This study is focused on a 3.55-m-long sediment core retrieved from Badanital
(i.e. the BT core) in 2008. Badanital (30°29′50″N, 78°55′26″E, 2083 m a.s.l.)
is a small lake located in the upper catchment area of the Ganges in Garhwal
Himalaya, northern India. The lake and the regional broad-leaved semi-
evergreen forests are under the influence of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM)
and westerly associated cyclones. Palynological investigation of the BT core
revealed past vegetation changes reflecting both climate and human impact
during the last 4600 years. Maximum spread of oaks occurred during c. AD
550–1100 and c. AD 1400–1630, that is, the intervals which partly overlap with
the ‘Medieval Warm Period’ and the ‘Little Ice Age’, respectively. Three
intervals of decreased oak pollen percentages are attributed to (1)
continuously drier and cooler climatic conditions and fire activity (c.
2600–500 BC), (2) severe reduction in oak forests followed by secondary
succession of alder woods (c. AD 1150–1270) and (3) pre-modern settlement
activities since the British imperial occupation (after c. AD 1700). We argue
that the high percentages (i.e. up to 28%) of Humulus/Cannabis type and
Cannabis type pollen point to intense local retting of hemp c. 500 BC–AD 1050.
Based on our age model, Cannabis fibre production at Badanital is
contemporaneous with archaeological records of ancient hemp products from
different parts of Eurasia suggesting possible linkages to early trade and
knowledge exchange routes connecting India and the Himalaya with Central and
East Asia and possibly Europe