropionamides 
B, N-~Pmethylfowamfde~ 
PI, B - ~ ~ e t ~ l e o e & m l d e 5  
2,2-~imethylethylenidne5 
~ o r p h o l i n e 5  
IJyridi ne5 
~ - ~ e t h y l p y f l d i n e S  
3 - l e t h y l p 3 ~ i ~ n e 5  
k ~ e t h y l p y ~ i d i n e 5  
2,6-~imethylpyridine5 
2-~inylpyrlbine5 
Relative knook-limited p w e r  
'Data obtained from reference 3.  
92-percent by weight addi t ive i n  water. 
26-percent by weight additive i n  water. 
k p e r c e n t  by weight add l t l re  in.water. 
530-~eroent by weight additive In water. 
NAT I ONA L ADV I S ORY 
COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS 
Figure - Relative knock-limited powers permitted by varloue lnternal-ooolant addl t ives  a t  ooolant-fuel r a t i o  
of 0 36 Values i n  raph a re  r a t i o s  of knock-limited indicated mean effect ive pressure e m i t t e d  v l th  addltive- 
wate; s i l u t l o n  a s  infernal  coolant to  that permltted with water alone a s  internal  coolan?. 


Knock-limited power outputs from a CFR engine using internal coolants III : four alkyl amines, three alkanolamines six amides, and eight heterocyclic compounds

Knock-limited power outputs from a CFR engine using internal coolants III : four alkyl amines, three alkanolamines six amides, and eight heterocyclic compounds

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