This paper presents an approach for a precise 2D-localization of a mobile station in indoor scenarios using a single base station only. In the approach both, the Direction of Arrival (DoA) and the Time of Arrival (ToA), are estimated using ultra-wideband (UWB) beamformers at both sides of the link. The article describes the algorithm, as well as the required hardware which among these are dual-linear polarized, directive UWB antenna arrays and an UWB-beam-forming network, based on finite impulse response-filters (FIR-filters) which permits the steering of the beamformer

Adamiuk, G.

Arafat, S.

Kaiser, T.

Sczyslo, S.

Solbach, K.

Wiesbeck, W.

Zwick, T.

Institutionelles Repositorium der Leibniz Universität Hannover

12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970Infrastructure-Aided Localizationwith UWBAntenna ArraysG. Adamiuk, S. Sczyslo, S. Arafat, W. Wiesbeck, T. Zwick, T. Kaiser and K. SolbachAbstract – This paper presents an approach for a precise 2D-localization of a mobile station in indoorscenarios using a single base station only. In the approach both, the Direction of Arrival (DoA) and the Time ofArrival (ToA), are estimated using ultra-wideband (UWB) beamformers at both sides of the link. The articledescribes the algorithm, as well as the required hardware which among these are dual-linear polarized,directive UWB antenna arrays and an UWB-beam-forming network, based on finite impulse response-filters(FIR-filters) which permits the steering of the beamformer.Index Terms – UWB, Localization, Antennas, Antenna Arrays, Beamforming, FIR-Filter1 IntroductionDue to their huge bandwidth, ultra-wideband (UWB) signalsoffer a very high time, and corresponding spatial, resolution[1]. Moreover the immense bandwidth offers high robustnessagainst small scale-fading. As the average EIRP is restrictedto approx. 0.5mW according to the FCC-mask [2], UWBdevices are endowed to be very energy efficient, but limited intheir operation to close-range. Summarized, this means thatUWB is an ideal candidate for indoor localization.Beamformers offer profound spatial filtering [3], so thatthey can very well be adapted to DoA estimation. Byinstalling beamformers at both sides of a radio link, thesensitivity towards the DoA can even be increased [4].In the approach presented within this article, UWB andbeamforming, are combined in a loosely coupled system,resulting in a 2-D localization system which requires a singlebase station only. To this the BeamLoc algorithm, a novellocalization algorithm, is applied which uses electronic beamscan capabilities at the transmitter and the receiver such thatToA and DoA can efficiently be estimated. This paper willgive an overview about the proposed localization algorithmand the feasibility of the required hardware.The paper is arranged as follows: in section 2 the local-ization algorithm and its advantages in an obstructed line ofsight (OLoS) scenario is depicted. Next an array with dual-polarized UWB antennas is presented, followed by section 4describing the UWB beamformer with the finite impulseresponse-filter (FIR-filter) technology.2 Localization AlgorithmThe basic idea of the BeamLoc algorithm [5] is deduced fromthe fact that in a LoS scenario the direction of departure(DoD) and the DoA differ by exactly 1808. This situation,which is called Locked Mode in the following, can beexploited by using electronic beam scan devices at the mobileunit and the anchor node. Hence by applyingfRx ¼ fTx þ 180, (1)the number of possible combinations of steering angles fTxand respectively fRx, which are possible in a free runningsystem, can significantly be reduced.It has to be pointed out that this implies, first, the existenceof a communication link between the mobile and the anchor,and second a common coordinate system at the mobile andthe anchor. The former can be guaranteed since a successfullocalization requires aminimumof energy at the receiver also,while the second can be realized using magnetic field sensors.Fig. 1 depicts the operation chart of the complete algo-rithm: The transmitter adapts its steering angle to fTx,0 andreports it to the receiver using a pulse modulation scheme.Next the receiver adapts its steering angle according to eq. (1).Subsequently the ToA is evaluated based upon the ReceivedSignal Strength Indicator (RSSI) using a matched filter. BothToA and RSSI are stored together with the correspondingangle information. Next transmitter and receiver adjust to thenext angle, such that equation (1) is still fulfilled and thereceiver determines the ToA and RSSI for the respectiveangle. After a full rotation the receiver identifies the LockedMode using the maximum RSSI and provides the respectiveDoA and ToA.Due to the 1808 difference of the steering angles theBeamLocalgorithm offers further advantages in an OLoS scenario:Fig. 2 considers the situation for the LockedMode (Fig.2 left)and a single reflection path (Fig.2 right). It can be observedthat only in case of the Locked Mode the gains of bothbeamformers add to the link budget, compensating partly theattenuation caused by the obstacle. On the contrary in case ofthe single reflection path (Fig. 2 right), the link budget isincreased only by the gain of one beamformer. Thus a DoAestimation becomes possible also in an OLoS scenario. In theLocked Mode the DoA estimation suffers naturally fromdiffraction. Nevertheless it has been shown in [6], that thiserror is in the order of 18-28, so that the results from the DoAestimation are still of significant use.It has been shown in [7] that theDoA in anOLoS scenario canbe improved due to the fact that the main lobes overlapnearby the direct path. Hence a two dimensional filterenabling a significant increase of the SNR in an OLoS wasproposed, which results in an improved estimation of DoA.As the proposed algorithm requires antennas with stronglydirective beams the following section describes the realizationusing antenna arrays.3 Dual-orthogonal polarizedUWBAntennaArrayEach element of the array consists of two perpendicularlycrossed, tapered slot antennas [8]. This allows for theradiation of the signal in two linear, orthogonal polarizations.In the prototype, four elements are arranged in a lineararray. For a fixed spacing of elements, the electrical distancebetween the elements increases with the frequency across theUWB bandwidth. This causes the generation of grating lobesat higher frequencies, if the spacing is not small enough [9].The grating lobes may lead to ambiguities in the DoAestimation. One possibility to suppress them is an applicationof directive antennas in the arraywith a narrow spacing d<l atthe upper frequency band. It has been shown that for therelevant frequency range from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz thisFrequenz63 (2009)9 – 1021Bereitgestellt von | Technische Informationsbibliothek HannoverAngemeldetHeruntergeladen am | 13.04.18 09:3912345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970distance d should be no greater than 40 mm, when usingVivaldi antennas [10]. However the dimensions of the dual-polarizedVivaldi antenna are too large in order tomake themapplicable in the antenna arrays for the considered frequencyrange. For this reason the dual-polarized Vivaldi antennas areembedded in a dielectric, which enables theminiaturization ofthe transversal dimension of the single antenna to 35 mm (seeFig. 3), while keeping the directive radiation pattern. Thedesign, radiation properties and the suitability of the singleantenna for UWB systems are described in [10].This allows a decrease of the distance between the elementsin the array to the respective 35 mm (see Fig. 3). The array isfed through a two-stage, T-junction microstrip power dividerand the pattern is measured in an anechoic chamber. Themeasurements show an equivalent radiation in both polar-ization states, so that in the following the results are presentedfor antennas 2 only (see notation in Fig. 3).The measured mean gain Gm(q,y) [10] in the E- and H-plane for co- and x-polarization is plotted in Fig. 4. It canclearly be observed that the mean gain in the y-planeGm,2E-plane Copol(q=908,y) has a very narrow beam in compar-ison to the beam in the H-plane Gm,2H-plane Copol(q,y=08)confirming the expectations from antenna array theory.The x-polarization components in both planesGm,2E-planeXpol(q=908,y),Gm,2H-planeXpol(q,y=08) are suppressed w.r.t. the co-polarized by approx. 15 dB in the main beam direction. Thisallows for the transmission and reception of an arbitrarypolarized signal within the main beam. Remarkable is thehigher mean gain in the H-plane Gm,2H-plane Copol(q,y=08) faroff the main beam. This is due to the radiation from theunshielded power divider, which shows its whole aperturealong the q-plane (H-plane in Fig. 4). In the final feedingnetwork where FIR-filter control circuits are integrated, thiseffect can be minimized through a proper shielding.The introduced antenna array and its measurement resultsshowa suitability of the device in the proposed 2D localizationsystem,where a polarimetric radiationwith very narrow beamwidth is desired. As the algorithm requires the steering of thepattern, the subsequent section shows a possible realizationusing a FIR-filter.4 FIR-Filter Control Circuits for UWBBeamformingIn conventional narrowband beamforming, the phases of thesignals at each antenna element are shifted before summation.The phase shifts are chosen such that they steer the beam tothe desired direction. However this method enables thedesired scan only for a single frequency [11]. For instanta-neous broadband signals the phase shifters can be replaced bytrue-time delay elements (TTD), where the phase varieslinearly with frequency [12] to keep the beam direction fixed.Fig. 1: Flowchart of the BeamLoc algorithm.Fig. 2: BeamLoc algorithm in Locked Mode (left) ; BeamLoc algorithm pointing at a single reflection (right).Fig. 3: Schematics of 4x1 dual-polarized, linear antenna array in thecoordinate system.Frequenz63 (2009)9 – 10211Bereitgestellt von | Technische Informationsbibliothek HannoverAngemeldetHeruntergeladen am | 13.04.18 09:3912345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970This technique still results in a shift of nulls and a widening ofthe main beam in dependency of the frequency. Therefore theaim is to create frequency independent beam patterns usingsuitable array weightings. A promising solution regarding thepractical realization for the microwave frequency range isbased on finite impulse response (FIR)-filtering. Each FIR-filter causes a frequency dependent phase and amplituderesponse which can be used for frequency independentbeamforming and additionally for the cancellation and equal-ization of undesired antenna and channel effects [11, 13].The FIR filters as an analog microwave circuit have beeninvestigated in the literature only theoretically. The authorspresented the first designs, which were based on dual-gateFET circuits for 1808 phase splitting and voltage controlledamplification at a scaled down frequency range [14]. Bothfunctions combine to realize the amplitude weighting stages(factor ai) of the FIR-filter, which require bi-phase variableattenuators (-1 ai1). For the FCCUWB-bandwidth designthe bi-phase converter uses a passive bi-phase power dividerat the input (x(t), left in Fig. 5), which provides two lines forequal amplitude and 180˚ out of phase signals [15]. Thevariable attenuators are realized by implementing monolithicintegrated voltage variable attenuator (VVA) circuits totransfer signals from one of the input lines into the output line(y(t), right in Fig.5). The attenuation of each stage can bevaried according to the required weighting coefficients, whichare calculated with respect to the constraints using optimiza-tion techniques like the least squares method or convexoptimization. On both input signal lines and on the outputsignal line the travelling waves are assumed, which requirethat the input and output of the weighting stages have highimpedance and thereby avoid heavy loading of the trans-mission lines. Therefore, the broadband matching of theweighting stages is one critical issue for the multi-stage filterdesign.The second principal issue is the realization of linear phaseand constant amplitude versus frequency under any attenu-ation state. The unavoidable amplitude-to-phase conversionin the VVA stages (Fig. 6), results in a slight variation of delayof that stage. For the approximate compensation of thisdegradation, the algorithm for the FIR filter coefficientcalculation has to be modified, so that the combination of all(degraded) stages produces the optimum response.5 ConclusionsIn this paper an approach for a very precise and highly robustlocalization system was introduced. The proposed algorithm,which is based on the application of electronically steered,dual-orthogonally polarized UWB antenna arrays, was ex-plained and its advantages towards conventional ToA techni-ques were highlighted. The feasibility of the antennas with thegiven requirements was shown by measurements of a proto-type. The design of analog FIR-filters for UWB electronicbeam steering was presented. The system can be applied ine.g. emergency applications for the improvement of thesecurity of the rescuers or better coordination of the rescueaction.References[1] S. Gezici, Zhi Tian, G.BGiannakis, H. Kobayashi, A.F. Molisch, H.VPoor, and Z. Sahinoglu , “Localization via ultra-wideband radios: alook at positioning aspects for future sensor networks”, IEEE SignalProcessing Magazine, vol. 22, issue 4, pp. 70–84, July 2005[2] FCC, Revision of Part 15 of the commissions rules regarding ultrawideband transmission systems, ET Docket 98–153, FCC 02–48,Feb. 14, 2002[3] B.D. Van Veen, and K.M. Buckley, “Beamforming: a versatileapproach to spatial filtering”, IEEE Microwave Acoustics, Speechand Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 5, no. 2, April 1988[4] H. Tsuchiya, K. Haneda and J. Takada, “Investigation of an Ultra-Wideband Propagation Channel based on a Cluster Scheme”, IEICETrans. Fundamentals, Vol.E89-A , no. 11, November 2006[5] C. Senger and T. Kaiser, “Beamloc – An Approach for NLOSLocalization in UWB Indoor Environments”, Seminar on UltraWideband Systems, Technologies and Applications, Calgary, 2006[6] A. Safaai-Jazi, S. M. Riad, A. Muqaibel, and A. Bayram, “Through-the-Wall Propagation and Material Characterization”, Tech. ReportDARPA NETEX Program, November 2002[7] S. Sczyslo, C. Senger, and T. Kaiser, ”A 2-Dimensional Filter forUWB-Localization inNLoS Scenarios usingBeamLoc”,Proceedingsof 6th Workshop on Positioning, Navigation and CommunicationWPNC 2009, Hannover, 2009[8] G.Adamiuk, T. Zwick andW.Wiesbeck, “Dual-orthogonal polarizedVivaldi Antenna for Ultra Wideband Applications“, 17th Interna-tional Conference on Microwaves, Radar & Wireless Communica-tions, 2008. MIKON 2008, Wroclaw, Poland, 19–21 May 2008Fig. 4: Measured mean gain Gm,2(q,y) in E- and H-plane, in co- and x-polarization for the antenna array 2 (cf. Fig. 3).Fig. 5: Design of an analogue FIR filter for FCC UWB frequency bandwidthFig. 6: Measured relative amplitude and phase under different attenuationstatesFrequenz63 (2009)9 – 10212Bereitgestellt von | Technische Informationsbibliothek HannoverAngemeldetHeruntergeladen am | 13.04.18 09:3912345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970[9] W. Sçrgel, C. Sturm and W. Wiesbeck, “Impulse responses of linearUWB antenna arrays and the application to beamsteering“, IEEEInternational Conference onUltra-Wideband ICU 2005, pp. 275–280,5–8 September 2005[10] G. Adamiuk, W.Wiesbeck, and T. Zwick, “Compact, Dual-PolarizedUWB Antenna, Embedded in a Dielectric”, IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation (accepted for publication)[11] M. Neinhs, M. El-Hadidy, S. Held, T. Kaiser, and K. Solbach, “Anultra wideband linear array beamforming concept consideringantenna and channel effects”, European Conference on Antennasand Propagation, Nice, France, Nov. 2006[12] B. Allen and M. Ghavami, “Adaptive array systems -fundamentalsand applications”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005[13] M. Neinhs, S. Held, and K. Solbach, “FIR-filter based equalizationof ultra wideband mutual coupling on linear antenna arrays“, 2ndInternational ITG Conference on Antennas, Munich, 28–30 March2007[14] K. Solbach, T. Ould Mohamed, M. Neinhs, and M. Tekloth,“Microwave analogue FIR-filter”, German Microwave ConferenceGeMIC 2005, Ulm, April 2005[15] M. E. Bialkowski and A. M. Abbosh, “Design of a Compact UWBOut-of-Phase Power Divider,” IEEE Microwave and WirelessComponents Letters, vol. 17, no. 4, April 2007Grzegorz Adamiuk,Werner Wiesbeck,Thomas ZwickInstitut fr Hochfrequenztechnik und Elektronik (IHE)Karlsruher Institut fr Technologie (KIT)Kaiserstr. 12, 76128, Karlsruhe, GermanyEmail: grzegorz.adamiuk@ihe.uka.deSebastian Sczyslo,Thomas KaiserInstitut fr Kommunikationstechnik (IKT)Leibniz Universitt HannoverAppelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, GermanyEmail: sebastian.sczyslo@ikt.uni-hannover.deSaeed Arafat,Klaus SolbachLehrstuhl fr HochfrequenztechnikUniversitt Duisburg – EssenBismarckstraße 81, 47051, Duisburg, GermanyEmail: saeed.arafat@uni-duisburg-essen.deThe authors would like to thank the German ResearchFoundation (DFG) for the support of this project.Frequenz63 (2009)9 – 10213Bereitgestellt von | Technische Informationsbibliothek HannoverAngemeldetHeruntergeladen am | 13.04.18 09:39

Infrastructure-aided localization with UWB Antenna Arrays

KITopen

12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970Infrastructure-Aided Localizationwith UWBAntenna ArraysG. Adamiuk, S. Sczyslo, S. Arafat, W. Wiesbeck, T. Zwick, T. Kaiser and K. SolbachAbstract – This paper presents an approach for a precise 2D-localization of a mobile station in indoorscenarios using a single base station only. In the approach both, the Direction of Arrival (DoA) and the Time ofArrival (ToA), are estimated using ultra-wideband (UWB) beamformers at both sides of the link. The articledescribes the algorithm, as well as the required hardware which among these are dual-linear polarized,directive UWB antenna arrays and an UWB-beam-forming network, based on finite impulse response-filters(FIR-filters) which permits the steering of the beamformer.Index Terms – UWB, Localization, Antennas, Antenna Arrays, Beamforming, FIR-Filter1 IntroductionDue to their huge bandwidth, ultra-wideband (UWB) signalsoffer a very high time, and corresponding spatial, resolution[1]. Moreover the immense bandwidth offers high robustnessagainst small scale-fading. As the average EIRP is restrictedto approx. 0.5mW according to the FCC-mask [2], UWBdevices are endowed to be very energy efficient, but limited intheir operation to close-range. Summarized, this means thatUWB is an ideal candidate for indoor localization.Beamformers offer profound spatial filtering [3], so thatthey can very well be adapted to DoA estimation. Byinstalling beamformers at both sides of a radio link, thesensitivity towards the DoA can even be increased [4].In the approach presented within this article, UWB andbeamforming, are combined in a loosely coupled system,resulting in a 2-D localization system which requires a singlebase station only. To this the BeamLoc algorithm, a novellocalization algorithm, is applied which uses electronic beamscan capabilities at the transmitter and the receiver such thatToA and DoA can efficiently be estimated. This paper willgive an overview about the proposed localization algorithmand the feasibility of the required hardware.The paper is arranged as follows: in section 2 the local-ization algorithm and its advantages in an obstructed line ofsight (OLoS) scenario is depicted. Next an array with dual-polarized UWB antennas is presented, followed by section 4describing the UWB beamformer with the finite impulseresponse-filter (FIR-filter) technology.2 Localization AlgorithmThe basic idea of the BeamLoc algorithm [5] is deduced fromthe fact that in a LoS scenario the direction of departure(DoD) and the DoA differ by exactly 1808. This situation,which is called Locked Mode in the following, can beexploited by using electronic beam scan devices at the mobileunit and the anchor node. Hence by applyingfRx ¼ fTx þ 180, (1)the number of possible combinations of steering angles fTxand respectively fRx, which are possible in a free runningsystem, can significantly be reduced.It has to be pointed out that this implies, first, the existenceof a communication link between the mobile and the anchor,and second a common coordinate system at the mobile andthe anchor. The former can be guaranteed since a successfullocalization requires aminimumof energy at the receiver also,while the second can be realized using magnetic field sensors.Fig. 1 depicts the operation chart of the complete algo-rithm: The transmitter adapts its steering angle to fTx,0 andreports it to the receiver using a pulse modulation scheme.Next the receiver adapts its steering angle according to eq. (1).Subsequently the ToA is evaluated based upon the ReceivedSignal Strength Indicator (RSSI) using a matched filter. BothToA and RSSI are stored together with the correspondingangle information. Next transmitter and receiver adjust to thenext angle, such that equation (1) is still fulfilled and thereceiver determines the ToA and RSSI for the respectiveangle. After a full rotation the receiver identifies the LockedMode using the maximum RSSI and provides the respectiveDoA and ToA.Due to the 1808 difference of the steering angles theBeamLocalgorithm offers further advantages in an OLoS scenario:Fig. 2 considers the situation for the LockedMode (Fig.2 left)and a single reflection path (Fig.2 right). It can be observedthat only in case of the Locked Mode the gains of bothbeamformers add to the link budget, compensating partly theattenuation caused by the obstacle. On the contrary in case ofthe single reflection path (Fig. 2 right), the link budget isincreased only by the gain of one beamformer. Thus a DoAestimation becomes possible also in an OLoS scenario. In theLocked Mode the DoA estimation suffers naturally fromdiffraction. Nevertheless it has been shown in [6], that thiserror is in the order of 18-28, so that the results from the DoAestimation are still of significant use.It has been shown in [7] that theDoA in anOLoS scenario canbe improved due to the fact that the main lobes overlapnearby the direct path. Hence a two dimensional filterenabling a significant increase of the SNR in an OLoS wasproposed, which results in an improved estimation of DoA.As the proposed algorithm requires antennas with stronglydirective beams the following section describes the realizationusing antenna arrays.3 Dual-orthogonal polarizedUWBAntennaArrayEach element of the array consists of two perpendicularlycrossed, tapered slot antennas [8]. This allows for theradiation of the signal in two linear, orthogonal polarizations.In the prototype, four elements are arranged in a lineararray. For a fixed spacing of elements, the electrical distancebetween the elements increases with the frequency across theUWB bandwidth. This causes the generation of grating lobesat higher frequencies, if the spacing is not small enough [9].The grating lobes may lead to ambiguities in the DoAestimation. One possibility to suppress them is an applicationof directive antennas in the arraywith a narrow spacing d<l atthe upper frequency band. It has been shown that for therelevant frequency range from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz thisFrequenz63 (2009)9 – 1021First published in: EVA-STAR (Elektronisches Volltextarchiv – Scientific Articles Repository) http://digbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/1000016483 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970distance d should be no greater than 40 mm, when usingVivaldi antennas [10]. However the dimensions of the dual-polarizedVivaldi antenna are too large in order tomake themapplicable in the antenna arrays for the considered frequencyrange. For this reason the dual-polarized Vivaldi antennas areembedded in a dielectric, which enables theminiaturization ofthe transversal dimension of the single antenna to 35 mm (seeFig. 3), while keeping the directive radiation pattern. Thedesign, radiation properties and the suitability of the singleantenna for UWB systems are described in [10].This allows a decrease of the distance between the elementsin the array to the respective 35 mm (see Fig. 3). The array isfed through a two-stage, T-junction microstrip power dividerand the pattern is measured in an anechoic chamber. Themeasurements show an equivalent radiation in both polar-ization states, so that in the following the results are presentedfor antennas 2 only (see notation in Fig. 3).The measured mean gain Gm(q,y) [10] in the E- and H-plane for co- and x-polarization is plotted in Fig. 4. It canclearly be observed that the mean gain in the y-planeGm,2E-plane Copol(q=908,y) has a very narrow beam in compar-ison to the beam in the H-plane Gm,2H-plane Copol(q,y=08)confirming the expectations from antenna array theory.The x-polarization components in both planesGm,2E-planeXpol(q=908,y),Gm,2H-planeXpol(q,y=08) are suppressed w.r.t. the co-polarized by approx. 15 dB in the main beam direction. Thisallows for the transmission and reception of an arbitrarypolarized signal within the main beam. Remarkable is thehigher mean gain in the H-plane Gm,2H-plane Copol(q,y=08) faroff the main beam. This is due to the radiation from theunshielded power divider, which shows its whole aperturealong the q-plane (H-plane in Fig. 4). In the final feedingnetwork where FIR-filter control circuits are integrated, thiseffect can be minimized through a proper shielding.The introduced antenna array and its measurement resultsshowa suitability of the device in the proposed 2D localizationsystem,where a polarimetric radiationwith very narrow beamwidth is desired. As the algorithm requires the steering of thepattern, the subsequent section shows a possible realizationusing a FIR-filter.4 FIR-Filter Control Circuits for UWBBeamformingIn conventional narrowband beamforming, the phases of thesignals at each antenna element are shifted before summation.The phase shifts are chosen such that they steer the beam tothe desired direction. However this method enables thedesired scan only for a single frequency [11]. For instanta-neous broadband signals the phase shifters can be replaced bytrue-time delay elements (TTD), where the phase varieslinearly with frequency [12] to keep the beam direction fixed.Fig. 1: Flowchart of the BeamLoc algorithm.Fig. 2: BeamLoc algorithm in Locked Mode (left) ; BeamLoc algorithm pointing at a single reflection (right).Fig. 3: Schematics of 4x1 dual-polarized, linear antenna array in thecoordinate system.Frequenz63 (2009)9 – 1021112345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970This technique still results in a shift of nulls and a widening ofthe main beam in dependency of the frequency. Therefore theaim is to create frequency independent beam patterns usingsuitable array weightings. A promising solution regarding thepractical realization for the microwave frequency range isbased on finite impulse response (FIR)-filtering. Each FIR-filter causes a frequency dependent phase and amplituderesponse which can be used for frequency independentbeamforming and additionally for the cancellation and equal-ization of undesired antenna and channel effects [11, 13].The FIR filters as an analog microwave circuit have beeninvestigated in the literature only theoretically. The authorspresented the first designs, which were based on dual-gateFET circuits for 1808 phase splitting and voltage controlledamplification at a scaled down frequency range [14]. Bothfunctions combine to realize the amplitude weighting stages(factor ai) of the FIR-filter, which require bi-phase variableattenuators (-1 ai1). For the FCCUWB-bandwidth designthe bi-phase converter uses a passive bi-phase power dividerat the input (x(t), left in Fig. 5), which provides two lines forequal amplitude and 180˚ out of phase signals [15]. Thevariable attenuators are realized by implementing monolithicintegrated voltage variable attenuator (VVA) circuits totransfer signals from one of the input lines into the output line(y(t), right in Fig.5). The attenuation of each stage can bevaried according to the required weighting coefficients, whichare calculated with respect to the constraints using optimiza-tion techniques like the least squares method or convexoptimization. On both input signal lines and on the outputsignal line the travelling waves are assumed, which requirethat the input and output of the weighting stages have highimpedance and thereby avoid heavy loading of the trans-mission lines. Therefore, the broadband matching of theweighting stages is one critical issue for the multi-stage filterdesign.The second principal issue is the realization of linear phaseand constant amplitude versus frequency under any attenu-ation state. The unavoidable amplitude-to-phase conversionin the VVA stages (Fig. 6), results in a slight variation of delayof that stage. For the approximate compensation of thisdegradation, the algorithm for the FIR filter coefficientcalculation has to be modified, so that the combination of all(degraded) stages produces the optimum response.5 ConclusionsIn this paper an approach for a very precise and highly robustlocalization system was introduced. The proposed algorithm,which is based on the application of electronically steered,dual-orthogonally polarized UWB antenna arrays, was ex-plained and its advantages towards conventional ToA techni-ques were highlighted. The feasibility of the antennas with thegiven requirements was shown by measurements of a proto-type. The design of analog FIR-filters for UWB electronicbeam steering was presented. The system can be applied ine.g. emergency applications for the improvement of thesecurity of the rescuers or better coordination of the rescueaction.References[1] S. Gezici, Zhi Tian, G.BGiannakis, H. Kobayashi, A.F. Molisch, H.VPoor, and Z. Sahinoglu , “Localization via ultra-wideband radios: alook at positioning aspects for future sensor networks”, IEEE SignalProcessing Magazine, vol. 22, issue 4, pp. 70–84, July 2005[2] FCC, Revision of Part 15 of the commissions rules regarding ultrawideband transmission systems, ET Docket 98–153, FCC 02–48,Feb. 14, 2002[3] B.D. Van Veen, and K.M. Buckley, “Beamforming: a versatileapproach to spatial filtering”, IEEE Microwave Acoustics, Speechand Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 5, no. 2, April 1988[4] H. Tsuchiya, K. Haneda and J. Takada, “Investigation of an Ultra-Wideband Propagation Channel based on a Cluster Scheme”, IEICETrans. Fundamentals, Vol.E89-A , no. 11, November 2006[5] C. Senger and T. Kaiser, “Beamloc – An Approach for NLOSLocalization in UWB Indoor Environments”, Seminar on UltraWideband Systems, Technologies and Applications, Calgary, 2006[6] A. Safaai-Jazi, S. M. Riad, A. Muqaibel, and A. Bayram, “Through-the-Wall Propagation and Material Characterization”, Tech. ReportDARPA NETEX Program, November 2002[7] S. Sczyslo, C. Senger, and T. Kaiser, ”A 2-Dimensional Filter forUWB-Localization inNLoS Scenarios usingBeamLoc”,Proceedingsof 6th Workshop on Positioning, Navigation and CommunicationWPNC 2009, Hannover, 2009[8] G.Adamiuk, T. Zwick andW.Wiesbeck, “Dual-orthogonal polarizedVivaldi Antenna for Ultra Wideband Applications“, 17th Interna-tional Conference on Microwaves, Radar & Wireless Communica-tions, 2008. MIKON 2008, Wroclaw, Poland, 19–21 May 2008Fig. 4: Measured mean gain Gm,2(q,y) in E- and H-plane, in co- and x-polarization for the antenna array 2 (cf. Fig. 3).Fig. 5: Design of an analogue FIR filter for FCC UWB frequency bandwidthFig. 6: Measured relative amplitude and phase under different attenuationstatesFrequenz63 (2009)9 – 1021212345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758596061626364656667686970[9] W. Sçrgel, C. Sturm and W. Wiesbeck, “Impulse responses of linearUWB antenna arrays and the application to beamsteering“, IEEEInternational Conference onUltra-Wideband ICU 2005, pp. 275–280,5–8 September 2005[10] G. Adamiuk, W.Wiesbeck, and T. Zwick, “Compact, Dual-PolarizedUWB Antenna, Embedded in a Dielectric”, IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation (accepted for publication)[11] M. Neinhs, M. El-Hadidy, S. Held, T. Kaiser, and K. Solbach, “Anultra wideband linear array beamforming concept consideringantenna and channel effects”, European Conference on Antennasand Propagation, Nice, France, Nov. 2006[12] B. Allen and M. Ghavami, “Adaptive array systems -fundamentalsand applications”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005[13] M. Neinhs, S. Held, and K. Solbach, “FIR-filter based equalizationof ultra wideband mutual coupling on linear antenna arrays“, 2ndInternational ITG Conference on Antennas, Munich, 28–30 March2007[14] K. Solbach, T. Ould Mohamed, M. Neinhs, and M. Tekloth,“Microwave analogue FIR-filter”, German Microwave ConferenceGeMIC 2005, Ulm, April 2005[15] M. E. Bialkowski and A. M. Abbosh, “Design of a Compact UWBOut-of-Phase Power Divider,” IEEE Microwave and WirelessComponents Letters, vol. 17, no. 4, April 2007Grzegorz Adamiuk,Werner Wiesbeck,Thomas ZwickInstitut fr Hochfrequenztechnik und Elektronik (IHE)Karlsruher Institut fr Technologie (KIT)Kaiserstr. 12, 76128, Karlsruhe, GermanyEmail: grzegorz.adamiuk@ihe.uka.deSebastian Sczyslo,Thomas KaiserInstitut fr Kommunikationstechnik (IKT)Leibniz Universitt HannoverAppelstr. 9A, 30167, Hannover, GermanyEmail: sebastian.sczyslo@ikt.uni-hannover.deSaeed Arafat,Klaus SolbachLehrstuhl fr HochfrequenztechnikUniversitt Duisburg – EssenBismarckstraße 81, 47051, Duisburg, GermanyEmail: saeed.arafat@uni-duisburg-essen.deThe authors would like to thank the German ResearchFoundation (DFG) for the support of this project.Frequenz63 (2009)9 – 10213

Infrastructure-Aided Localization With UWB Antenna Arrays

https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000016483/1233975

Infrastructure-Aided Localization With UWB Antenna Arrays

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Institutionelles Repositorium der Leibniz Universität Hannover

KITopen