Microwave apparatus and nuclear magnetic resonance and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy for elucidation of molecular binding in cell surfac

Grenell, R. G.

English

NASA Technical Reports Server

PROGRESS REPORT 
for 
Period Ending December 31, 1965 
NASA Grant No. - -21-002-040 /v'sn - 
TITLE 
MOLECULAR BINDING I N  THE CELL SURFACE 
GPO PRICE $ 
Microfiche (M F) ,m 
Robert G. Grenell 
Professor of Neurobiology 
Psychiatric Institute 
University of Maryland 
School of Medicine 
Baltimore, Maryland 
N 
D 
I (ACCESSION NUMBER) ITHRUI 
0 
E (PAGES)  (CODE) 
2 0  
ICATEOORk) 
i ee-71,5-vq 
( N A S A  CR OR TMX OR A D  NUMBER) 
I 
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19660012391 2020-03-16T22:59:24+00:00Z
*ABSTRACT 
Detailed are  salient constructiopal 
(1) 
featurer of a microwave aborrption 
cavity, derived from Vogelhut, 
ments with neuroproteins. Adaptations of existing hardware are  indicated where 
they have been applied. 
to be used in propored bound-water experi- 
An improved klyetron oscillator system is proposed, and the instrumentation 
for digitilized readout of cavity characteristics is discussed. 
approximate costs and a suggested schedule for experimental stages in the Fro- 
posed investigation. 
Appended are  
Briefly discussed are the applications of current techniques in NMR and 
Ele c t r on Paramagnetic Re s onanc e Spec t r 08 copy to molecular char ac te r is tic s 
of membrane protein and protein residues. 
the microwave technique as  the most promising of the current spectroocopid 
procedures for elucidating charged relationships and binding-8ite activity for 
a wriety of orientations of the macromolecule. Hence, the con- 
etruction of the abrorptim cavity and it. initial uno in an existing microwave 
syrtcm available on a limited h a i r  through the courtoay of the J o b 8  Hopldn8 
Univerrity. Control mearuraments prerequisii  'A *k=e?i=rtion of 
nerve membrane d d  then be compared with thore d Vogelhut and other 
workers for agreement. 
OUT tentative evaluation indicates 
r 
@+ 
W e  propore to continue the theoretical evaluation d NMR rpectrorcopy 
techniques, particularly with regard to high rseolution W R .  
to cdarify rimpler molecular rtructurer, NMR m y  k urod to catalog thore 
residue8 from membrane protein which can be praprrcki with the purity needed 
for analysis. 
With itr ability 
. .  . 
MICROWAVE CAVITY 
I 
The m 4 0 r  effort reported hero w i l l  k tL. or)..itioa d complete 
constructhm detail8 for a microwave cavity oss.pt i r l  to tb diCtleCtriC study 
of dilute neuroproteh solutia~s. 
ured by Proferror Paul 0. V o g e b t  at the University of California. 
Thir crdty is ba every respect exactly ar 
( 2 )  
Infor- 
mation about the instrument n0w detailed is bared on a persoma1 interview with 
DP. Voge&a$ and is due in large measure to his generaur cooperation. A8 the 
builder was not available, and a r  we could boc *in blueprintr, mearuremenk, 
or details for the inatrumed, the working drawings and a d a ~ t i o n r  d standard 
microwave hardware reproduced here are b r e d  entirely on our own photographs, 
record, and sketches. 
know to us: # RG-52U X-band waveguide d i m 0 - h  azo s-rdimd; the T-mode 
cavity characteristic, TEi 
short at the end of the cavity war a shvhrd i t a m ;  1sILd tho coupliae ir ie for the 
reflectioa cavity measurod ta a ihAlbrd diammh T'hw t& dknoruiosu indicated 
hare are given with every c d i b n c o  in &oh .CQUICJ~ 
Forhmakly, all critical d h n d a p .  d the cavity were 
. 
was ghr;tb. h.rdu8re uaod h 8a adjuskbh 
114' 
, 
Figurer 1-8 and 1-b are rodtic- f&an &a*# which are  tb. 
basir for the constructioa priPt, 
of the instrument and includao u isometric 
2X rendition of rectiolu through tho &viv u lrdirrkd by t& 
secting the four view8 of the f i r r t  figure. 
prints but are implicit with tho d o  &a**, 
angle#. 
m e  8-a  pew &# &-.bo in the f a r  vbwr  
Pigura 1-b print ir 8 
lines inter- 
Lrlan-iaU are to be provided om the 
t& a C C t u 8 C y  ad the draft 
Every effort warn ma& to dokrmho tb .rub i m  stoatlard microwave hard- 
ware of 8UD-aaaeriit:fe: %red @ t& h u w -  ?. ma obd 8ad for hir experience 
-3- 
- in microwave ixutrumerutrrtia, Mr. Thanrr M. Bray, u oxprieaced microwave 
engineer with the J d u u  Hop- UPiwrrit)r, w8r rotabad b-7 ar a conaultaat. 
The variable short located at opb end of ttU nvmguih # W e d  rectioa is from a 
Hewlett-Packard # X485B Detector MOUPt. The crank larob. driving the short is 
concentric to a bracket which rerver a s  a rupprt to the uncoupled end of the 
cavity and the knob is free to rotate about the rupport rhaft. 
The origin of the slatted waveguide rection, if indeed it is an adaptation, 
is loss clear. 
entail extensive modification of any canmerci~rl  apparatus which could be used. 
It i e  buiy from free-machining, --hard haded brarr plater, roldered around 
a central waveguide ~ecticm, as  ia FW8e A-b. A a l a ,  1 /811 x 4", is railled 
through both sider of the recti- aa the ca3srline of the loag waveguide dimen- 
sion. An additional channel, 5/16" wide x 1/4It deep, ir milled alomg the thick- 
e r  ride wal l  on the rame coderlixw u u l 8 c c Q I L ~ o  8 brrrr plug, 1/4" x 5/16" 
x 2", which rhieldr b e  c8viw. 
Complete detail. are given for the roction, as ita fabrication w d d  
A -tail recti- d btrrr a? rtaiahr rk.i ir to * Oepctd * 
slutted rectioa perpodcuhr to tb da4 axis. Eb rccanod.ti.or rl a gear rack 
requirer the m u  d r recarreti g-, i iS  d& r e. $%5?" rlU= t- - r tmg tf. 
entire length. 
l / S t t  x 1/8", and in the origiarl -rt 1$ L cka0)Csd b pkce 
on each of two heat-trerbd # 6-32, Albs -bad  fnaehh~ rcrawr. IS br8rr ware 
ured to codutruct the dovetail ~ 8 7 8 ,  tb g a r  C& b roldered. "he yoke 
surrounding the rl-d rectioa rlidem al- tb. 60' det.tril fa~om, -7 pSry ia ' 
its f i t  adjurted out thr- a Ir+ujpI phb,  1/16" t 3/16" x 2", d t h  ita own 
adjustme.I11 4crawr. 
butted together and 
The gear racL i. a 48-@tch, 20. prmrmum rectiorr d brrrm, 
tb. rhodchrr 
Tha f a ?  piacor .( braaa rlrich mrb up tbe yoke frame are  
-4- 
fastened with recessed # 6-32, Allen-bod D C r O W I .  
Bcrews are  used to fasten 1/411 br886 sad platem to the y o h  .ideo 8t the r1at 
centerline axis. 
bore is milled out at the reflection end of the cavity. 
f i t  in the outer slots, securing in  place the 5/16" rpherical balls which are bored 
to receive the quartz sample tube. 
Recerred # 4 4 0 ,  Allen-head 
The yoke is then bored through on this u i r ,  and the S/%ll 
b r a s  plugs, 1/2" x 7/8"% 5/16" 
Mounted normal to the slot w i e  on top of the yoke is the spur gear which 
drives it along the engaged rack and thu~ through noder of absorption maxima of 
the cavity. 
angle; pitch diameter of 0.5833", face of 1/811, bore of 0.1875~'Clase 1 precision. 
The gear hub is machined flat, the gear ir heated, and a chilled shaft, 0.375" x 1 7/8" 
is inserted for a shrink fit. 
secured to the yoke with # 2-56 machine screws. 
been found, the assembly may be locked in place by tightahbag the adjarting screws 
for  the bearing plate. 
mounting of the cavity. 
Gear specifications for the rpur gear are: 48 - pitch; 20° pressure 
The shaft arbor, a 1/4" x 3/4" x 3/4" brass plate, is 
When an abeerption maximum has 
Thir will probably n& bo aesdsd for the plumed h o r W  
-5- 
A standard # UG - 39U cover f lange,  MS 90059, ir roldered to the 
protruding # RG - 52/U waveguide. 
the reflection cavity to the transmittion waveguide from the Klystron ercillator. 
The coupling- iris is fabricated from brarr shim-rtock. 0.002" thick to minimice 
phase-shift, and is sweat-roldered to the flange mating rurface on the wave- 
guide axis. cpr, lc- i r  near 
unity, where a i r  the long dimenrion of the waveguide. At thir ratio, - , 
The flange incorporator an irir to couple 
9 x At frequencier in the wighborhood of 10 x 10 
-B' 
Yo - 
I the rusceptance of the 114" cooplhg h i 8  hole, il 8pproxh8tely 12 mho8 , in- 
dicating the balance choren between good coupling a d  iObl8tion from cavity 
perturbations. 
and of the sample tube-for maximum runple  abrorptbn give a maximum dir- 
placement of the cavity characterirtic due to the rample. 
(3)  
Empirical correctionr of 8bo adJm8table abort for Cavity length 
A sample holder derign i. detailed in -0 2. End rprcerr are bored 
to d i p  easily over the tub e&, canprorrtr(l tb. m~rl~lplo W r  in place 
under presrure from the end m r  at the 5/11' bore. 
from a styrene plartic in the original zmdol. b w o v m r D  
electric for the capillary tube, they could bo mula fran r m d  brarr or rlu- 
minum, perimp8 tuyz~-zk= rhioldiag. - 
Thore 8?0 m r ~ ~  
8 IOIO lor* di- 
4 
The capillary enclorer a irmple volwmo d 10 4. A. the tube ir 
located at an E-- nodeD the loma 8rrocirted dh the capilkry materirl h8r 
a smaller effect on the total dielectric 
I-mu. node were urod. 
#bass, and am relative moaruremoat~ d, tho c.mph% d h b c t r i c  co1ut.st, 
tbu UOUU b. tho C ~ M  if an 
Perhpr for thir rea.00, d n r  norkorr have ured 
. .  
(4 1 
exornine only a difference in c8vity Q 8ad frOtlw8Cy in the r e k t h h i p r ;  
-6 - 
the loss associated with glass cancels out. The above expressions were 
derived in our previous report and have the significance assigned to them 
there. 
(5) 
It is instructive to examine tan 6 ,  the dissipation factor, for both 
For glasr tan 6 is typically 7 0.0i. i o  glass and quartz at 2 .5  x 10 cps. 
Quartz is an excellent matorkl at thir frequeacy, tan 8 < 0.0003. 
(6) 
These 
values indicate that if there is rppreckW+ m r r d  iadrrrced in the tube, it 
w i l l  heat up. The temperature tie0 w i l l  Lcruoo  tkpr-d.padsa;t rhifts 
Euclid Arrolu Ir Cunpbmll I d  
To avoid these temperature itscrerrer coluoqualu irom 
we propose to use quarts tub- h thir .*ti-
GGG & gk:z, - 
"X SPECTROSCOPY 
I .I 
New ferramagnetic matsrialr, c r y o g d c  oaviro- for rupercon- 
duction, and advancer in winding tec)riquer h v e  all contributed to the im- 
proved rerolution of frequency - arrocirtod mtC108r .pin-rpin couplings which 
now characterissr the molecular rpectra d tho00 mdeculer which porrerr 
magnetic momenta. High Rerolutbn NMR bar clarified the multiplet peaks 
of relaxation 9 induced voltage for molecular nucleii whore rise and field 
complexity has haretotore Qfied ur i ly r i r  with lerr  rofiaed tochPiquer. ( 7  ) 
Currently, Varian Aerociater ha- d e v o l w  kutrrmsrrk for which He, the 
principal magnetic field, may reach 47 I 18 
ro~eniodr at  liquid helium tsmperaharer. 
which produce p r e c e r r i d  froqwacbr d 8pp- 10 CP., a d  
3 
g 8 U l l 0  u r 4  niobium - alloy 
Tidd umrgiea d thir order, 
8 
Se 1 
decoupling techniquer allow b.th rpectrrf rkaplificrthP .ILd bcre r r ed  rend-  
residuer which a rc  etructure - chrae$erirtic ia their derivative proportions 
and in their specie.. Ultraparificatioa Gcbmiqtmrn could yield there reriduer 
in fraction8 which ideally wmdd bd ruff ic ieay h a ~ o q o ~ s a r ~ r  for 8 d q u e  rpectra]. 
record, thum making identificaaon porrible by oither direct ruperporition on the 
chart of a known molecule or by rmrlyria 04 multiplot pattorr, relating these 
to the multiplet. for known rub-grouw, 
* .  
'tTickiingtt the rpin-rph co@pling peaka 
with a low-level rotating field ha# been u r d  to 
ion obrerved. The U T  iC-pi$er sf _?-rage 
(1 1) 
indicate the 
Truuientr ) 
type of nuclear attract- 
har came into ure 
-8 - . '  
- to retrieve spectral peaks of very low level SignSlS, euch as would be found 
with dilute solutione or well-shielded wclsii. Melrtionred here are  only those 
(12) 
developments which have been publlciasd urd which are gonerally known unoag 
epectrorcopiotr. The field ir rife with aow devokpnenk mad reemr on the 
nsuroptoteiru which is r-ht in our rerouch. Tb. roqairement. fer mole- 
cular simplicity and for ultrapvity preckb. the eramimation d intact poly- 
peptides as they are  f o d  h i a  n m  xnicrawave motbad placer no 8uch 
restrict(ma on moleculrr ai-; imbed, r a o p a u h ~  d minced throe w i l l  be 
placed in the cavity. 
by molecular anisotrapy. 
cavity and to make control mearurementr ir predicated 09 these considerations. 
ir p r i b b  h t  8 m w p r  rp4JM be rimdated 
The decirfon to prsc& d t h  the cmrtmcUoP Of the 
The continuing influx of new refinements in High-Resolution techniques 
We will keep abreast of new develop- makes NMR an exciting field to watch. 
ments as  they are reported, co~%ii iu; .1~ . '  '-- --*--- %*aretical evaluation in an attempt 
to uncover methods for its application in nerve membrane research. 
' ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 
C '  
Considerations of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance methods to elucidate 
neuroprotein structure appear to meet with much the same limitations as found 
in NMR. New developments for NMR carry over into this allied field, with 
consequences for improved resolution and increased sensitivity. The retrie - 
val of discrete spectral information again hinges on the simplicity of the elec- 
tronic structures encountered, with transitions from electronic splitting 
appearing as a smeared signal when adjacent fields influence the quantized 
spin-coupling. A6 this technique hao been given only a brief examination, 
(13) 
its critical appraisal must follow a more intsxuive study. W e  propoae thie 
study as  a correlate to continued NAAR rerearch. 
MPROVED KLYSTRON CSCILLATOR 
Laboratory For Electronic., kc, offerr 8 new Klyrtron oacillatof, 
%e Series # 841 Phase-Locked O r c U t o r .  Stability i r  given am 1 part in 
10 lsec;  power output is to 200 mw. 
. %  
8 Thie omcilhtor har provision for cry- 
stal frequency monitorin@ and would be locbd to an external crystal as a 
reference standard if greater rt8bility were no6d.d and c d d  be achieved. 
PIN diode leveling of the aatput c d d  g i w  power s k w  if this 
with the detection circuitry time conrhntr. 
A direct-reading microrrrave COUl l fa r ,  ths Syatron-Doornsr Model # 1037 
with # 1292 Transfer Oscillator, could be used to read out digitally the cavity 
half-power bandwidth, giving an accuracy to frequency information which 
would be limited only by the flex paint triggering accuracy. A. a calibration 
4 14) 
device, this c u t e r  rvPuld be an invaluable the- raver .  If triggering circuits 
could be devised which were superior to graphic method. for determining the 
I 
-10- . 
0 ,  sensing ability of these circuits. Solid State circuitry with this sensitivity 
may have been developed, but we have not uncovered it as yet. 
- 
c 
-11- 
s 
XENTATIVE EXPERIMENTAL SCHEDULE 
1. 1/1/66 - 4/1/66: C a r t m t i m  & k a t -  d tb m i c r m -  ~8Uiw 
2. 4/1/66 - 7/1/66: Eitabbhment d ctmtrd valuer, with bovine se= 
albumen, horae haemoglobin, lyrosyma, gelatin, p-lactoglobin. 
These will be examined for their agreement with values of Buchanon, 
-- et al, PROC.ROY.SOC.LON., - 213, p. 379, 1952, andwithHaggi8, 
-- et al, J. CHEM. PHYS., 20, p. 1452, 1952. 
A concurrent project will be to b t o r m h  cell bax charasteristico 
for the envi-entally-controlled neuroprotein meerurements to 
folluw. Prement plans call for the use of d a t a  microwave equip- 
ment at the J o h  Hop#- University; however, X-Y PtsbLer will be 
3. 
4. 
ne e ded. 
7/1/66 - 12/31/66: FixrPl cell derign w i l l  be determined, using the 
Vogelhut cell ar a pi&. Temperature coptrol and kunidity contal 
systems wi l l  be built UIid used to rtabUse tha cell. Initial Peuropro- 
tein experiment. will be made at thir time, wing the method of Haggir 
and Vogelhut. No mirotropic rnerrur.mont8 ~ be a$tempt.d in thir 
phare. 
1/1/67 - 6/30/67: Anirotropic effect. aa ramp& dielectric C W M  
- 
will be examined. Hardware will  be propeoed for tbir purporo aad 
* *  its conrtruction begon Both ccmtrol proteim axl experimental neuro- 
prateina will be mewured, and the re& wUl b W y r e d  in rslrtiaa 
anirolropy. 
1. Vogelhut, P. O . ,  Nature, - 203, p. 1169, 1964 
2. Personal communication w i t h  Dr. Vogelhut 
3. "Microwave Engineer's Handbook and Buyer's Guide", Horizon House 
Microwave, Inc., Brookline, Mass., p. T43, 1963. 
4. Vogelhut, P.O. , OJ cit, p. 1170 
5. R.G. Grenell, D. McCulloch, NASA PROGRESS REPORT, February, 1964 
6. Von Hippel, A. G. , "Dielectric Materials and Application#" 
7. 
8. Ibid, p. 101 
9. "High Resolution NMR Spectra Catalog", Vols. I and 11, Varian Associates, 
Bovey, F . A . ,  CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING NEWS, 43, p. 102, 1965 
-
Palo Alto, California, 1963 
10. Fruton, J.S., "General Biochemistry", J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1958, 
pp. 129-161. 
Oncley, J. L. , "Chemical Characterization of Proteins, Carbohydrates and 
Lipids", In J. L. Oncley, -- et al, "Biophysical Science, A Study Program", 
J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1959. 
~~auiiiqj,  L. 
Ithaca, New York, 1960, p. 289, pp. 498-504 
- 
"The Nature of the Chemical Bond", Cornel1 University Press, 
11. Bovey, F.A., opere citato, p. 104 
12. Silverstein, R. M. , Baaaler, G. C. , "Spectrometric Identification of Organic 
 compound^^^, J. Wiley & Son#, New YOrk, 1963, p. 82 
Bovey, F.A., %tit, p. 111 
COMPUTER O F  AVEUGE TRANSIENTS, %trier 400, Mnenotron, Inc. , 
White Plains, New York, 1964, Section Vf, 
Sandorfy, C., IIElectronic Spectto srd W n k u n  Chemistry", Prentice Hall 
Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1964, p.337, 140 
13. 
R E F E N C E X  ( Cont'd. ) 
r. 
13. (cont'd) Dyer, J. R. , "Applkrtioer d -0- Spectroocopy of Organic 
Ccunpounda", Prentice Hall Iac. ; E n g l o d  Cliffa, New Jersey, 
1965, p. 97. 
14. This technique was suggested by Dr. Vogelhut ar an alternative method 
-. 
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Molecular binding in the cell surface Progress report, period ending 31 Dec. 1965

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