Butt, Nickie

Vigar, Natalie

Wright, Paul

English

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Is compliance enough? The gap between education and training

Solent Electronic Archive

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Is Compliance enough? 
The gap between training and 
education 
Nickie Butt 
Dr Paul Wright 
Natalie Vigar 
Seafarers undergo a system of training in order to 
obtain Certificates of Competency 
Content of training is governed by the requirements set 
by IMO within 
Standards of Training, Certification and watch-keeping  
(STCW 95) 
Additional requirements identified through 
 International Management Code for the Safe Operation 
of Ships and for Pollution Prevention (ISM Code) 
¾Addresses both Seafarers and Companies role 
 ¶$GHTXDWHO\  qualified or FDSDEOH· 
(Oxford English Dictionary) 
 
There exists a large gap between theoretical 
knowledge (training) and ability to put theory into 
action (education) 
¾The difference between knowing and doing 
¾ I know the theory of ........ But can I do it? 
Competency needs to be enhanced by additional 
education 
 
STCW is not a curriculum, it outlines what the students 
should know 
¾ Generally addresses requirement of theoretical 
knowledge 
 Implementation and interpretation of requirements and 
taught content is governed by the various marine 
administrations 
¾  Therefore no specific standard  - varies across the 
globe according to perceived national needs 
 
 
 
 
Focus on compliance with mandatory rules and regulations 
Officer of the Watch (OOW) 
¾Competency: Ability to monitor compliance with 
legislative requirements 
¾Knowledge: Basic working knowledge of relevant IMO 
conventions concerning SOLAS and protection of the 
marine environment 
Master/Chief Officer 
¾Knowledge: Certificates and documents to be carried 
¾Responsibilities under MARPOL 
¾Methods to aids to prevent pollution of the marine 
environment 
 
The cornerstone of good safety management is 
commitment from the top. 
In matters of safety and pollution prevention it is 
the commitment, competence, attitudes and 
motivation of individuals at all levels that 
determines the end result. 
2.1 The Company should establish a safety and 
environmental-protection policy  
2.2 The Company should ensure that the policy is 
implemented and maintained at all levels of the 
organization, both ship-based and shore-based. 
6.5 The Company should establish and maintain 
procedures for identifying any training which may be 
required in support of the safety management system 
and ensure that such training is provided for all 
personnel concerned. 
 
 LDC (1972), LC Protocol (1996) 
 MARPOL 73/78 - Special Areas 
 UNEP Regional Seas Programme (1974) 
 ,8&103$·V 
 ,02366$·V 
 UNCED Chapter 17 Agenda 21 (1992) 
 UNCLOS (1994) Articles 19, 21 & 194 
 SOLAS Chapter IX ISM Code (1998) 
 OPRC/HNS (2000)  
 AFS (2001) 
 WSSD 2002 
 BWM (2004) 
 0(+5$·V 
Many seafarers have little or no knowledge of these 
Shore based training 
¾No time within training programmes to go beyond 
the knowledge required to enable basic 
competence 
Sea based training 
¾minimum manning limits transfer of knowledge 
and experience 
¾Paper work - trails and audits 
¾Variances in technology on board vessels 
Continual pressure  
¾Time, work hours and economic constraints  
 
Seafarers and marine training establishments were 
invited to participate in a survey 
Responses received  from 161 seafarers from  
¾UK, USA, Australia, Canada, South Africa, Poland, 
Norway, Latvia, India, Kuwait 
Purpose was to establish knowledge and understanding 
of marine environmental protective mechanisms 
MARPOL Special Areas (SA), Particularly Sensitive Sea 
Areas (PSSA), Marine Protected Areas (MPA) and Marine 
Environmental High Risk Areas (MEHRA) 
Knowledge of MARPOL SA: 80% 
¾92 education/training, 36 nautical publications,  
17  company information 
Knowledge of PSSA: 22% 
¾16 education/training, 5 nautical publications,  
2 company information 
Knowledge of MPA: 11% 
¾7 education/training, 0 nautical publications, 
 0 company information 
Knowledge of MEHRA: 15% 
¾12 education/training, 1 nautical publications, 
 0 company information 
 
 
Seafarers have a very limited knowledge of existing 
protective mechanisms, even those under the 
auspices of the IMO 
Clear indication that any knowledge is gained 
through training and education 
Companies obligation (as required through ISM) is 
clearly lacking 
However this is just a snapshot and as with any 
statistics interpretation should be treated with care 
Holistic approach 
¾ Incorporating all elements at all levels 
Raising awareness 
¾Adopting a sustainable response through training 
and education 
Corporate Social Responsibility 
¾Providing the will and tools to enable action 
Global Social Responsibility 
¾Fostering a sense of ownership 
All sectors of the maritime industry need to work 
together as a cohesive unit 
Currently there is a fragmented approach  
¾ IMO 
¾Marine administrations and Port state Control 
¾Training and Educational establishments 
¾Ship operators and owners 
A need to move towards integration and common goals 
Actively engage through collaboration to protect the 
PDULQHHQYLURQPHQWE\¶GRLQJ·UDWKHUWKDQ¶NQRZLQJ· 
 
  
 
 
Fragmented             Co-ordination              Integration 
           
         Communication                   Harmonisation 
 
Lowest                                                      Highest 
                         Successful Management 
 
17 
SOCIAL 
ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 
SUSTAINABLE 
VIABLE 
BEARABLE EQUITABLE 
Whereby companies integrate social and environmental 
concerns in their business operations 
There is evidence of a positive relationship between 
social responsibility and business opportunities  
¾Market opportunities, Productivity, Human competence 
 
Should CSR responsibility stop with environmental and 
sustainability reports for ship owners and operators? 
Surely it should extend beyond the bricks and mortar of 
the shore side operations to the oceans and seas where 
the ships ply their trades 
Responsibility to ensure appropriate and adequate 
marine environmental education that goes beyond 
training requirements 
¾Actively engage with objectives of ISM Code 
 
 
 
 
Companies need to take up the environmental 
challenge 
Education of seafarers and the shipping industry 
from top down and bottom up 
 Ignorance is not an acceptable defence 

Our world 
The common heritage of mankind 
Future generations 
The Dodo scenario 
Large fines  £££ $$$  ¥ ¥ ¥ 
Jail 
Loss of jobs 
Our future 
The future of shipping 
25 
EDUCATION 
ASSESS 
PLAN 
BUILD 
MAINTAIN 


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Is compliance enough? The gap between education and training

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