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unknown
High source levels and small active space of high-pitched song in bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus)
Authors
A Širović
Alexandre Roulin
+56 more
AM Taylor
B Møhl
CK Catchpole
CW Clark
CW Clark
CW Clark
D Ljungblad
DA Croll
DK Mellinger
EA Brenowitz
EA Brenowitz
FH Jensen
Frants H. Jensen
GM Wenz
H Whitehead
HC Gerhardt
J Delarue
JF Gillooly
JH Poole
JL Spiesberger
K Laidre
K Marten
K Payne
KM Stafford
KN Prestwich
Lee A. Miller
M Simon
M Simon
M Wahlberg
Mads F. Christoffersen
Malene Simon
MP Heide-Jørgensen
MP Heide-Jørgensen
N Mathevon
NH Fletcher
OM Tervo
OM Tervo
Outi M. Tervo
Peter T. Madsen
PT Madsen
R Nakano
RL Brownell
RS Payne
RS Payne
S Cerchio
SB Blackwell
SB Blackwell
Susan E. Parks
T Dabelsteen
TI Draganoiu
VM Janik
WA Watkins
WC Cummings
WC Cummings
WC Cummings
WWL Au
Publication date
1 January 2012
Publisher
'Public Library of Science (PLoS)'
Doi
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PubMed
Abstract
© The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Public Library of Science, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052072.The low-frequency, powerful vocalizations of blue and fin whales may potentially be detected by conspecifics across entire ocean basins. In contrast, humpback and bowhead whales produce equally powerful, but more complex broadband vocalizations composed of higher frequencies that suffer from higher attenuation. Here we evaluate the active space of high frequency song notes of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) in Western Greenland using measurements of song source levels and ambient noise. Four independent, GPS-synchronized hydrophones were deployed through holes in the ice to localize vocalizing bowhead whales, estimate source levels and measure ambient noise. The song had a mean apparent source level of 185±2 dB rms re 1 µPa @ 1 m and a high mean centroid frequency of 444±48 Hz. Using measured ambient noise levels in the area and Arctic sound spreading models, the estimated active space of these song notes is between 40 and 130 km, an order of magnitude smaller than the estimated active space of low frequency blue and fin whale songs produced at similar source levels and for similar noise conditions. We propose that bowhead whales spatially compensate for their smaller communication range through mating aggregations that co-evolved with broadband song to form a complex and dynamic acoustically mediated sexual display.This work was funded by the Oticon Foundation (grant # 08-3469 to Arctic Station, OT). OT and MC were additionally funded by AP Møller og Hustru Chastine Mc-Kinney Møllers Fond til almene Formaal, MS by a PhD scholarship from the Oticon Foundation, FHJ by a Danish Council for Independent Research, Natural Sciences post-doctoral grant, SEP by a grant from the U.S. Office of Naval Research, and PTM by frame grants from the Danish Natural Science Research Council
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