Numerous assistive technologies to support independent living –including personal alarms, mobile phones, self-monitoring devices, mobility aids, software apps and home adaptations  –have been developed over the years, but their uptake by older people, especially those from minority ethnic groups, is poor.  

This paper outlines the ways in which the ATHENE project 

seeks to redress this situation by producing a richer 

understanding of the complex and diverse living experiences and care needs of older people and exploring how industry, the NHS, social services and third sector can work with the older people themselves to ‘co-produce’ useful and useable ALT designs to 

meet their needs. In this paper, we provide an overview of the project methodology and discuss some of the issues it raises for the design and development process

Dewsbury, Guy

Greenhalgh, Trisha

Procter, Rob

Rouncefield, Mark

Wherton, Joe

English

Procter, R

Rouncefield, M

Dewsbury, G

Wherton, J

The University of Manchester - Institutional Repository

The University of Manchester ResearchATHENE: Assistive Technologies for Healthy living inElders: Needs assessment by EthnographyLink to publication record in Manchester Research ExplorerCitation for published version (APA):Greenhalgh, T., Procter, R., Rouncefield, M., Dewsbury, G., & Wherton, J. (2011). ATHENE: AssistiveTechnologies for Healthy living in Elders: Needs assessment by Ethnography. In Proceedings of the 2nd DigitalEconomy All Hands MeetingPublished in:Proceedings of the 2nd Digital Economy All Hands MeetingCiting this paperPlease note that where the full-text provided on Manchester Research Explorer is the Author Accepted Manuscriptor Proof version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use thepublisher's definitive version.General rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Explorer are retained by theauthors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise andabide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.Takedown policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please refer to the University of Manchester’s TakedownProcedures [http://man.ac.uk/04Y6Bo] or contact uml.scholarlycommunications@manchester.ac.uk providingrelevant details, so we can investigate your claim.Download date:21. Oct. 2022ATHENE: Assistive Technologies for Healthy living in Elders: Needs assessment by EthnographyTrisha Greenhalgh, Joe Wherton Queen Mary University London London E1 2AB +44 20 7882 7325 p.greenhalgh@qmul.ac.uk Rob Procter Manchester University Arthur Lewis Building Manchester M13 9PL +44 161 275 1381 rob.procter@manchester.ac.uk Mark Rouncefield Lancaster University South Drive Lancaster LA1 4WA +44 1524 510305 m.rouncefield@lancaster.ac.uk Guy Dewsbury Kings College London Strand London WC2R 2LS +44 20 7836 3212  guy.dewsbury@kcl.ac.uk ABSTRACT Numerous assistive technologies to support independent living – including personal alarms, mobile phones, self-monitoring devices, mobility aids, software apps and home adaptations – have been developed over the years, but their uptake by older people, especially those from minority ethnic groups, is poor.  This paper outlines the ways in which the ATHENE project seeks to redress this situation by producing a richer understanding of the complex and diverse living experiences and care needs of older people and exploring how industry, the NHS, social services and third sector can work with the older people themselves to ‘co-produce’ useful and useable ALT designs to meet their needs. In this paper, we provide an overview of the project methodology and discuss some of the issues it raises for the design and development process. Categories and Subject Descriptors D.2.10 [Design]: Methodologies. Keywords Assisted living technologies (ALTs), design methodologies, ethnography, cultural probes, co-design, co-production. 1. INTRODUCTION Chronic disease is becoming more common, fuelled by factors such as obesity and demographic trends. Many diseases (e.g. diabetes, dementia, arthritis) increase in prevalence with age, as does comorbidity. Epidemiologists predict that demand will soon outstrip supply for essential medical services [1-2]. This has driven interest in ‘information-age’ medicine (supported self-management by ‘empowered’ patients with professionals in a guiding role [3]. Predictions abound in the literature about how much time, effort and money could be saved by the NHS and by the wider economy if patients and lay carers were more ‘engaged’ and took on chronic disease management roles traditionally filled by professionals [4]. There is increasing awareness that narrowly biomedical solutions should be rejected in favour of a more holistic approach that embraces the social and wellbeing needs of the older person and takes account of carer burden [5]. A key goal is “ageing in place”, which may save money while protecting dignity and independence [6]. With this in mind, academic and industry interest in “smart homes” has been high, and some promising technologies have been developed [7]. However, their adoption has been disappointing. One of the key reasons for this failure lies, we argue, in the challenges of engaging older people in design and development of technological interventions and in understanding their requirements such that the ALT is useful, usable and dependable [8].  While academic research into design and development methodologies for older people has grown considerably [9-11] and shows great promise, the evidence is that take up by the ALT industry has been slow [12]. If society is to realise the value of ALTs for “ageing in place”, then we must learn how to adapt co-production methodologies for older people so that they are compatible with industry needs, and facilitate their transfer into mainstream practice by building industry capacity to use them appropriately and effectively. This paper considers the early work of the ATHENE project, funded by the Technology Strategy Board under its assisted living programme, that seeks to redress this situation by facilitating, through a series of enabling activities and interventions targeted at key stakeholders, the effective planning and implementation of assisted living technology (ALT) programmes for older people. Specific objectives include: 1. Building a rich picture of assisted living needs and preferences of older people from all ethnic groups, with significant but not exclusive focus on black and minority ethnic (BME) groups. 2. Identifying key challenges faced by industry in designing and developing useful and useable ALTs for such groups. 3. Identifying key challenges faced by health and social service providers and third-sector organisations for planning and delivering ALT programmes 4. Drawing on (1) and (2), devising capacity building programmes for industry and service providers in user-centred design and co-production methodologies for ALTs. 5. Drawing on (1) and (3), devising guidelines for planners and managers of ALT development projects and programmes.  The overarching goal is to produce a richer understanding of the complex and diverse living experiences and care needs of older people and to explore how industry, the NHS, social services and third sector can work with the older people themselves to ‘co-produce’ useful and useable ALT designs to meet these needs. Specific research questions include: 1. What needs of older people from different ethnic groups might be met by targeted introduction and use of ALTs?  2. What methods and tools are most effective for achieving co-production of ALTs for such groups? 3. What enabling activities are necessary at micro (i.e. individuals, families), meso (i.e. health and social service Digital Engagement ‘11, November 15 – 17, 2011, Newcastle, UK  providers, ALT producers, community) and macro (i.e. health and social service policy makers, sector incentives) level to promote the design and successful uptake and use of ALTs, and how might these be supported?  2. METHODOLOGY The ATHENE project methodology draws on participatory action research. We start from the position that ALTs are not simply ‘plug and play’. Both technologies and the routines (domestic and organisational) in which they are embedded must be mutually adaptive and able to evolve. Co-production is a methodology for delivering innovation which focuses on user-centred, ‘design-in-use’ of both technology and work practices through continually feeding back users’ experiences into ongoing design and development [13]. 3. CULTURAL PROBES AND CO-PRODUCTION Pursuing ethnography in domestic settings raises practical and ethical challenges. Contemporary design research offers tools for researching innovation-system fit in the sensitive domestic environment, using variants of what are known as ‘cultural probes’, whose key feature is their mundane nature. A cultural probe makes use of a range of everyday artefacts such as a digital camera, dictaphone, paper diary, postcards and photo-album [14]. Cultural probes have been used successfully for capturing requirements for ‘smart home’ technologies, providing an unobtrusive alternative to observational approaches for documenting the features and rhythms domestic life, where repeated access would be difficult to negotiate and raise ethical issues [15]. We see cultural probes as being more than just a means by which people can document their daily lives and from whose contents requirements can then simply be ‘read off’ by designers. Rather, they are intended to serve as a means to provoke a dialogue between users (patients and/or their carers) and designers, i.e. as a means for facilitating co-production of ALTs by users and designers [16]. Insisting that cultural probes involve serious, effortful accomplishment, rather than being a mere distribution and collection exercise, resonates with other methodological concerns about how we go about tapping into elder peoples’ lives.  We believe cultural probes ‘work’ as interpretative material through enforcing a joint ‘working out’ between the researcher and the investigated. Cultural probes clearly provide us with some useful and interesting forms of access to commonsense, everyday understandings of the organisation of the world. More importantly, they initiate a conversation that permits us to explore people’s lives more deeply, whilst simultaneously reassuring the ‘subjects’ of our research of our intent. It is this form of ‘reflexivity’, this ‘working out’, that is at the heart of any understanding.  In this paper, drawing on previous work, we will discuss a range of issues for the configuration, deployment and use of cultural probers as instruments for the facilitation of co-production in the context of designing ALTs for older people. 4. REFERENCES [1] van DS, Beulens JW, van der Schouw YT, Grobbee DE, Neal B. The global burden of diabetes and its complications: an emerging pandemic. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2010 May;17 Suppl 1:S3-S8.  [2] Cruz-Jentoft AJ et al. Silver paper: the future of health promotion and preventive actions, basic research, and clinical aspects of age-related disease--a report of the European Summit on Age-Related Disease. Aging Clin Exp Res 2009 Dec;21(6):376-85. [3] Greenhalgh T, Hinder S, Stramer K, Bratan T, Russell J. HealthSpace: Adoption, non-adoption and abandonment of an Internet-accessible personal health organiser. BMJ 2010;2010. [4] Wanless D. Securing the Public Health: Taking a long term view. London: Department of Health; 2004. [5] Greenhalgh T. Patient and public involvement in chronic illness: beyond the expert patient. BMJ 2009;338:b49. [6] Haak M, F+ñnge A, Iwarsson S, hlin Ivanoff S. Home as a signification of independence and autonomy: Experiences among very old Swedish people. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2007 Jan 1;14(1):16-24. [7] Chan M, Esteve D, Escriba C, Campo E. A review of smart homes- present state and future challenges. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2008 Jul;91(1):55-81. [8] Dickinson A, Dewsbury G. Designing computer technologies with older people. Gerontology 2006;5(1):3. [9] Dewsbury G, Sommerville I, Bagnall P, Rouncefield M, Onditi V. Software co-design with older people . In: Clarkson J, Langdon P, Robinson P, editors. Designing Accessible Technology.London: Springer Verlag; 2006. p. 199-208. [10] Rouncefield M, Saslis LG, Chevrst K et al. Probing Designs: Designing Probes Appropriate Methods for Design in Complex & Sensitive Settings. Canberra, Australia: Workshop at Australasian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction; 2005. [11] Geven A, Subasi O. Optimizing Qualitative User Needs Assessment through Affective Analysis. Workshop Capturing Ambient Assisted Living Needs in conjunction, Nuremberg, November 19-22nd: 2008. [12] Sommerville I, Dewsbury G. Dependable domestic systems design: A socio-technical approach.  Interacting with Computers 2007;19(4):438-56. [13] Hartswood, M., Procter, R., Rouncefield, M, Slack, R. and Voss, A. Co-realisation: Evolving IT Artefacts by Design. In Ackerman, M., Erickson, T., Halverson, C. and Kellogg, W. (Eds.) Resources, Co-Evolution and Artefacts, 2008 Springer. [14] Dewsbury G, Clarke K, Hughes J, Rouncefield M, Sommerville I. Extending Home Technology Design: Depending on Digital Design.  Housing Studies 2004;19(5):811-25. [15] Rouncefield M, Crabtree A, Hemmings T, Rodden T, Cheverst K, Clarke K, et al. Designing with care: adapting cultural probes to inform design in sensitive settings. Proceedings of OZCHI. Brisbane, Australia: Ergonomics Society of Australia 2003;4-13.  [16] Dewsbury G, Sommerville I, Bagnall P, Rouncefield M, Onditi V. Software co-design with older people. In: Clarkson J, Langdon P, Robinson P, editors. Designing Accessible Technology. London: Springer Verlag; 2006. p. 199-208. 

ATHENE: Assistive Technologies for Healthy living in Elders: Needs assessment by Ethnography

Warwick Research Archives Portal Repository

 http://go.warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications           Original citation: Greenhalgh, Trisha, Procter , Robert N., Wherton, Joe, Rouncefield , Mark and Dewsbury, Guy (2011) ATHENE : Assistive technologies for healthy living in elders : needs assessment by ethnography. In: 2nd Digital Economy All Hands Meeting, Newcastle, UK, 15-17 Nov 2011. Published in: Proceedings of the 2nd Digital Economy All Hands Meeting Permanent WRAP url: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/52817   Copyright and reuse: The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes the work of researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions.  Copyright © and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners.  To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in WRAP has been checked for eligibility before being made available.  Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge.  Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way.  A note on versions: The version presented here is a working paper or pre-print that may be later published elsewhere.  If a published version is known of, the above WRAP url will contain details on finding it.  For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: wrap@warwick.ac.uk  ATHENE: Assistive Technologies for Healthy living in Elders: Needs assessment by EthnographyTrisha Greenhalgh, Joe Wherton Queen Mary University London London E1 2AB +44 20 7882 7325 p.greenhalgh@qmul.ac.uk Rob Procter Manchester University Arthur Lewis Building Manchester M13 9PL +44 161 275 1381 rob.procter@manchester.ac.uk Mark Rouncefield Lancaster University South Drive Lancaster LA1 4WA +44 1524 510305 m.rouncefield@lancaster.ac.uk Guy Dewsbury Kings College London Strand London WC2R 2LS +44 20 7836 3212  guy.dewsbury@kcl.ac.uk ABSTRACT Numerous assistive technologies to support independent living – including personal alarms, mobile phones, self-monitoring devices, mobility aids, software apps and home adaptations – have been developed over the years, but their uptake by older people, especially those from minority ethnic groups, is poor.  This paper outlines the ways in which the ATHENE project seeks to redress this situation by producing a richer understanding of the complex and diverse living experiences and care needs of older people and exploring how industry, the NHS, social services and third sector can work with the older people themselves to ‘co-produce’ useful and useable ALT designs to meet their needs. In this paper, we provide an overview of the project methodology and discuss some of the issues it raises for the design and development process. Categories and Subject Descriptors D.2.10 [Design]: Methodologies. Keywords Assisted living technologies (ALTs), design methodologies, ethnography, cultural probes, co-design, co-production. 1. INTRODUCTION Chronic disease is becoming more common, fuelled by factors such as obesity and demographic trends. Many diseases (e.g. diabetes, dementia, arthritis) increase in prevalence with age, as does comorbidity. Epidemiologists predict that demand will soon outstrip supply for essential medical services [1-2]. This has driven interest in ‘information-age’ medicine (supported self-management by ‘empowered’ patients with professionals in a guiding role [3]. Predictions abound in the literature about how much time, effort and money could be saved by the NHS and by the wider economy if patients and lay carers were more ‘engaged’ and took on chronic disease management roles traditionally filled by professionals [4]. There is increasing awareness that narrowly biomedical solutions should be rejected in favour of a more holistic approach that embraces the social and wellbeing needs of the older person and takes account of carer burden [5]. A key goal is “ageing in place”, which may save money while protecting dignity and independence [6]. With this in mind, academic and industry interest in “smart homes” has been high, and some promising technologies have been developed [7]. However, their adoption has been disappointing. One of the key reasons for this failure lies, we argue, in the challenges of engaging older people in design and development of technological interventions and in understanding their requirements such that the ALT is useful, usable and dependable [8].  While academic research into design and development methodologies for older people has grown considerably [9-11] and shows great promise, the evidence is that take up by the ALT industry has been slow [12]. If society is to realise the value of ALTs for “ageing in place”, then we must learn how to adapt co-production methodologies for older people so that they are compatible with industry needs, and facilitate their transfer into mainstream practice by building industry capacity to use them appropriately and effectively. This paper considers the early work of the ATHENE project, funded by the Technology Strategy Board under its assisted living programme, that seeks to redress this situation by facilitating, through a series of enabling activities and interventions targeted at key stakeholders, the effective planning and implementation of assisted living technology (ALT) programmes for older people. Specific objectives include: 1. Building a rich picture of assisted living needs and preferences of older people from all ethnic groups, with significant but not exclusive focus on black and minority ethnic (BME) groups. 2. Identifying key challenges faced by industry in designing and developing useful and useable ALTs for such groups. 3. Identifying key challenges faced by health and social service providers and third-sector organisations for planning and delivering ALT programmes 4. Drawing on (1) and (2), devising capacity building programmes for industry and service providers in user-centred design and co-production methodologies for ALTs. 5. Drawing on (1) and (3), devising guidelines for planners and managers of ALT development projects and programmes.  The overarching goal is to produce a richer understanding of the complex and diverse living experiences and care needs of older people and to explore how industry, the NHS, social services and third sector can work with the older people themselves to ‘co-produce’ useful and useable ALT designs to meet these needs. Specific research questions include: 1. What needs of older people from different ethnic groups might be met by targeted introduction and use of ALTs?  2. What methods and tools are most effective for achieving co-production of ALTs for such groups? 3. What enabling activities are necessary at micro (i.e. individuals, families), meso (i.e. health and social service Digital Engagement ‘11, November 15 – 17, 2011, Newcastle, UK  providers, ALT producers, community) and macro (i.e. health and social service policy makers, sector incentives) level to promote the design and successful uptake and use of ALTs, and how might these be supported?  2. METHODOLOGY The ATHENE project methodology draws on participatory action research. We start from the position that ALTs are not simply ‘plug and play’. Both technologies and the routines (domestic and organisational) in which they are embedded must be mutually adaptive and able to evolve. Co-production is a methodology for delivering innovation which focuses on user-centred, ‘design-in-use’ of both technology and work practices through continually feeding back users’ experiences into ongoing design and development [13]. 3. CULTURAL PROBES AND CO-PRODUCTION Pursuing ethnography in domestic settings raises practical and ethical challenges. Contemporary design research offers tools for researching innovation-system fit in the sensitive domestic environment, using variants of what are known as ‘cultural probes’, whose key feature is their mundane nature. A cultural probe makes use of a range of everyday artefacts such as a digital camera, dictaphone, paper diary, postcards and photo-album [14]. Cultural probes have been used successfully for capturing requirements for ‘smart home’ technologies, providing an unobtrusive alternative to observational approaches for documenting the features and rhythms domestic life, where repeated access would be difficult to negotiate and raise ethical issues [15]. We see cultural probes as being more than just a means by which people can document their daily lives and from whose contents requirements can then simply be ‘read off’ by designers. Rather, they are intended to serve as a means to provoke a dialogue between users (patients and/or their carers) and designers, i.e. as a means for facilitating co-production of ALTs by users and designers [16]. Insisting that cultural probes involve serious, effortful accomplishment, rather than being a mere distribution and collection exercise, resonates with other methodological concerns about how we go about tapping into elder peoples’ lives.  We believe cultural probes ‘work’ as interpretative material through enforcing a joint ‘working out’ between the researcher and the investigated. Cultural probes clearly provide us with some useful and interesting forms of access to commonsense, everyday understandings of the organisation of the world. More importantly, they initiate a conversation that permits us to explore people’s lives more deeply, whilst simultaneously reassuring the ‘subjects’ of our research of our intent. It is this form of ‘reflexivity’, this ‘working out’, that is at the heart of any understanding.  In this paper, drawing on previous work, we will discuss a range of issues for the configuration, deployment and use of cultural probers as instruments for the facilitation of co-production in the context of designing ALTs for older people. 4. REFERENCES [1] van DS, Beulens JW, van der Schouw YT, Grobbee DE, Neal B. The global burden of diabetes and its complications: an emerging pandemic. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2010 May;17 Suppl 1:S3-S8.  [2] Cruz-Jentoft AJ et al. Silver paper: the future of health promotion and preventive actions, basic research, and clinical aspects of age-related disease--a report of the European Summit on Age-Related Disease. Aging Clin Exp Res 2009 Dec;21(6):376-85. [3] Greenhalgh T, Hinder S, Stramer K, Bratan T, Russell J. HealthSpace: Adoption, non-adoption and abandonment of an Internet-accessible personal health organiser. BMJ 2010;2010. [4] Wanless D. Securing the Public Health: Taking a long term view. London: Department of Health; 2004. [5] Greenhalgh T. Patient and public involvement in chronic illness: beyond the expert patient. BMJ 2009;338:b49. [6] Haak M, F+ñnge A, Iwarsson S, hlin Ivanoff S. Home as a signification of independence and autonomy: Experiences among very old Swedish people. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2007 Jan 1;14(1):16-24. [7] Chan M, Esteve D, Escriba C, Campo E. A review of smart homes- present state and future challenges. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2008 Jul;91(1):55-81. [8] Dickinson A, Dewsbury G. Designing computer technologies with older people. Gerontology 2006;5(1):3. [9] Dewsbury G, Sommerville I, Bagnall P, Rouncefield M, Onditi V. Software co-design with older people . In: Clarkson J, Langdon P, Robinson P, editors. Designing Accessible Technology.London: Springer Verlag; 2006. p. 199-208. [10] Rouncefield M, Saslis LG, Chevrst K et al. Probing Designs: Designing Probes Appropriate Methods for Design in Complex & Sensitive Settings. Canberra, Australia: Workshop at Australasian Conference on Computer-Human Interaction; 2005. [11] Geven A, Subasi O. Optimizing Qualitative User Needs Assessment through Affective Analysis. Workshop Capturing Ambient Assisted Living Needs in conjunction, Nuremberg, November 19-22nd: 2008. [12] Sommerville I, Dewsbury G. Dependable domestic systems design: A socio-technical approach.  Interacting with Computers 2007;19(4):438-56. [13] Hartswood, M., Procter, R., Rouncefield, M, Slack, R. and Voss, A. Co-realisation: Evolving IT Artefacts by Design. In Ackerman, M., Erickson, T., Halverson, C. and Kellogg, W. (Eds.) Resources, Co-Evolution and Artefacts, 2008 Springer. [14] Dewsbury G, Clarke K, Hughes J, Rouncefield M, Sommerville I. Extending Home Technology Design: Depending on Digital Design.  Housing Studies 2004;19(5):811-25. [15] Rouncefield M, Crabtree A, Hemmings T, Rodden T, Cheverst K, Clarke K, et al. Designing with care: adapting cultural probes to inform design in sensitive settings. Proceedings of OZCHI. Brisbane, Australia: Ergonomics Society of Australia 2003;4-13.  [16] Dewsbury G, Sommerville I, Bagnall P, Rouncefield M, Onditi V. Software co-design with older people. In: Clarkson J, Langdon P, Robinson P, editors. Designing Accessible Technology. London: Springer Verlag; 2006. p. 199-208. 

A review of smart homes- present state and future challenges. Comput Methods Programs Biomed

Adoption, non-adoption and abandonment of an Internet-accessible personal health organiser.

Co-realisation: Evolving IT Artefacts by Design. In

Dependable domestic systems design: A socio-technical approach.

Designing computer technologies with older people.

Designing with care: adapting cultural probes to inform design in sensitive settings.

Home as a signification of independence and autonomy: Experiences among very old Swedish people.

Optimizing Qualitative User Needs Assessment through Affective Analysis. Workshop Capturing Ambient Assisted Living Needs in conjunction,

Patient and public involvement in chronic illness: beyond the expert patient. BMJ

Probing Designs: Designing Probes Appropriate Methods for Design

Securing the Public Health: Taking a long term view. London: Department of Health;

Silver paper: the future of health promotion and preventive actions, basic research, and clinical aspects of age-related disease--a report of the European Summit on Age-Related Disease. Aging Clin Exp Res

Software co-design with older people .

Software co-design with older people.

The global burden of diabetes and its complications: an emerging pandemic.

ATHENE : Assistive technologies for healthy living in elders : needs assessment by ethnography

Numerous assistive technologies to support independent living – including personal alarms, mobile phones, self-monitoring devices, mobility aids, software apps and home adaptations – have been developed over the years, but their uptake by older people, especially those from minority ethnic groups, is poor. This paper outlines the ways in which the ATHENE project seeks to redress this situation by producing a richer understanding of the complex and diverse living experiences and care needs of older people and exploring how industry, the NHS, social services and third sector can work with the older people themselves to ‘co-produce’ useful and useable ALT designs to meet their needs. In this paper, we provide an overview of the project methodology and discuss some of the issues it raises for the design and development process

Greenhalgh, Trish

Lancaster E-Prints

ATHENE: Assistive technologies for healthy living in elders: needs assessment by ethnography.

https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/files/32553400/FULL_TEXT.PDF

ATHENE : Assistive technologies for healthy living in elders : needs assessment by ethnography

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

The University of Manchester - Institutional Repository

Warwick Research Archives Portal Repository

Lancaster E-Prints