The footprints of human and animal trackmakers, which around 12,000 years B.P. attended the Cave of B\ue1sura (Toirano, Liguria, Northern Italy), were studied through morpho-classificatory and morphometric approaches. First results indicate at least three different human producers, two youths and the third of tender age, bears and wolves (or dogs). Analysis of the data demonstrate the power of 3D, of landmark based morphometrics and the utility to use the methods of forensic anthropology in the determination of human foot-prints. The analysis of the number of trackmakers using the PCA analysis on 'multi-trampling' surfaces could represent a model in the study of cave sites

Arobba, Daniele

Avanzini, Marco

Caramiello, Rosanna

Citton, Paolo

Clementi, Livia

Conventi, Marta

Firpo, Marco

Giannotti, Stefano

Negrino, Fabio

Rellini, Ivano

Romano, Marco

Salvador, Isabella

Starnini, Elisabetta

Zunino, Marta

English

The footprints of human and animal trackmakers, which around 12,000 years B.P. attended the Cave of Básura (Toirano, Liguria, Northern Italy), were studied through morpho-classificatory and morphometric approaches. First results indicate at least three different human producers, two youths and the third of tender age, bears and wolves (or dogs). Analysis of the data demonstrate the power of 3D, of landmark based morphometrics and the utility to use the methods of forensic anthropology in the determination of human foot-prints. The analysis of the number of trackmakers using the PCA analysis on 'multi-trampling' surfaces could represent a model in the study of cave sites

Marco Avanzini

Marco Romano

Paolo Citton

Isabella Salvador

Daniele Arobba

Rosanna Caramiello

Marco Firpo

Ivano Rellini

Fabio Negrino

Livia Clementi

Marta Zunino

Stefano Giannotti

Elisabetta Starnini

Marta Conventi

Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università di Genova

Available online http://amq.aiqua.it ISSN (print): 2279-7327, ISSN (online): 2279-7335    Alpine and Mediterranean Quaternary, Vol. 31 (Quaternary: Past, Present, Future - AIQUA Conference, Florence, 13-14/06/2018), 39 - 42 ICNO-ARCHEOLOGY OF A HUMAN PALAEOLITHIC ECOSYSTEM: THE HUMAN AND ANIMAL FOOTPRINTS IN THE GROTTA DELLA BASURA (TOIRANO, NORTHERN ITALY)   Marco Avanzini 1, Marco Romano 2, Paolo Citton 3, Isabella Salvador 1, Daniele Arobba 4, Rosanna Caramiello 4, Marco Firpo 5, Ivano Rellini 5, Fabio Negrino 6, Livia Clementi 6, Marta Zunino 7, Stefano Giannotti 7, Elisabetta Starnini 8, Marta Conventi 9    1 MUSE, Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy 2 Evolutionary Studies Institute (ESI), School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 3 Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Río Negro province, Argentina  4 Museo Archeologico del Finale, Finale Ligure Borgo (Savona), Italy 5 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy  6 Dipartimento di Antichità, Filosofia, Storia (DAFIST), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy  7 Grotte di Toirano, Toirano (Savona), Italy  8 Dipartimento di Civiltà e Forme del Sapere, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy 9 Soprintendenza Archeologia Belle arti e Paesaggio of Liguria, Genua, Italy Corresponding author: M. Avanzini <marco.avanzini@muse.it>   Abstract: The footprints of human and animal trackmakers, which around 12,000 years B.P. attended the Cave of Básura (Toirano, Lig-uria, Northern Italy), were studied through morpho-classificatory and morphometric approaches. First results indicate at least three differ-ent human producers, two youths and the third of tender age, bears and wolves (or dogs). Analysis of the data demonstrate the power of 3D, of landmark based morphometrics and the utility to use the methods of forensic anthropology in the determination of human foot-prints.  The analysis of the number of trackmakers using the PCA analysis on 'multi-trampling' surfaces could represent a model in the study of cave sites.    Key words: Ichnology, cave, upper Palaeolithic, human footprints, bear footprints  1. INTRODUCTION  The Cave of Bàsura (Grotta della Bàsura), opening at 186 m above sea level (a.s.l.) at the foot of Mount Carmo in Loano (Toirano, Savona), is known by the 1890, when Nicolò Morelli highlighted the occurrence of some evidence dating back to the Neolithic and late Roman period in the outermost portion of the cave. In 1950, the inner rooms of the cave were discovered. Soon after, the outstanding evidence of human frequen-tation, in addition to remains of Ursus spelaeus, were brought into the limelight of the Italian palaeontological and palaeoanthropological research by Virginia Chiap-pella (1952, 1955). In 2014, the “Soprintendenza Arche-ologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la Città Metropolitana di Genova e le province di Imperia, La Spezia e Savona - Genova”, promoted and initiated a new multidiscipli-nary project on the cave. The project is aimed at better understanding and integration of many different data, also consisting of tracks and traces attributable to bears and canids tracks, as well as other traces of different human activities (e.g. footprints, carbons, digital tracks, lumps of clay adhering to the walls).   2. MATERIAL AND METHODS  The substrate of the cavity preserves in many sec-tors numerous traces with different degree of conserva-tion. Most of them are concretioned, differently others are imprinted on a still plastic substrate. Recent radiometric datings (2017) confirm the attendance of the cavity in the Upper Paleolithic at 14420 BP c.a. In the innermost room (i.e. Sala dei Misteri) where the study was concluded (Citton et al., 2017) 54 track and traces were detected among which 35 human foot-prints and 6 bear footprints (Fig.1).  Numerous other traces are preserved in other por-tions of the cave and are currently under investigation using new cutting-edge methodology such as high reso-lution 3D modelling and morphometric analyses. The material under examination comprises a substantial num-ber of human footprints referable to individuals of differ-ent gender and age classes, footprint referable to bears (very likely Ursus arctos) and footprints left by canids (wolves or dogs). The main sectors of the cave were digitally acquired via laser scanner Leica Scanstation C10. The scans were performed at 360° (acquisition grid of the point cloud of 2x2 cm probe 7 m and of 0.5x0.5 cm probe 7 m). The recording shows a final alignment error of 2 mm. Schematic reliefs were derived from the model where the positions of each single studied footprints are showed. All tracks recognized were analyzed in the field us-ing a classical morphological approach. Each track was photographed and designed on site. The dimensional and morphological parameters collected in the field were double-checked, using photos and photogrammetric models. The measurements of human footprints are based on both the landmark proposed by Robbins (1985), and on studies following the forensics medicine methods. For all the studied footprints, a photogrammet-ric model was obtained using photos taken with a 24 Megapixel Canon EOS 750D (18 mm focal length). The software used to build the models in this paper is Agisoft PhotoScan Pro, (www.agisoft.com), among the most user-friendly programs for photogrammetry’ (Mallison and Wings, 2014). The accuracy of the obtained models is up to 1 mm for close-range photography (Fig. 2). The 13 best-preserved human and animal (canids) footprints, were subject to a Principal Component Analy-sis (PCA). For the analysis, the software PAST 3.10 was used (Hammer et al., 2001). For the correspon-dence of the log-transform to an isometric null hypothe-sis and to fit linear models the raw data were log-transformed (see Chinnery, 2004; Cheng et al., 2009; Romano and Citton, 2015, 2016).  3. RESULTS  To date, a first ichnological analysis focused on about thirty footprints of human producers, attending the innermost areas of the cave (Sala dei Misteri), was car-ried out. By adopting a morpho-classificatory and mor-phometric approach applied to the best-preserved foot-prints, an estimation of the minimum number of track-makers, as well as their age and height, was reached. The recognition of three well-separated morphotypes indicates a child under 5 years of age and two youth of   40   Avanzini M.  et al. Fig. 1 - Human footprints, bear footprints and human traces preserved in the 'Sala dei Misteri' in the Grotta della Basura SM1, SM6, SM15 human footprints; SM12 adult bear footprint; SM41 immature bear footprint; SM44 human finger traces.   41 6-7 and 11-12 years of age, respectively, as track pro-ducers (Fig. 3). The ongoing analysis of human footprints, pre-served in other areas of the cave, confirms the presence of the subjects identified in the Sala dei Misteri to which other individuals should be added after the new multidis-ciplinary analysis still in progress. The relationships between animal and human atten-dance of the hypogeal environment are currently being defined, even if from a preliminary analysis it seems that the human traces are successive to those of bear and antecedent or contemporary to those left by canids.  4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION  The work in progress in the Grotta della Bàsura confirms the great archaeological and palaeontological interest of this cavity within the European Upper Paleo-  Ichno-archeology of the Grotta della Basura  Fig. 2 - Three-dimensional, false coloured photogrammetric models of selected tracks from ‘Sala dei Misteri in the Grotta della Basura. SM15) medium sized human footprint with well-developed concave plantar arch (Morphotype 3); SM6) medium sized human footprint impressed in thin moist clay (Morphotype 3);  SM29-SM38) heel prints. lithic panorama. The strongly conservative environment has led to the preservation, on the same level, of a com-plex ichnological framework whose spatial and temporal relationships will be clarified by ongoing research. As already reported from different European caves, the currently obtained results enable to confirm that children, despite their apparent elusiveness in prehis-toric archaeological contexts, were ubiquitous in daily life of the Pleistocene populations, constituting a signifi-cant demographic component of Upper Paleolithic com-munities (see Citton et al., 2017). The review of the complex ichnological record of the Grotta della Bàsura is currently underway and oriented at recognizing any relationships between the different producers that at-tended the cave, in order to gain a more complete frame of this ancient ecosystem.  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are grateful to the responsible of the site Fiorenzo Panizza and the Grotta della Basura cave guides for logistic support during their stay in the cave.  REFERENCES Cheng Y.N., Holmes R., Wu X.C., Alfonso N. (2009) - Sexual dimorphism and life history of Keichosau-rus hui (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). J. Vertebrate Paleontology 29, 401- 408. Chiappella V.G. (1952) - Orsi e uomini preistorici nella Grotta della Strega. Riv. del Comune (Genova), XXIX, 4, 22 - 29. Chiappella V.G. (1955) - Grotta della Basura a Toirano (Savona). Quaternaria, 2, 282 - 284. Chinnery B. (2004) - Morphometric analysis of evolu-tionary trends in the ceratopsian postcranial skele-ton. J. Vertebrate Paleontology, 24, 591- 609. Citton P., Romano M., Salvador I., Avanzini M. (2017) - Reviewing the upper Pleistocene human footprints from the ‘Sala dei Misteri’in the Grotta della Bàsura (Toirano, northern Italy) cave: An inte-grated morphometric and morpho-classificatory approach. Quaternary Science Reviews, 169, 50-64. Hammer Ø., Harper D.A.T., Ryan P.D. (2001) - PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol. Electron., 41, 9. Mallison H., Wings O. (2014) - Photogrammetry in pale-ontology - a practical guide. Journal of Paleon-tological Techniques, 12, 1-31. Robbins L.M. (1985) - Footprints. Collection, Analysis, and Interpretation. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL. Romano M., Citton P. (2015) - Reliability of digit length impression as a character of tetrapod ichnotaxo-base: considerations from the Carboniferous - Permian ichnogenus Ichniotherium. Geol. J., 50, 827 - 838. Romano M., Citton P. (2016) - Crouching theropod at the seaside. Matching footprints with metatarsal impressions and theropod autopods: a mor-phometric approach. Geol. Mag., 1 - 17.    42   Avanzini M.  et al. Fig. 3 - Principal Component Analysis based on the best-preserved footprints from 'Sala dei Misteri'.  Scatter plot of principal components PC1-PC2 and loadings. In the inset the main morphotypes, to which footprints from 'Sala dei Misteri' have been referred, are show: a child under 5 years of age (morphotype I) and two youth of 6-7 and 11-12 years of age (Morphotypes II and III respectively).  Ms. received: May 4, 2018 Final text received: May 16, 2018 

Icno-archeology of a human palaeolithic ecosystem: The human and animal footprints in the Grotta Della Basura (Toirano, Northern Italy)

The footprints of human and animal trackmakers, which around 12,000 years B.P. attended the Cave of Básura (Toirano, Liguria, Northern Italy), were studied through morpho-classificatory and morphometric approaches. First results indicate at least three different human producers, two youths and the third of tender age, bears and wolves (or dogs). Analysis of the data demonstrate the power of 3D, of landmark based morphometrics and the utility to use the methods of forensic anthropology in the determination of human foot-prints. The analysis of the number of trackmakers using the PCA analysis on 'multi-trampling' surfaces could represent a model in the study of cave sites

Avanzini M.

Romano M.

Citton P.

Salvador I.

Arobba D.

Caramiello R.

Firpo M.

Rellini I.

Negrino F.

Clementi L.

Zunino M.

Giannotti S.

Starnini E.

Conventi M.

Archivio della ricerca- Università di Roma La Sapienza

Available online http://amq.aiqua.it ISSN (online): 2279-7335    Alpine and Mediterranean Quaternary, Vol. 31 (Quaternary: Past, Present, Future - AIQUA Conference, Florence, 13-14/06/2018), 39 - 42 ICNO-ARCHEOLOGY OF A HUMAN PALAEOLITHIC ECOSYSTEM: THE HUMAN AND ANIMAL FOOTPRINTS IN THE GROTTA DELLA BASURA (TOIRANO, NORTHERN ITALY)   Marco Avanzini 1, Marco Romano 2, Paolo Citton 3, Isabella Salvador 1, Daniele Arobba 4, Rosanna Caramiello 4, Marco Firpo 5, Ivano Rellini 5, Fabio Negrino 6, Livia Clementi 6, Marta Zunino 7, Stefano Giannotti 7, Elisabetta Starnini 8, Marta Conventi 9    1 MUSE, Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy 2 Evolutionary Studies Institute (ESI), School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 3 Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Río Negro province, Argentina  4 Museo Archeologico del Finale, Finale Ligure Borgo (Savona), Italy 5 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy  6 Dipartimento di Antichità, Filosofia, Storia (DAFIST), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy  7 Grotte di Toirano, Toirano (Savona), Italy  8 Dipartimento di Civiltà e Forme del Sapere, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy 9 Soprintendenza Archeologia Belle arti e Paesaggio of Liguria, Genua, Italy Corresponding author: M. Avanzini <marco.avanzini@muse.it>   Abstract: The footprints of human and animal trackmakers, which around 12,000 years B.P. attended the Cave of Básura (Toirano, Lig-uria, Northern Italy), were studied through morpho-classificatory and morphometric approaches. First results indicate at least three differ-ent human producers, two youths and the third of tender age, bears and wolves (or dogs). Analysis of the data demonstrate the power of 3D, of landmark based morphometrics and the utility to use the methods of forensic anthropology in the determination of human foot-prints.  The analysis of the number of trackmakers using the PCA analysis on 'multi-trampling' surfaces could represent a model in the study of cave sites.    Key words: Ichnology, cave, upper Palaeolithic, human footprints, bear footprints  1. INTRODUCTION  The Cave of Bàsura (Grotta della Bàsura), opening at 186 m above sea level (a.s.l.) at the foot of Mount Carmo in Loano (Toirano, Savona), is known by the 1890, when Nicolò Morelli highlighted the occurrence of some evidence dating back to the Neolithic and late Roman period in the outermost portion of the cave. In 1950, the inner rooms of the cave were discovered. Soon after, the outstanding evidence of human frequen-tation, in addition to remains of Ursus spelaeus, were brought into the limelight of the Italian palaeontological and palaeoanthropological research by Virginia Chiap-pella (1952, 1955). In 2014, the “Soprintendenza Arche-ologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la Città Metropolitana di Genova e le province di Imperia, La Spezia e Savona - Genova”, promoted and initiated a new multidiscipli-nary project on the cave. The project is aimed at better understanding and integration of many different data, also consisting of tracks and traces attributable to bears and canids tracks, as well as other traces of different human activities (e.g. footprints, carbons, digital tracks, lumps of clay adhering to the walls).   2. MATERIAL AND METHODS  The substrate of the cavity preserves in many sec-tors numerous traces with different degree of conserva-tion. Most of them are concretioned, differently others are imprinted on a still plastic substrate. Recent radiometric datings (2017) confirm the attendance of the cavity in the Upper Paleolithic at 14420 BP c.a. In the innermost room (i.e. Sala dei Misteri) where the study was concluded (Citton et al., 2017) 54 track and traces were detected among which 35 human foot-prints and 6 bear footprints (Fig.1).  Numerous other traces are preserved in other por-tions of the cave and are currently under investigation using new cutting-edge methodology such as high reso-lution 3D modelling and morphometric analyses. The material under examination comprises a substantial num-ber of human footprints referable to individuals of differ-ent gender and age classes, footprint referable to bears (very likely Ursus arctos) and footprints left by canids (wolves or dogs). The main sectors of the cave were digitally acquired via laser scanner Leica Scanstation C10. The scans were performed at 360° (acquisition grid of the point cloud of 2x2 cm probe 7 m and of 0.5x0.5 cm probe 7 m). The recording shows a final alignment error of 2 mm. Schematic reliefs were derived from the model where the positions of each single studied footprints are showed. All tracks recognized were analyzed in the field us-ing a classical morphological approach. Each track was photographed and designed on site. The dimensional and morphological parameters collected in the field were https://doi.org/10.26382/AIQUA.2018.AIQUAconference  double-checked, using photos and photogrammetric models. The measurements of human footprints are based on both the landmark proposed by Robbins (1985), and on studies following the forensics medicine methods. For all the studied footprints, a photogrammet-ric model was obtained using photos taken with a 24 Megapixel Canon EOS 750D (18 mm focal length). The software used to build the models in this paper is Agisoft PhotoScan Pro, (www.agisoft.com), among the most user-friendly programs for photogrammetry’ (Mallison and Wings, 2014). The accuracy of the obtained models is up to 1 mm for close-range photography (Fig. 2). The 13 best-preserved human and animal (canids) footprints, were subject to a Principal Component Analy-sis (PCA). For the analysis, the software PAST 3.10 was used (Hammer et al., 2001). For the correspon-dence of the log-transform to an isometric null hypothe-sis and to fit linear models the raw data were log-transformed (see Chinnery, 2004; Cheng et al., 2009; Romano and Citton, 2015, 2016).  3. RESULTS  To date, a first ichnological analysis focused on about thirty footprints of human producers, attending the innermost areas of the cave (Sala dei Misteri), was car-ried out. By adopting a morpho-classificatory and mor-phometric approach applied to the best-preserved foot-prints, an estimation of the minimum number of track-makers, as well as their age and height, was reached. The recognition of three well-separated morphotypes indicates a child under 5 years of age and two youth of   40   Avanzini M.  et al. Fig. 1 - Human footprints, bear footprints and human traces preserved in the 'Sala dei Misteri' in the Grotta della Basura SM1, SM6, SM15 human footprints; SM12 adult bear footprint; SM41 immature bear footprint; SM44 human finger traces.   41 6-7 and 11-12 years of age, respectively, as track pro-ducers (Fig. 3). The ongoing analysis of human footprints, pre-served in other areas of the cave, confirms the presence of the subjects identified in the Sala dei Misteri to which other individuals should be added after the new multidis-ciplinary analysis still in progress. The relationships between animal and human atten-dance of the hypogeal environment are currently being defined, even if from a preliminary analysis it seems that the human traces are successive to those of bear and antecedent or contemporary to those left by canids.  4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION  The work in progress in the Grotta della Bàsura confirms the great archaeological and palaeontological interest of this cavity within the European Upper Paleo-  Ichno-archeology of the Grotta della Basura  Fig. 2 - Three-dimensional, false coloured photogrammetric models of selected tracks from ‘Sala dei Misteri in the Grotta della Basura. SM15) medium sized human footprint with well-developed concave plantar arch (Morphotype 3); SM6) medium sized human footprint impressed in thin moist clay (Morphotype 3);  SM29-SM38) heel prints. lithic panorama. The strongly conservative environment has led to the preservation, on the same level, of a com-plex ichnological framework whose spatial and temporal relationships will be clarified by ongoing research. As already reported from different European caves, the currently obtained results enable to confirm that children, despite their apparent elusiveness in prehis-toric archaeological contexts, were ubiquitous in daily life of the Pleistocene populations, constituting a signifi-cant demographic component of Upper Paleolithic com-munities (see Citton et al., 2017). The review of the complex ichnological record of the Grotta della Bàsura is currently underway and oriented at recognizing any relationships between the different producers that at-tended the cave, in order to gain a more complete frame of this ancient ecosystem.  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are grateful to the responsible of the site Fiorenzo Panizza and the Grotta della Basura cave guides for logistic support during their stay in the cave.  REFERENCES Cheng Y.N., Holmes R., Wu X.C., Alfonso N. (2009) - Sexual dimorphism and life history of Keichosau-rus hui (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). J. Vertebrate Paleontology 29, 401- 408. Chiappella V.G. (1952) - Orsi e uomini preistorici nella Grotta della Strega. Riv. del Comune (Genova), XXIX, 4, 22 - 29. Chiappella V.G. (1955) - Grotta della Basura a Toirano (Savona). Quaternaria, 2, 282 - 284. Chinnery B. (2004) - Morphometric analysis of evolu-tionary trends in the ceratopsian postcranial skele-ton. J. Vertebrate Paleontology, 24, 591- 609. Citton P., Romano M., Salvador I., Avanzini M. (2017) - Reviewing the upper Pleistocene human footprints from the ‘Sala dei Misteri’in the Grotta della Bàsura (Toirano, northern Italy) cave: An inte-grated morphometric and morpho-classificatory approach. Quaternary Science Reviews, 169, 50-64. Hammer Ø., Harper D.A.T., Ryan P.D. (2001) - PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol. Electron., 41, 9. Mallison H., Wings O. (2014) - Photogrammetry in pale-ontology - a practical guide. Journal of Paleon-tological Techniques, 12, 1-31. Robbins L.M. (1985) - Footprints. Collection, Analysis, and Interpretation. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL. Romano M., Citton P. (2015) - Reliability of digit length impression as a character of tetrapod ichnotaxo-base: considerations from the Carboniferous - Permian ichnogenus Ichniotherium. Geol. J., 50, 827 - 838. Romano M., Citton P. (2016) - Crouching theropod at the seaside. Matching footprints with metatarsal impressions and theropod autopods: a mor-phometric approach. Geol. Mag., 1 - 17.    42   Avanzini M.  et al. Fig. 3 - Principal Component Analysis based on the best-preserved footprints from 'Sala dei Misteri'.  Scatter plot of principal components PC1-PC2 and loadings. In the inset the main morphotypes, to which footprints from 'Sala dei Misteri' have been referred, are show: a child under 5 years of age (morphotype I) and two youth of 6-7 and 11-12 years of age (Morphotypes II and III respectively).  Ms. received: May 4, 2018 Final text received: May 16, 2018 

Icno-archeology of a human palaeolithic ecosystem. The human and animal footprints in the Grotta Della Basura (Toirano, Northern Italy)

The footprints of human and animal trackmakers, which around 12,000 years B.P. attended the Cave of Básura (Toirano, Lig-uria, Northern Italy), were studied through morpho-classificatory and morphometric approaches. First results indicate at least three differ-ent human producers, two youths and the third of tender age, bears and wolves (or dogs). Analysis of the data demonstrate the power of 3D, of landmark based morphometrics and the utility to use the methods of forensic anthropology in the determination of human foot-prints. The analysis of the number of trackmakers using the PCA analysis on 'multi-trampling' surfaces could represent a model in the study of cave sites

Archivio della Ricerca - Università di Pisa

ICNO-ARCHEOLOGY OF A HUMAN PALAEOLITHIC ECOSYSTEM:
THE HUMAN AND ANIMAL FOOTPRINTS IN THE GROTTA DELLA BASURA
(TOIRANO, NORTHERN ITALY)

https://iris.unige.it/bitstream/11567/911820/1/AMQ%20abs%20Avanzini%20et%20al%20HABCOM%2039-42.pdf

Icno-archeology of a human palaeolithic ecosystem: The human and animal footprints in the Grotta Della Basura (Toirano, Northern Italy)

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