Compilation and evaluation of diffusivity and viscosity data on gas and liquid turbulent flow system

Beckmann, R. B.

Mason, E. A.

English

NASA Technical Reports Server

0 . 
NASA Grant NGR-2l.-003-053 
S*dannUal  status FF2Pr-h No. 1 
July 1, 1965 t o  Deccmbcr 31, 1965 
Depaxtment of Chemical Engineering 
Institute Eor Molecular Physics 
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Statement of Work. -- 
The purpose of t h i s  program is  t o  compile and c r i t i c a l l y  
evaluate d i f fus iv i ty  and viscosity data on gas, l iquid,  so l id  
and turbulent flow systems. The progrsm was begun during the 
past  s ix  months. 
i s  discussed separately i n  the following sections. 
(a )  Diffusion in Gases. 
Progress i n  the  various areas of the  program 
-- 
The objectives during the  lest s i x  months were: (1) t o  
prepare a comprehensive l i t e r a t u r e  survey of e-erimental 
measurements of d i lu t e  gas binary diffusion coefficients;  and, 
(2) t o  i n i t i a t e  a program for  the evaluation and correlation 
of diffusion measurements. 
complete. 
The l i t e r a t u r e  search i s  essent ia l ly  
Diffusion coefficients of the best-known binary sys- 
tems, helium-argon, are being correlated. This review of He-Ar 
data indicates t ha t  the correlated experimental resnlBa w i l l  
be sat isfactory for a reference system. 
The literature survey obtained copies of published papers 
begimhg with t he  ecrliest usef.c;l d i f ~ m i o n  iwzsueaients (;&pj . 
Approximately 200 references have been obtained. It remains 
to complete the cross-checking of references c i t ed  within each 
paper and t o  continue the re t r ieva l  of new diffusion measurements, 
An annotated bibliography w i l l  be prepared. 
The diffusion measurements f o r  helium-argon are the  most 
Published data fran camprehensive of all binary gas systems. 
1904 (Sckrmidt) t o  1966 (Malinauskas) are available. 
15 sc i en t i s t s  have measured the diffusion coeff ic ient  (DAr-He) 
A t o t a l  of 
2 
* 
I 
at low pressures, approximately 
are between the temperatures of 
1 atm. The direct measurements 
273' and 1063%. Indirect mea- 
surements involving mixture viscosity, thermal diffusion, and 
xtlolecular beam scattering extend the available temperature range 
over which DEe Ar can be obtained down to 72°K and up to 15,000'K. 
A graph of log DAr-He versus log T (72°K- T - 15,000"K) 
indicated that a correlation of the form D =: aTs was most appli- 
cable. Since measurements had been made V X i Q V S  ~ ~ P o ~ * ~ ~ n s ,  
the e?qeXimentak Yia;LUM Qg 
cornpositon by a semi-empirical correlation.' At a maximum the 
effect 4s between a helium trace in ergon and an argon trace in 
helium. The data were reduced to argon trace composition. 
diff'usion data are now being least-squared with various weights 
and in various temperature ranges. 
tation is designed to give us some estimate of the reliability 
and sensitivity to error of our final sulpmsry of allneasurements. 
A theoretical investigation of higher kinetic theory approxi.. 
- 
- A ~  Were GOr@eC*ed $0 a ,$bc& 
The 
This numerical experimen- 
mtions  has been made 
ting a2 and to help decide what composition such a calculated 
q 2  refers to.2 
to assess the error involved in calcula- 
The results are very encouraging. 
When the helium-argon system is finished, we will proceed 
to other binary systems for which large quantities of data exist. 
'Mason, E. A . ,  S. Weissman and R. P. Wendt, "Composition Depen- 
dence of Gaseous Thermal Diffusion Factors and Mutual Diffu- 
sion Coefficients ," Physics of Fluids, 1, ( 2 ) ,  174-179 (1964). 
*Stornick, T. S. and E. A. Mason, to be published, 
Y 
3 
Liquids. 
Data on the liquid phase molecular transport coefficients 
is being compiled and evaluation of some systems will begin 
shortly. Both aqueous and non-aqueous solvent systems with 
ionizing solutes are included in the program. 
ally from this compilation and evaluation survey are those 
systems in which the solvent or t h e  solute represents a hetero- 
geneous chemical species that can not be readily characterized on 
the basis of pure component properties--for example, a l i m a  tar 
or broad spectrum liquid petroleum of generally variable compo- 
sition and properties would not be included, but a binary, ternary 
or multicamponent mixture (either solvent or solute) of pure 
components with a definable composition is to be included. 
Excluded initi- 
For the purpose of providing a convenient format for the 
initial characterization of liquid systems, the following 
classification system has been tentatively adopted; 
I. 
11. 
Polar Solvents with Ionizing or Non-Ionizing Solutes. 
Non-Polar Organic Solvents with Ionizing or Non- 
Ionizing Solutes. 
Inorganic and Liquid Metal Solvents with Organic or 
Inorganic Solutes. 
111, 
The general plan of operation is as follows: 1) establish 
the defining bounds and the inter-relationships of the various 
molecular transport coefficients and classify the prevailing 
experimental techniques generally used; 2) survey the litera- 
ture to determine the available information and decide the most 
4 
I , appropriate informational- format f o r  the compilation and pre- 
sentation of the information; and (3) c r i t i c a l l y  evaluate the 
collated information. 
In  the  in i t ia l  phase of the project  the literature has 
been surveyed t o  pennit a general c lass i f ica t ion  and delinea- 
t i on  of t he  experimental techniques and the theories of l iquid 
phase molecular transport  have been reviewed and collated t o  
enable the definition of t he  vartous possible t rmspor5 c9e:f- 
ficients---integral ,  d i f fe ren t ia l ,  etc. 
Because of the large scope of each of the  above areas, 
the initial phases of the l i t e r a t u r e  survey have been directed 
primarily a t  the last f ive  years (1960-1965). 
reasons fo r  this i n i t i a l  l i n i t a t ion  was that t h i s  peyiod would 
afford a barometer f o r  the source6 of current information and 
serve a8 a guide for continuing effor ts ;  also, the current lit- 
erature i s  least l ike ly  t o  be available i n  compendiums availa- 
ble t o  researchers i n  t he  f i e l d .  Some of the more s ignif icant  
ezrfier coiieetions have also been included incfuded i n  these 
in i t ia l  compilations. 
Turbulent Transport Coefficients. 
One of the  
Data on the  transport  of chemical species, heat, and momen- 
tum i n  turbulent flow f ie lds  is being compiled and evaluated. 
Both confhed and free flow f ie lds  are being surveyed. 
the typ5s of t ransport  i n  confined flow are:  
momenta1 -sport i n  conduits; porous media, and boundary layers.  
Free or unconfined flow includes; 
Some of 
heat, i’l&SS and 
jets and streams issuing i n to  
5 
large bodies; meteorological, and oceanographic flows. 
Only systems fo r  which the molecular transport  coeff ic ients  
are w e l l  established are being considered. 
survey are: non-Newtonian fluids;  systems at  extremely high 
or low temperatures; magneto hydrodynamic systems; and, very 
low pressure gases. 
sonic turbulent flow of gases and l iquids.  
is  becoming available on turbulence i n  supersonic flow of gases. 
As more information becomes available super-sonic flow fields 
w i l l  be given increased consideration. 
Excluded from the 
The major emphasis a t  present is on sub- 
Some information 
The plan of operation follows a three s tep sequence: (1) 
define the  quant i t ies  t o  be measured and the interrelat ionship 
between the basic turbulent properties and the  turbulent t rans-  
port; (2) survey the l i t e r a tu re  i n  each of the above areas t o  
determine what information a d  data are available; (3)  evaluate 
t he  data and present it i n  convenient form f o r  use by workers 
i n  the field.  
Iii t he  i n i t i a i  phase of the project the l i t e r a t u r e  survey 
has been directed toward obtaining a comprehensive coverage of 
the  above areas rather than an a l l  inclusive survey. 
regard at tent ion has been directed primarily t o  the l i t e r a t u r e  
of the past f ive  years. 
In t h i s  
It has been our experience that the nomenclature and methods 
of analysis in the various areas a re  suf f ic ien t ly  different  t o  
warrent t h e  preparation of a brief statement t ha t  outl ines the 
subject and provides a means of unifying and integrating the  
. 
. 
6 
data to a camon format. Such a statement has been drafted 
and will be included i n  the  annual report  along with the  
data obtained from the  l i t e r a t u r e  survey. 
Solids and Penetrant - Polymers Systems. -- 
Work on these areas was not begun during the  first six 
months of t he  program. 
i n  the  sol ids  area was tha t  Professor Schaznp was appointed 
The main reason f o r  Ea& of activity 
Dew of Faculty at  the new Baltimore Camps of the  University 
of Maryland. 
Personnel. 
The investigation of diffusion i n  gases is directed by 
Dr. E. A. Mason. Efe has been assis ted by one graduate student, 
Mr. T. R. Marrero. The liquid diffusion survey is directed by 
Dr. R. B. Beckmaan, with the assistance of two graduate stu- 
dents, M r .  W. B. E U l e  and M r .  P. M. Vashist. Dr. J. M. Marchello 
is directing the  turbulent transport survey and was assisted by 
one graduate studenti M z e  si E. mm~er. 
M r .  Cramer and M r .  Ellis leave the  prodect i n  February 
and w i l l  be replaced with other graduate students. 


Critical Evaluation and Compilation of Viscosity and Diffusivity Data Semiannual Status Report No. 1, Jul. 1 - Dec. 31, 1965

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