The projects under Technology and Urban Management (TAUM) have continued during the last few months with considerable success. The individual studies conducted in the City of Oakland and the progress made are described in this report

Churchman, C. West

Webber, Melvin M.

English

NASA Technical Reports Server

Space Sciences Laboratory 
University of California 
Berkeley, California 94‘72i) 
Semi-Annual Report on 
TECHNOLOGY AND URBAN WJAGEMEN’I 
Supported by 
NASA Grant, 
NGR 05-003-125 
For the period 
October 1, 1967 through March 31, 1.968 
w \ I 
(ACCESSION N68-85,500 NUMBER) WRW I 
1 - Q B 
9 AGES) (CODE) 
E d2 (NASA & y h /  CR OR TMX OR AD NUMBER) (CATEGORY) 
Y 
I 
Space Sciences Laboratory Series 9 ,  I ssue  7 6  
March 31, 1968 
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19680070689 2020-03-16T17:09:21+00:00Z
TECHNOLOGY AND URBPSIT !'+IAN%EMENT 
ESASA G r a n t  
MGR 05-003-125 
I. INTRODUCTION 
The projects  under Technology and Urban Management (TAUM) have 
continued during the last few months w i t h  considerahlc success. The 
individual s tudies  conducted i n  the City of Oakland and the progress 
made are described below. 
11. INDIVIDUAL STUDIES 
A .  Oakland Budget Studies  
The group working on this project ,  under the direct ion of 
Professor Aaron Wildavsky, has been most successfu m6.1  has made 
considerable progress i n  ass is t ing the C i t y  of Oak 1 ,IT t i  i .) 
M r .  Arnold Meltsner has been working as d consvltant t o  the 
C i t y  Manager and the City Treasurer i n  the following prob l e m  areas: 
1. He has provided advice and guidance, SO t ha t  t h e  City 
could proceed t o  develop short-range ( f i ve-ycar )  and 
long-range (20-year) cap i t a l  improvement y 1 a m  t h a t  
would in tegra te  capi ta l  and operatinq CQG f3s under various 
l imitations.  This ac t iv i ty  is a t i l l  i n  t he  planning 
2. Progress has been made i n  ass i s t ing  t h e  C i t y  to re- 
organize i t s  automatic data processing activities. 
A management program w a s  developed i n  conjunction with 
the City Treasurer that  involves augmenting the s t a f f ,  
using a service bureau, and assessing csmnnker programming, 
data processing, and f inancial  management needs. This 
program, which was presented t o  the  C i t y  vanager and 
t o  representatives of the  City Counci I I is- now being 
implemented. 
. 
I 3.  A survey ity departments w a s  conducted 
to ascer t  ot changes i n  budgetary gufdanc 
and proce fected. The re su l t s  of t h h  
survey were r 
the Treasure 
next f i s c a l  year. 
d t o  the Manager and were used by 
lop budget imtzuctions €ur 
4. Our assist in i ts  finaxtcial-cap 
review of s has been reported previous 
Out of thi ve come several spec i f ic  recomme 
regarding 
the e x i s t i  structure-such as an increased 
ra te  schedule for the s e w e r  service charge, and the 
new tax on garbage collection. 
s of revenue anci/ur- changes i n  
Mr. Jeffrey Pressman, an advisor t o  t h e  Mayorr a s s i s t s  i n  
speech-writing and policy formulation, and car r ies  t - research. H e  
has been especially active i n  the area of federal-city rcldtionships 
and i n  direct ing at tent ion t o  the City ' s  deprived yo$ t r t  rzlion.. Some of 
M r .  Pressman's specif ic  ac t iv i t i e s ,  which pertat-  t c t  tibe Office of the 
Mayor, are  l i s ted  below: 
nd 
1. Writing a proposal for  the reorganization of the Mayor's 
Off ice  i n  which both physical and personnel changes 
were outlined. This proposal was approved by t h e  Mayor- 
Council Committee on Organization, 
2. Writing up the testimony before the  Governor's Commission 
on Housing. Proposals were developed concerning the 
State  Pub l i c  Works Program and the Housing Authority 
Structure. 
governmental Relations and 
the American Society fox Public 
4. Coropilin Q other students) a compsehen- 
lmpact OR Oaklc?rnd," which 
following sorts : Who administexs 
federal  funds, and what is actually b c i n q  done with 
' * '  
. 
'a DO Oakland 
Oakland's e 
5 .  Completing of the Ghetto" 
be incmporat  
s s F  which Mx. 
is  made on the poverty problem. 
Within the last few months, a great  deal of in te res t  about 
b a n  problems has developed on the Berkeley campus, and Oakland has 
become the prototype c i t y .  Many interested facul ty  and students who 
are working i n  Oakland,or who would l i k e  to ,  have h e n  attending &he 
meetings of the TAUM group. 
The projects '  e f fo r t s  i n  the poverty f i e l d  have been helped 
immensely by a student who has many contacts and k m w s  a great  deal  
about Oakland's poverty groups. 
The TAUM group has acquired some ins ight  i n t o  the  i n i t  
of a Model Cities Program, and has made a ements through the 
Oakland Planning Center t o  follow these d ments, The re 
with the Police Department a re  exce Some o f  the s t u  
being made by students concern the costs  of police a c t i v i t i e s ,  East 
Bay S k i l l s  Center, manpower, a comparative study of Richmond and 
Oakland, and federal sums of money and their expenditure. 
1 that this 
th recommend for changes: t l  
will have completed the 
I (2) Stree ts  ce; (4 )  Library; 
Parks and Recreation; ( 6 )  C i t y  Auditor and the  Introduction of Data 
ing. Sy next f a l l  *ere w i l l  have been substant ia l  work on 
ce al locat ion and decision-making among poverty groups and a 
r study of Oakland's financial  s i tua t ion .  
4 
! 
2. PoZioe depmtment. E, U n i t  Cost Study of the 
Department has been completed. The data are being programmed €or 
computer analysis,  and a monograph is i n  preparation t h a t  describes t h e  
methodology of costing, the analysis of the data ,  and the implications 
f o r  urban public order. 
A Ut i l iza t ion  Study of Police Patrol  Resources has also 
been completed, which determines the d is t r ibu t ion  of time spent on 
various required tasks .  The r e su l t s  are  reported i n  (Center f o r  Planning 
and Development Research Working Paper N o .  73) "Police Resource Allacation" 
by Prafessors Gordon E. Misner and Richard B. Hoffman. The report  
begins " w i t h .  the  "standard list" of police functions consisting of 
* 
the  following items: 
1. crime prevention 
4. criminal investigation 
5 .  provision of publ ic  s 
8.  t r a f f i c  regulation and control 
9. provision of emergency services  
* 
This paper was present 
Grim at the National 
Advancement of Science, New York, December 27, 1967. 
a t  the Symposium on Science Technology and 
t i n g  of the American Association far the 
. 
. 
t o  the authors that  ”law enforcement” is actual ly  
a process and consequence involving a congery of 
public agencies, including regulatory commissions, 
courts, prosecutors, e tc .  Despite the fac t  t h a t  
policing agents i n  the  United States today habitually 
r e fe r  t o  themselves as “law enforcement o f f i ce r s  ,I1 
law enforcement duties occupy only a very small 
portion of the police o f f i ce r ’ s  t i m e  m d ,  even t h i s ,  
he shares w i t h  other soc ia l  agencies.) 
The concept of the police mission consisting 
of the accomplishment of two primary soc ia l  object 
may very w e l l  be at variance with the self-concept 
of the policeman. X t  seems f a i r  t o  assume t h a t  
ce parsonnel col lect ively envis i  
ossess two dis t inc t ive  
onal s k i l l s  that are 
lists. These occupa 
n-driving, walking, r iding,  t a lk in  
le, etc.--aYe shared generally w i t h  
a t ion ,  as a whole, and nly w i t h  other 
t h a t  impinge upan the  work 
ther aspects a€ the policeman‘s 
: 
might i n  f a c t  be more 
ce department w i l l  prove the fa l lacy  
In the report, the " f i e ld  ac t iv i t ies ' '  of pa t ro l  
personnel i n  one large c i ty  were analyzed. The 
analysis revealed tha t  70.9% of the "ea1 led-for- 
services" involve miscellaneous public services? 
ranging anywhere from answering a nuisance c a l l  
t o  ass i s t ing  a resident who has been inadvertently 
locked out of her home. I n  addition, another 9.9% 
of of the f i e l d  o f f i ce r ' s  time was spent dealing 
with t r a f f i c  matters. I n  the case of t h i s  c i t y ,  
the sample of one year 's  a c t i v i t i e s  revealed tha t  
more than 80% of the f i e l d  o f f i ce r ' s  on-call time 
was spent i n  noncriminal matters. O f  the portion 
related t o  criminal matters the s p l i t  between Par t  I 
and Part I1 offenses was almost equal. The precise 
data for  a l l  four categories of f i e l d  a c t i v i t i e s  
were, as follows: 
70.9% miscellaneous public services 
9.9 t r a f f i c  accidents and violations 
P a r t  I1 ca 
10.5 P a r t  I cases -
100.0% 
Actually, even these figures appear t o  be skewed 
i n  the direction of involvement i n  "criminal investigation 
and apprehension" ac t iv i t i e s .  I n  many large urban 
police departments, non-ximinal ca l l s  will account 
v 
* 
85% of the officera 
I 
of f i e l d  allocation. 
M r .  Richard Hoffman w i l l  chair  a session on "Operations 
Research i n  the Administration of Just ice"  a t  the Operations Research 
Society of America meetings i n  San Francisco, May 1960, 
C. Libraries 
I n  the previous report, mention was made of a study of libraries 
by graduate students under the direction of Profesacr Michael B. Teitz.  
The r e su l t s  of these s tudies  are s t i l l  i n  t h e  process of being written.  
D. TechnotogicaZ Trans  fer 
As was mentioned i n  the previous report ,  this pha 
under the cllrection of Professor Horst R i t t e l ,  i s  concerned 
knowledge from one f i e l d  t o  another, and spec i f ica l ly  w i t h  
areas s 
3.. Analysis of the s t ructure  of policy planning and design 
(''wicked problems"), i n  c 
roblerns of s c i e n t i f i c  research, for ex 
2 .  Some procedures to guide! the solvers of wicked problem 
i n  their efforts to arrive a t  a solution. 
Some techniques of gxoup cooperation in orden: t a  fQmtUlat@ 
and to  re fomul i te  the i n i t i a l  problem, t o  transform the 
problem formulation, and t o  ident i fy  d i f fe ren t  a l te rna t ive  
solution types. 
3. 
1 ,  . 
! 
object-descriptor m 
identifying chemical compounds from the i r  reactive and 
spectral properties. 
The study of processes leading t o  exp l i c i t  evaluative 
systems by groups of decision makers. Application t o  
prediction of the performance of a planned f a c i l i t y  i n  
the University and to the assessment of planning 
al ternat ive i n  an urban renewal project.  
7 .  
z 
I I  . 
o a k w  *st Studies 
Aaron Wildavsky 
Todd LaPorte 
Arnold Meltsner 
Judith May 
epartment of P o l i t i c a l  Sci 
Professor of P o l i t i c a l  Science;  Research 
Polit ical  Sc ien t i s t  
Assistant Professor o f  Pol i t i ca l  Science; 
Assistant Research P o l i t i c a l  Sc ien t i s t  
Graduate Student i n  P o l i t i c a l  Science; . 
Special is t  Budget Analyst 
Graduate Student i n  P o l i t i c a l  Sciencet 
Research Assistant 
Jeffrey L. Pressman Graduate Student i n  Polit ical .  Science; 
Research Assistant 
David Wentworth 
Sys terns Analysis 
Gordon E. Misnex 
Graduate Student i n  P o l i t i c a l  Science; 
Research Assistant 
of the Protective Sermices 
Visit ing Associate Professor o f  Criminal0 
Associate Research Criminolagise 
t Bltofessdr of M 
ia State College 
t Research Systems AnaZyst 
Field Work Rssistmt 
Graduate Student i n  City 
ingt Post Graduate R 
4 
! ' 1 .  
H o r s t  W. J. Ftittel Associate Professor i n  the Science of x 
Design; Associate Research Mathematician 
Bernard0 Ynzenga 
Project Cazsultants 
Merrill M. Flood 
Graduate Student i n  City and Regional 
Planning; Post Graduate Research City 
Planner 
Professor, Mental Health Research I n s t i t u t e ,  
University of Michigan 
-F 
Ida R. kiooS Associate Research Sociologfst; Space 
Sciences Laboratory 
Lecturer i n  Business Administration Ernest Koenigsberg 
Administrative Assistant Zapf 
icia Sabin Principal Clerk 
Secretary 
1 Senior mist Clerks 
Principal Typist Clerk 
1 Senior Typist Clerks 


Technology and Urban Management. Semiannual Report, October 1, 1967 through March 31, 1968

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