Isometric exercise effects on heart rate, blood pressure, and net oxygen cos

Bartels, R. L.

Bowers, R. W.

Fox, E. L.

Hiatt, E. P.

Martin, F. L.

English

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upon the heart rate, b l o d  preorura and art ootl9.0 coot. S ix  nrbjects, a11 
athlete8 OY fonnr athlete* irr good physical conditLon exeretoed in a *mat- 
reclLrrlng, fixed po8ftfaa ag.irUt a M d u t  rpriag d w t e r .  Each #rbject 
pulled to sixty per emat of  hir p r e v h u l y  detotmiasd maxiaim effect. 
The h u r t  rate 8borrb 8 rli*t lncraclre durlaq exerclmm follorrad by 
sharp rim tn the feu oecondo fol- ex8rci.e. 
drop almost to the reat- 1-1 vlthla twenty to thirty recods fol- 
exerci80. 
Tbir -0 fo1roVed by 8 
Sprtoltc prsrrure role f o l w n g  exercioe and v.8 bQhert la the period 
LconedL.tcly f o l l e  -rei-. 
but had done so Ln m0.t -08 d t h i a  tum .ad 8 half mlnuta8. 
It t b  drappd r h l y  to rwtiag levels 
DptoUc prarrut. f.11 r luht ly  in the firot thirty secandr follmdng 
8%erci@., .ad totunad to tb. roatla lml vltthin a t e  aad a h l f .  
. 
The development of muocuhr rtrength and the phprfologfcal rerpouoer 
to  a trafning program leading to r u b  developPsot have been e x t r m l y  la- 
trrerting to pbyoiologfotr for many p u r .  
Xettfnger (7) concerning ioaeetric exerc1.a have opened a neu avenue of 
~ h .  otudier of i h a r  ami 
fnterert  to  rerearchero fnteterted t n  the developent  of rtrength and have 
provoked much interert d dlocwoioa on the part of d i c a l  people bec8uae 
of the clinical bplfcatioJu of ouch a syotem of exercloe and 81.0 of phys- 
ical  educatorr intererted f n  the training of athletes. Thia remarkable 
pfece of wrlc which indicated that an LrarPatrfc contraction o f  a i r  racondr 
per day equal to 213 of the maxhm rtreagtb of the muscle iacreaned raucle 
rtruagth u much a8 could be done i f  the aurcle uere contracted nurxlmally 
and/or i f  the mwcfe umra exorciod loagar (to exhruotfan) or more frequently. 
The fmplicatio~r to athleter and t o  other intereoted people are rtqgeriag. 
Ibrpovicb (9) fa hL. rsprrko about lroorstrfc rxercire iudicater that he 
believer that there may be 80 aany a d v a n ~ e o  to i8cmetrfc exercise that 
the cumbe~aw,  tlmm-coarun- isotonic pro8r .~~ .  may h v e  been a m a t e  of 
time. 
and O(nue (10) found an iacreaor in rtrength 80 a rerult of foa~e t r i c  train- 
ing altbougb they do not entirely rgrea 8r to the extent of the 88- f o d  
or upon bow their f h d h g o  carpam with the results of variow frotonlc 
programs. 
with the findhgr of &lhr .ad Ibttbqtor altborrgb each dfragreed on 8o~pe 
c 
bee ,  o t  a1 (15), and &rich and Laroen (12) generally agreed 
point. 
. 
2 
(1 
There have been mate important diemliters t o  the Huller-Hettfnger 
finding8 (2,5,6), but the increase in the number of people who use fao- 
metric t ra ining progrmw i n  the preparation of a th l e t e s  for competftioa 
8nd in c l i n i c a l  pract tce  helpo to coaffrm t h e i r  urefullneor. It I8 re- 
markable tbat atudies  cancern&g t h e  phyalolo@c ef fec t6  of iroooetric 
exercioeo b v e  not kept pace v l tb  thir interaot, 
phyolologic effect. of Uawtric work, Cathcart e t  a1 (3), found that there 
bh an early rtrady of the 
was ma mrked fncrease ta O2 tntalre follawiag the ceosation of ef for t .  
found a deffnf te  r f re  in reopiratory and h e a r t  rater and la blood pressure 
They 
during work. They a100 found that the r fre fn d i a r t o l i c  preuuure v.8 nubre 
amrked than t h a t  of the 8yotolLc preerure. 
J. R. HccUrrdy (11) etudyiag the  effect8 of e f f o r t  (not irometric) on 
blood prerrure camwated that in order t o  have a true picture  of blood 
preorure changer re ru l t ing  from muttnum e f f o r t  Lt is aeceroary t o  take the 
blood presrure during the effor t .  88 blood prerrure f a l l 8  too quickly for 
later reading6 to be reliable, 
gre8t  height during oyxLM1 c f fo i t ,  but th8t  heart rate i r  oaly slightly 
He found th8t blood presoure rises t o  a 
chaaged a d  t h a t  a t  the end of the  exarcire period blood poeooure and bear t  
rate rapidly return to normal. 
In a later study, RMarpron (16). studying saae of t h e  physiologic e f f t c t s  
of both ioo~aetrlc and irontonic york, found that ieometrfc work caused a pro- 
nounced rise fn both oyrtolic and d ia s to l i c  blood prersure but remarked t h s t  
the d i a s to l i c  prerrure had returned io r e r t i ng  level8 within about t h i r t y  
eecondr. The e f f e c t  o f  Leotonic work was d i f f e ren t  in t ha t  lt caured no 
found t ha t  h8vLng 8 rubject hold 8 wight equal to about two-thlrds of h i s  
. . 
3 
r;uxtwtrp strength for a perfod of about 15 second6 cawcd an increase Ln 
r y c t o l i c  and a decreare %a d ias to l i c  pressure. h e  principal  difference he 
reported between the ef fec ts  of twmetrfc and iootonic exerclsos of roughly 
the sane t n t m s l t y  was a consfderably gree te r  decreeee fn  diastolic blood 
preroure in  iuotoaic exercise. 
isometric t ra infag program have captured t h e  iatereat of many people. 
La apparent that the above otudtea offer only a LfPrfted mount of the t o t a l  
infon;urtiun oeeded before the r ea l  value of i s m e t r i c  exerci te  can be asress- 
ed. It wars therefore, the purpose of t h f t  study t o  inveotfgate the e f fec t s  
of a brfef  period of an isaPatrlc ac t iv f ty  vhfcb involved mrap o f  the larger  
muscles of the  body upon the blood pressure and upon the heart  rate; a d ,  
ftnal1y, to determine the  9.gnitude and ruya  of t h e  energy wrt of ruch 
exerci se. 
It 
Methods and Procedures 
The Subjects. The oubjectr in &\la study were u i x  male athletes or ex- 
athletes a l l  i n  good physical condition dore  ages ranged from 23 t o  %. A l l  
were experfenced subjects beiw vel1 ure to a l l  of t h e  apparatus used in this 
mtudp. Data concerning the oubjectr are contained f a  Table I. 
Tbe aubJect fo r  each ewparlneat.1 run war placed on a t ra ining table 
and was told t o  lcm tuck against a backrest whfch was placed a t  an angle of 
45 degree& to  the  table. H i 8  porition vas adjusted SO t h a t  his feet were 
placed upon t h e  platform of a Medart spring back and leg dynamometer, 3Ls 
c 
knee@ being bent to  an angle of 135 degrees eu  ppeaaured by a goniometer. The 
d m t e t  wan poofttoned ao tha t  the platform vas vertical and the fn- 
diea tor  d h i  arraaged so t ha t  the rubj rc t  could aee it. The dynamometer 
. 
chain paeaed up between t!ie subject 's legs wtth &he crosabar attached so 
that the subject could j u s t  grarp it, p a b s  up, and still  have hcsd and 
shoulders against  the backreat. After the subject was  poritinsred, the back- 
rka t  was removed, 
Preceding tho malo pa r t  of the expertsank1 MIU the reliability of 
the rpparatw u88 tasted by having the clubjectr p u l l  M c e  on di f fe ren t  
days against  the apparatue while poritioned a# mentioned above, Each p u l l  
waa to represent a moxLPp11 e f f o r t  for a tcn=secmd period. The r e su l t  waa 
SPti8f8CtOry (It = .%), and the Rear\ of the fvo attempts vas taken t o  rep- 
resent  a maximal e f for t .  
only 602 of thfe  established nroxipUrm. 
For t h e  actual experFrnent the subjects pulled 
Amarutus. The msa6uremeat of t h e  force of t h e  f sane t r ic  p u l l  vas done 
w i t h  t h e  back and leg dpmumetcr.  ThLs was equipped with two poiaters ;  one 
uhichrrPved to indicate the amount of pull and Mother which could be moved 
t o  indicate  any derired srPbuat of pull. 
telemetry. 
Left a ide  and were attached t o  a &ff Jaeger telePaeterLng device. 
t r a t w d t t e d  the signal t o  an F.M. receiver placcd nearby. 
recorded on a Sanborn Viso-cardlette, W e 1  5 1  electrocardiogram, 
blood pressure was measured with o mercury rpb)rsum~naneter, and gas analyses 
were done on a Bcckplaa Hodel E-2 oxygen anelyzer mid a B e c h n  Spinco Hodel 
X.0-1 infra-red carbon diaxide analyzer. 
h a r t  rate was taken by means of 
Dirpoaublc electrode6 were placed on t h e  subject 's  stern= and 
This 
The signal  was 
Arter ia l  
c 
Protocol. The subject vsa l lawed  ta  rest on t he  t ra ining tab le  for 
f i f t e e n  minutes before the s t a r t  of exerriae, recl ining against  t h e  backrest. 
PrcIiPllnary heart  rate8 and blood prersureo were taken every five minutes 
during thio'period to e r t ab t i sh  rcoting levelo. 
minuter a mom clip waa put 90 the rubjoct 
A t  the  end of the first ten 
a ewrthpiece was placed i n  & i s  
. . 
mouth. He nov inhaled from a 120 l i t e r  Tirsot  meam chain conq~?nrated type 
spirometer and exhaled through the collection hosee into the open room thus 
washing out  the hoeerr with cxplred air. Thirteen minutes a f t e r  the rest ing 
pcriod began the subject wa8 placed io the above dercribed pouitfon and the 
movable needle om the dynamometor VUI placed a t  6C% of the subject 's establlahed 
au<irnUrO pull. 
r e s t ing  period, the rubject wa8 told to place his hands, palm up, on the 
croU8bar; aud twenty 8econds before exercise be- the backrest v u  r'BBuIvod, 
t h e  subject bei* supported by a coinvertigater..I5ercise began 15 minutes 
after t h e  forme]. r e r t i ng  period bcg8n. 
strict a t ten t ion  to  the dynamometer needles, pulling j u s t  hard enough so 
t h s t  they cane exactly together and t o  be careful  to maintain t h i r  mount of 
pu l l  f o r  the t e n w e c o d  period ar called of f  by a coinvestigator, He then 
wab c l l d  to  releare the cr0srb.r and to rea- breathiag, and the back- 
rest vau put into place. 
collected in the f i r s t  of a series of t h r e e  30-liter Douglas bags. 
eccond sad th i rd  minutes of expired a i r  were collected in t h e  second of tbe 
Douglas bags l n  the scrles, and the fourth and f i f t h  minutea i n  the t h i r d  
bag. 
spfrome ter frm which the subj cc t inhaled 
Fourteen minutes and fifteen recandr a f t e r  the start of the 
The 8ubject vu) instructed t o  pay 
The f i r a t  minute of expired a i r  wao now being 
The 
Expired volumes (BTPS) were calculated frcra a Kymograph record on t h e  
Blood prerrurer were taken aa soon as po68ible following exercise (the 
crrff was already in place) and then every t h i r t y  seconds counted f r aa  t h e  
beginning of exercise. 
are expressed as a per ninute value. 
onds before exercise, for  t h i r t y  second6 beginning with the a t a r t  of the 
exercise perlod, for the f i r a t  f i f teen  secando of every minute thereaf ter ,  
a d  for tbe final fifteen recondr of the f i f t h  Pinute. 
0. 
Heart rates wre figured on a three beat busis but 
There ware taken beginntng f ive sec- 
6 
Ao d g h t  be expected, there van marked rire in the heart r a t a  before 
exercise  began. Thio war trw La awry experheat althougb the extent  of 
the iucrearo uaa greater Ln the f i r r t  two axperlmeato wi th  esch eubject La 
a l l  but one CUB. fbia decluare in the aat ic ipatory rire i o  t h e  hear t  rate 
van apparently due to fmilfatlz:.tlou with the apparatur. 
generatty want up ol&gbtly frapr tbe pra-aercl.. level, b u t - t h e  greatest in- 
The heart rate 
creme La every experiment cmne Ln t h e  few re cod^ frPmsdiately after the 
ceosatiou of exercioe. 'Ibir var foUawed by a dramatic drop .laport to the 
r e e r f q  level, ia aaaa caoeo, withio twenty oecondr follaving exerciw. 
heart rate thea f l u c t w t s d  MPI, but in virtually ercry  case had returned 
The 
within two or tbrce beat. per minute of the r e r t j ng  level  within the five 
nlnurco recovery pet-. 
t In amy cue., heort r a t e  dropped below the rest- 
ing level sate  t h  during thio period. n e o o  d rtandard devlstton.8 of 
heart  rater of a l l  expatherrtr  fo r  oacb 8ubject are rhovrr Ln Table SX 8nd 
. for a11 expertwoto In Table Iff, . 
BUK)D PRHSSUZIE 
Systol ic  presoure. The nyotolfc praroure tbre follovlng e x e r c i e  ia 
every care 8nd v u  highcat in t h e  period F;aPrediately follwiag eaterclue. It 
then began to drup r l a v l y  to n o m 1  level8 oanetbmr fluctuating re tt d i d  
so but had reached the rertiag level f n  arort case8 w l t h i o  tu0 and oneihalf 
minutes folloviw exercirc. The fluctuation in the  blood prerrure -3 
progreooively leeo and leer from thio tLroe until tho end of t h e  recovery 
pori&. bans a d  r t d r d  doviatiow of ryrtolic prerrurer i n  a l l  exparia 
meat0 for e@ rubject pup be reon la Table 10, ud for  a11 experim~at8 
fa  Table V. 
- . . 
7 
Ptaato l i c  preosurc. The di8Stolic pressure in nearly every case rhowad 
a dacreose from the rertlng level in  the f ir ty  th ir ty  second period follwirq 
exercise. Iu moat casos it bad returned to the reattag level within the 
first mfnute and thirty mecondo of the recovery pcartod and remained at  this 
level. M88tolic pre8rure change8 were vary &8alf a8 campared w i t h  the 
rystoltc prcssura m d  fluctuation van raorltedly less .  Mema a d  standee 
dawfatlms of a l l  experiment8 for eacb subject may be #em io Table VL and 
for #I1 cxperbentr i n  Table V I X .  
Oxygen corttmwtion. The 6trfkLng thing about oxygen c o n r q t i m  was 
the ufde vorfabi’Iity not only between nubjecta but in dtffermt mrperhenta 
involving ah8 edmt subjectr. Tbe net oxygen cost of exercise of one subject 
ua8 3s lev a8 3.16 d. per leg. of body weight, and in one caae, mother 
sabjcct abrorbcd 18.37 ml. par kg. of body weight. Total coot was high ly  
vsrtablo in the xo8e of ea& rubjcct, aad one aubject varied 9.97 mt. per kg. 
of body weight frum one experbeat to another. Resuftr of there data are 
oham i n  Table V I I X .  
P i  s c w  aion 
Isometric contracttoas when put together into a mound apatem of total 
M y  exercise seem to have revers1 advantages over irontonic (barbell) 
training. They are, f int  o f  a l l ,  lees t ime consdng. They requtre no 
expensive equipment ae exerciser m y  be designod which involve only such things 
as chairs, dooMy8, or even other people i n  dua l  exercines. 
to do theee cxerciscn in CI confined apace such a8 a hoapital bed or even La 
It is poss ib le  
c 
this age an astroaaut’a capsule. Clinical use of iaaaetrtc exercise is 
bound to increase 88 it t 8  the logical PIUwer to problem which have exlsted 
for many ye&8. 
C8rthrlly udafnirtsted pmgro, maintab or eve0 build macular strength. 
There i 8  no doubt ry~v that bcdrfdden people c-, through 8 
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The effects of isometric work on heart rate, blood pressure, and net oxygen cost

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