Last, F.T.

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D- !-IFOF TERREST':	L ENVIRONMENT : COUNCIL)TECT NO. 402CONTRACT NC, 7:ILTURE: SEL-,iLECTIONSTUDIEATION OF EXPOSL:AS OF DERELICTL:LAST• HSTATE7HIANMAY 1977Thisreportte an officialdocumentpreparedundercontractbetweentheDepartmentof EnvironmentandtheNaturalEnvironmentResearchCouncil.It shouldnot be quoed withoutpermissionfromboththeInstituteof TerrestrialEcology,sponsoredby NERC,and the Departmentof Ehvironment.DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT CONTRACTARBORICULTURE: SELECTIONITE PROJECT 408Tree selection studies for revegetation of EXPOSED SITESand AREAS OF DERELICTIONCONTENTSA. CUTTINGS1StPhase IIA Vegetative propagation 1Phase III Symbiotic associations 1Phase IV Field trials 1SEEDSPhase II Germination tests 2SPOIL ANALYSES 2ANCILLARY EXERdISEFactors influencihg the silvering of birch 2á1A. CUTTINGSPhase IIA Vegetative propagationOverwintering losses of cuttings were small; Betulapubescenshad the bestsurvival and Alnusincanathe worst (Figure 1). However, when the differentphases of propagation were examined;large clonal differences emerged (Figures2, 3, 4 and 5). Where they occurred,major overwintering losses were confinedto slow-rooting cuttings. Next winter, cuttings of these clones will be keptunder lights in the hope of extending the periods ef root formation.Some glasshouse-grown plants of each clone, serving as stock plants, werekept under lights. These plants are being used to provide 'early' cuttingsto accelerate the build up of clonal planting stock. A number of the stockplants unexpectedly died; to minimize the risk of further losses,the survivorswere transplantedto fresh compost.Phase III Symbiotic associationsWhen examined at transplanting there were no obvious mycorrhizas or nodules.A second examination will be made and inoculation procedures checked.Phase IV Field trialsSpoil beds have been constructed (Figure 5), they are lined with heavy dutyplastic, and have a basal layer of sand. Three substrates are being tested:Alkaline washery waste from Bilston Glen Colliery (nr. Edinburgh)Acidic spoil from Roslin old-bing (nr. Edinburgh)Local soil at ITE Laboratory (nr. Edinburgh)For the present only one bed is being constructed for each substrate and there-fore experimental differences between beds will not be statistically valid.Nonetheless they should provide pointers for future developments and willenable the retention and build-up of tolerant stocks. The spoil beds, tominimize edge effects, are about to be protected by windbreaks.2B. SEEDSPhase II Germination testsIn preliminary experiments treating birch seeds with the fungicide Captan didnot increase germination and subsequent survival. On the contrary,the fungi-cide was associated with an appreciable decrease when germinating on spoil -the decrease, however, was not statistically significant.Curiously the germination of some birch seed was greater on lead spoil than onlocal spoil (Figure 7).SPOIL ANALYSESConductivity, total nitrogen, potassium, calcium and magnesium were analysedfrom a 2:1 water: spoil extract. Phsophorus was analysed from a 50:1 0-IMKCI solution (Tables 2, 3 and 4). Results of Al, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ph and B analysesare awaited.ANCILLARY EXERCISEFactors.influencing the silvering of birch. As trees are being selected foramenity characters in addition to survival on spoil,the chance was taken toinvestigate silvering in an even-aged stand of birch. Using a subjectivescale:	Silvering grade 1 Green/purple bark	2 Shiny purple bark3 Brown/purple bark	4 Brown/silver bark	5 Silver barkit was found, within the same seed population, that the early development ofsilvering was associated with rapid stem expansion. Thus the selection ofrapid growers may automatically select for early silvering; on the otherhand more intensive selection will be needed to find silvering on slow growers.3TABLE 1SPOIL ANALYSESTotalVEGETATIONSITEpHNPPPmPPmKPPmCaPPmMgCond.SITES IN DURHAMPPmPsAN5 V Alexandria 5.1 ND 4.7 - 19 8.5 -6 NV'5.0 ND 2.0 - 21 8.4 1607 V I It 5.1 ND 2.7 - 47 22.0 -8 NV I4.0 ND .5 11.0 10 8.5 1609 V5.9 .3 18.0 96.0 62 23.0 38010 V I t 7.8 .2 6.5 35.0 120 35.0 40011 V8.0 ND 9.3 45.0 120 25.0 34012Wylam 4.0 ND 2.0 21.0 93 39.0 54013 ti 13.7 1.7 ND 1.4 24 8.4 38014 V 1 " 4.6 ND 2.1 13.0 25 9.1 18015 NV i " 3.8 .7 ND 5.0 20 9.1 18016 V } n 5.7 - .51 6.3 22 7.0 7517 NV4.5 1.0 2.0 6.4 17 8.5 9018 V} n 4.1 ND .51 10.0 7.1 2.0 12019 NV n 3.9 ND ND 5.1 7.2 1.3 9020 V " 5.1 ND 7.4 - 38 11.0 -21 V W. Sleekburn 4.2 ND 1.6 62.0 570 200.0 150022 V I " 6.2 ND 1.5 35.0 100 46.0 33023 NV i " 6.5 ND 5,1 - 690 380. 240024 V n 6.5 .3 1.0 50.0 610 18. 170025 V6.4 .2 13.0 46,0 130 580• 54026 V n 6.0 .3 ND 49.0 290 110. 54027 V ( " 6.2 .03 2.5 65.0 700 330. 140028 NV.I " 7.0 ND ND 58.0 1000 550. 4100V= Spoil from around treesNV= Spoil at a distance from trees (non-vegetated).ND=	-=Non detectableinsufficient sampleAnalyses of spoil sampled to a depth of 10 cm(See table 1 of first report)4•TABLE 2 SPOIL ANALYSES SITES IN YORKSHIRETotalANVEGETATIONSITEpH	Ca Mg Cond.PPmPPmPPmPPmppm3031V 1NV JAlmatt4.22.6ND0.40.51ND-1.276.0190.022.0100.11902400ItV 13.7 3.5 ND 22.0 300.0 13:0 2703234NV ItlV3.83.70.40.2NDND26.038.017.031.08.112.02301703536VteV3.84.00.10.1NDND28.031.016.023.06.46.617020037 ItV 14.3 ND ND 20.0 8.0 2.9 13038 NV f3.8 1.1 ND 25.0 23.0 13.0 39039 V 13.9 0.2 ND 27.0 17.0 7.9 25040 NV) 1.1 • 3.9 1.1 ND 27.0 18.0 6.9 13041 VCodnor6.312.0 42.0 63042 V3.080.0 30.0 56.0 18•0 12043 VBrinsley8.6 12.0 6.3 86.0 110.0 38.0 110044 V"8.3 90.4 ND 83.0 230.0 76.0 90045 V"2.3 ND ND 23.0 22.0 11.0 14046 V"2.8 0.2 6.8 28.0 16.0 5.7 8447 V 1 1t2.4 0.1 0.52 24.0 31.0 18.0 30048 NV 5 "2.4 0.3 ND 24.0 26.0 10.0 12049 VRound-6.1 0.1 12.0 61.0 270.0 90.0 63050 Vwood7.2 0.1 9.6 72.0 96.0 37.0 45051 V"9.8 24.6 34.0 98.0 84.0 20.0 5505TABLE 3 SPOILANALYSES SITES IN SCOTLANDTotalANVEGETATION. SITEpHppm	CaMgCond.PpmPPmPPmPPm55Newton 4.2 0.8 Np 14 15.0 19.0 25056 VN iGrange 3.5 1..9 ND 8.9 5.6 8.3 13057 VI,, 4.2 ND ND 5.1 6.6 3.3 11058 NV f,, 4.4 1.3 ND 3.9 16.0 19.0 45059 V )4.6 ND ND 9.6 6.8 1.8 8360 NVf t1 4.2 ND ND 5.1 5.8 1.4 8161 V 1,, 4.8 ND 0.51 30.0 7.7 6.8 8662 NVJ 4.6 0.6 ND 13.0 1.6 2.0 5063 V 1 3.6 1.4 ND 6.7 4.6 10.0 16064 NVJ 4.0 1.3 ND 6.8 4.6 6.6 13070 V )L. Ore 3.3 0.1 ND 16.0 7.0 3.4 3871 NVi” 5.3 1.6 ND 15.0 4.6 3.2 5472 V 1., 6.1 ND 1.0 12.0 7.6 7.4 5173 NV .1.. 6.1 ND 1.0 7.9 6.7 5.3 7074 .V. 11 4.8 ND 0.51 14.0 3.5 2.3 4775 V 1,. 4.5 ND 6.2 - 31.0 8.3 6376 NV i 11 4.8 0.1 0.51 8.7 2.6 2.1 43774.6 0.03 ND 24.0 220.0 12.0 38078 I/VWoodhallN .. 5.0 0.03 0.51 15.0 170.0 19.0 34079 V 1,. 6.3 ND 5.6 16.0 34.0 3.9 200080 NV i,, 3.8 ND 0.5 18.0 1200.0 24.0 130816.0 ND 6.1 21.0 46.0 4.0 85082 :V 1" 3.7 0.1 ND 22.0 300.0 52.0 43083 V 1" 4.9 0.1 ND 17.0 330.0 75.0 81084 NV j .. 3.9 0.1 ND 9.4 9.1 2.3 56Nityaomittvvzim?.I'•••Or••••:::I••••-:-•Oi.••-•- ., -- •_4---4-t-+----::•::r__--01•:79::STi••.-n+faz-_'..=Ir:	_t.I:7t1!::::.L•TrT.:_11:1SOP4rett---•-••••--_•_.••_•.•••__.	.t,TH.-...i1.•-lt-tr:__i_____. 	 .--„.-::-•---•----i1Ste..I,.....1!tIt,;OL•-hrtadnsi5URVIVAL OF 1Flg.3tooIES> .11  Eittiala_perdu3a.es+.414 ftabexcensiluiirasa.Alnus incanck7.trird: 77E';-j' Prt1/404.Z ; over witsierielFig. I+,NTA_.9E5LARJI 1LQE ,cuTfl 	/ ./ --.7. 11 ,"oeI - 71-./::1P,"t/ • ' 1 H•931s., ' / •	'• ' • • ,_11 1 Ir •'. --r -'-f---/ 15- • - / • '''../---/•---- -----:-- - 53 / t-:::'- -i - -•,- -/ .1.4. ,// 7: I •,••• i eetula penat.datX Behatioi pubeocaaslilnus:qh-rfthcaSinus Incana .••L• : / ---• •-"939.6gloo4ed:posed. or.% Potierjoverwirrienni.SPOIL BEDS FIG . 55rnen, — rr,re.I I 2An2SPOILSI9NO .ctiSAWstbtat1-.,h1;I;."±:1:1.1...•.;•.........L.771LttLoE;-SS;-.1;4;11LI't	1:1tr--tctakuAiNsithL-/slab:3WDjo1—IEftniNe.fnerFPgbrsJIPJ-414'14Co__,Lors721LL20aCORTROL_ON_LEADSPOIL.NC.1:CONTROLoktcoNPOSI"LL.LEAD*CEOONLEAOspan_LC•LEM)SEEDONCOMPOST%-—812..isa,irIle11nsvS_siiverinci77177—...nLH.-54-ern • .9't(cm)!! 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Tree selection studies for revegetation of exposed sites and areas of dereliction

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Tree selection studies for revegetation of exposed sites and areas of dereliction

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