In order to understand the lower ionosphere and its probable control by dynamical processes, the behavior of nitric oxide below 100 km was investigated. A two dimensional model with coupled chemical and dynamical processes was constructed. Calculations based on the model reveal that the chemical conditions at the stratopause are related to the state of the thermosphere. This coupling mechanism can be partly explained by the downward transport of nitric oxide during the winter season, and consequently depends on the dynamical conditions in the mesosphere and in the lower thermosphere (mean circulation and waves). In summer, the photodissociation of nitric oxide plays an important role and the thermospheric NO abundance modulates the radiation field reaching the upper stratosphere. Perturbations in the nitric oxide concentration above the mesopause could therefore have an impact in the vicinity of the stratopause

Brasseur, G.

English

NASA Technical Reports Server

//
• "b '. . ., i'
[. 85 -2047 2
z" I16
COUFLING BEI"gEI_ _IE _IERHOSI_ERE AND _IE STRATOSFIIERE_THE ROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE
m
G. _rasseur
. Institut d'Aerono_ie Spatiale de Belgique3, Avenue Circulaire
B-lIB0 Brussels, _elgit_
i
I ABSTRACT
Tvo-di_ensionsl model calculations reveal that the chemical conditions at
" the atratopause are related to the state of tilethermosphere. This coupling
mechanism can be partly explained by the downward transport of nitric oxide
during the winter season and consequently depends on the dynamical conditions in
i the mesosphere and in the lower thermosphere (mean circulation and waves). In
steer, the photodissoeiation of nitric oxide plays an important role and the
I ther_-ospheric NO abundance modulates the radiation field reaching the upper
stratosphere. Perturbations in the nitric oxide concentration above the meso-
paule could therefore have an impact in the vicinity of the stratopause.
As indicated for ex_ple by DANILOV and TAUB_IIiEIH (1983), the behavior of
the D-region ia significantly different in stmnmer and in winter. During the
first of these seasons, the electron density seems fairly dependent on the solart zenith angle while, during the minter, considerable day to day variations
completely _aak any control of the ionosphere by solar or beophysical para-
meters. Furthermore. as reported already by APPLETON in 1937, anomalous
increases in absorption of high frequency radio waves occur during certain
t groups of winter days. Even outside these irregular winter anomaly events_ the
I absorption and consequently the electron concentration appears to be consider-ably higher in winter than in su_er. Since the quiet time ionization in the D-
t_ L_ region is due primarily to the action of the solar Lyr_an-a radiation on nitric
' oxide molecules, the understanding of the lower ionosphere and its probable
: control by dynamical processes requires a detailed tmderstanding of the NO
t .. distribution in the mesosphere.(
In order to achieve such a study, a two-di_ensional model with coupled
t chemical and dynamical processes has bean constructed. This model ranges from
i. from the North to the South pole. Dynamical psra-
40 to I00 altitude and
meters such as the meridional circulation and the eddy diffusion tenter are
prescribed, In particular, the two-dimensional eddy components are taken from _.
EBEL (1980) but, as indicated hereafter, rome changes have been introduced in
several model rims in,orde_ to estimate the sensitivity of the dynamical :"
activity in the lower thermosphere on the calculated concentration values. This
model _hich is in many aspects similar to the model developed by SOLOHON etal.
(1982) and which is described in detail by BRASSEUR and DE EAETS (1983).
considers the _ost important chemical and photochemical processes related to the
odd oxygen, odd nitrogen _d odd hydrogen species aa well as the positive and
neEative ions and the electrons. Thi_ paper will deal essentially with the
behavior of nitric oxide below 100 km.
Nitric oxide is produ=ed in the stratosphere by the oxidation of nitrous
ox_de (N30) in the presence of the electronically exicited atomic oxygen
O('D). ,_n additional source, essentially at high latitude, is due to the
action of the cosmic rays. In the therr,osphere, ions which are produced by
solar rUV and X rays as well as by particle precipitation, cspecially in the
auroral belts (relativistic electron precipitation, solar proton events, etc.)
lead to the formation of NO molecule_. Direct dissociation or dissociative
ionization of N2 is another source of NO. Calculations t_adeby RUSOI etal.
(1981) indicate that each ion pair formation produces 1.3 nitric oxide mole-
!
t
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850012162 2020-03-22T18:36:52+00:00Z
L' 'Fi ":"" •L:"
!, !
F
t : 117
culea. Consequently the thermospheric }10 production rate will be controlled by
the solar and geomagnetic activity. In the present paper, only quiet conditions
will be considered. Downward transport of nitric oxide from the thermosphere
t will depend on the strength of the vertical exchanges and of the chemical
i stability of NO in the _esosphere. As indicated by Figure l, the nitric oxide
flux is directed downwards in the wb_le _esosphere during the winter when the
{ , lifetime of NO i_ long and the K values are large, indicating that thermo-
i. spheric nitric oxide could reschZ_he stratosphere and interact with the ozonelayer. Comparisons of calculated and observed O_ density for different solar
activity levels (SOLO}_ONand GARCIA, 1983) give Indirect evidence for such a
HOx transport above 60"N during the winter.
VERIICAL ODD NITROGEN I_LUX (cm'Zs "t)
too
i-
'° 1,
• _ .-------_
/i._t
?0
" _ WINT[R LAIIIU_ (O_,t.) r._jM W[ A !!
!
Figure I. Merldional distribution of the vertical flux component of
nitric oxide calculated with the exchange coefficients suggested !
: '_ by Ebel (19E0).
l During the st_ner season, the downward transport by eddy diffusion is weak
•i " ' and is even slowed down by the upward meridional circulation. The loss of NO by
photodiasociation And recombination is intense and is even enhanced by the fact
that the 1owerater_perature in the vicinity of the st_mer mesopause reduces the
i rare of the N(S) . 02 reaction (reformation of NO after its photo-
! dis_oclation) and thus favors the N(S) + _O reaction (destruction of odd
nitrogen). Therefore no dynamical coupling between the thermosphere and strato-
sphere appears in s_er _nd the nitric oxide flux is directed upwards during
this period of the year. However, as pointed out by FREDERICK etal. (1983),
the absorption of the UV radiation by variable thermospheric _;O could modulate
! the radiation field reaching the lower _esosphere and the upper stratosphere and
consequently modify the dissociation rate of nitric oxide in the 6 bands at
, these levels. The magnitude of this effect appears however to be probably
s_aller than the 11 year variability of t_e solar irradiance. Figure 2 shows
: the calculated distribution of the nitric oxide concentration for winter and
• stm_-_ercondition_. It can be seen that nitric oxide is present in winter and"
that the concentration _i_imu_ at the mesopause level is very weak during this
' season.
! In order to estimate the sensitivity of the _0 distribution on the strength
i
so
1o _0 )0 0 30 60 90
LAIIIUDE |de.eel I
WtNIER SUMMER
Figure 2. Heridionnl distribution of the nitric oxide concentration
calculated with the exchange coefficients suggested by gbe[ (1980),
of the vertical transport, the g values have been decreased in the thermo-
sphere by a factor which is tmif_m with latitude. Three cases have been
considered: case I refers to the Ebel's values, case 2 to a very slow diffusion
/_- coefficient K . and case 3 to an intermediate value. Figure 3 shows the 3• _ln .
corresponding proflles for sum_aerand winter mid-latitude. The ;. :rofile
suggested by ALL_ et al. (1981) to explain observed atomic oxyge_ distributions
by their 1-D model is also indicated.
° [
tl The nitric oxide mixing ratio and flux at the stratopnuse for the two
• _ extreme cases (I and 2) are shown in Figure 4a and b. These figures indicato '
. again that a coupling between the thermosphere and the stratosphere is possible
I" essentially during the winter. The strength of the coupling as well as the
, k 8_
.;
f_c _,.-"
V[_TICAL [JCH_NOE COCF_ICI_N_ (¢m15 _}
- Figure 3. Different vertical exchange coefficients gzz adopted in •
the model calc_tlations. Vertical distributions represented at
[ 30 ° latitude for winter nnd summer conditions. The profile used '
by ALL_ et al. (1981) is also indicated.
,
_. o.,
i '
Figure 4a, Latitudinal and season_l distribution of the nitric
,-'_ : oxide mixing ratio calculated st the otratopause (_0 _ alti-/
• rude) assu_ing different conditions: _Ebol refers, to the
exchange coefficients suggested by Ebel.._'i to the small-
' eat vertical eddy diffusion depicted in fib.n3; (NO) refers
" to an upper boundary flux conditions corresponding to quiet
solar conditions (Svl_on. private communication, lggl) and
(NO) x 2 to the imposed flux which has been multiplied by 2.
Figure 4b. 5¢_e as in fig. 4a but for the nitric oxide vcertical
flux.
latitude of the border between the downward and _he upward I_0exchange regions
• varies with the adopted K profile and with the dotn_ard flux imposed at the "-"
• z . . •
upper boundary (which reflects the zntegrated i:O production above this level and
consequently the solar and geomagnetic activity). In order to eatir_te this
last effect, the nitric oxide flux st 100 k_ has been uniformly doubled. The
corresponding impact on the stratopause NO is also indicated in Fi&ures 4a and
b.
Comparisons between observed and calculated nitric oxide profiles are not
straightforward since the measured concentrations exhibit large variations.
, This variability might partly be attributed to instruzaentalerrors but it also
'i reflects the large changes _ccuring in the real world, It sec_nshowevgr that
" mo_t observations show a concentration mini=_a near 85 Danaltitude (I0 to
t 10 cm- _ but that t_is m_i_u.._ is considerably weaker during the winter
i (5 x I0_ to 5 x I0" cm- ). Observations made during winter anomaly events
i| (BERAI{and BAI_GERT,1979) _how large I;O densities and a vertical profile
indicating almost perfect mixing conditions (and consequently stroo_ vertical
" ,_I exchanges between 50 and 80 km),
;_ The comparison between available data and the calculated profiles obtained
. . / , ,,i
/ , i
i
i
120
with the 3 different transport coefficients suggests that case 3 (intermediate
l: z) is somewhat more representative of _ost nitric oxide observations than
tl_e other eddy di£fuslon profiles. The corresponding taeridioual distribution of
t_Ois shown in Figure 5 and should be compared with the results depicted in
Figure 2. It should be remembered that these model results refer to average
seasonal and diurnal conditions. The magnitude of the diurnal variation of NO
/ ' at selected altitude and at 30 degrees latitude can be estimated from Figure 6.
NITRIC Oxl(_[ CONC£NTRAIION (cm"_} gs_ (he 3)
•" _ I 5.10" _ I
P_ _0
50
WINTER 5UMI.IER
Heridion_l distribution of the nitric oxide concentra-_ /Figure 5.
tlon calculated with the inter_edlate values of Kzz (case 3)
/
and Ebel's values fer gyy and Kyz.
tO8 I i I
I07 - _.._ .j NO ..... .
z
o !
V--,105 t
I
10€ ...-- .... ._j
u /NO l
3 _ 85kmU .... 7Ohm
N_
'_ 10 0 6 12 18 24
TIME {HOURS)
l Figure 6. Diurnalvariationof nitricoxide and nitrogendioxide
calculated at 70 and 85 Lm altitude for spring conditions and
30 degrees latitudes? The total t;_x concentration is as-
suraed to be 1.2 x 10 and 1.2 x 10_ cn "# at 70 and 85
..... , kin, respectively.
¢
/
Finally, the electronic concentration which is derived frou tl:e t_O dis-
tribution _hown in Figure 5 and which is obtained from a detailed ionic model is
represented in Figure 7. It can be _een that tileconcentration of electrons is
considerably higher in winter owing to the fact that the nitric oxide density is
lapser during this season and that ti_ett._poratureend consequently the
effective electron loss are higher in the winter l.e_isphere.The model explains
, thus satisfactorily the observed higher radio wave absorption during wintertime
(which is sometimes called tileregular cooponent of the winter anomaly) but
cannot explain the causes of the irregular component_ of such anomalous events
.. since the calculations are performed with seasonal averages of temperature,
diffusion coefficients and wind components. Satellite data dight provide
indications on the relative role played by nitric oxide and by the tt_perature
in the appearance of sudden anomalous absorption events,
{t_'CI;_ONIC tO_C[tcIR_.IIGN G,m ))
I1\ \ _ • _to, -_'___
_" I_,\ _ ___.,o'=..-------- f .
/'-" "_ , , _"_'_ _ •
60 _ 0 30 $0 90
? ._ r
_,_' Figure 7. Heridional distribution of the 24 hours averaged concentration of
;k_: of electrons calculated with the I_Odistribution shown in figure 5. ThesevaIues correspond to solar quiet conditions.
REFERenCES - "
":::" Alien, H., Y. L. ¥ung and J. N. Naters (1981), J. Geophys. Res., _.66,3617.
Appleton, E. (1937), Proc. Roy. Sot., A16.____2.451
Beran, D. _nd 14.Bangert (1979), J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 4!, I091.
Brasseur, G. rnd P. De Beets (1983), Hinor constituents in the mesosphere and
lower thermosphere, in preparation.
Danilov, A. D. and J. Taubenhelm (1983), Space Sci. Ray., 3.__,413.
Ebel, A. (1980), J. Atmos. Tart. Phys., _.2_2,617.
Frederick, J. E., R. B. Abzams and P. J. Crutzen (1983), The delta-band dis-
sociation of nitric oxide: A potential _eehani_m for coupling thefts-
spheric variations to the mesosphere and stratosphere, sub_itted to J.
Geophys. Ses.
Rusch, D. W., J. C. Gerard, S. Solomot,,P. J. Crutzen and G. C. Reid (1981),
Planet. Space Sci., 29, 767.
Solomon, S., P. 3. Crutzen and R. G. Roble (1982), J. Geophy_. Res., 87, 7206.
Solomon, S. _nd R. R. Garcis (1983), Transport of thermospheric ItO to the
upper stratosphere, preprint.
L /


Coupling Between the Thermosphere and the Stratosphere: the Role of Nitric Oxide

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

NASA Technical Reports Server