Analyses of telemetry systems used on Saturn launch vehicle

Griffin, M. A.

English

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STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF TELEMETRY
SYSTEMS FOR THE SATURN VEHICLE
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By
Marvin A. Griffin
Project Co -Director
August, 1968
FINAL REPORT
Prepared for
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Marshall Space Flight Center
Huntsville, Alabama
under
Contract Number NAS8-20172
Systems Engineering Group
Bureau of Engineering Research
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University of Alabama
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4INTRODUCTION
The work accomplished under this contract and extensions has
consisted of a series of investigations and analyses of Telemetry
Systems used on the Saturn Vehicle.
During the performance of this contract eleven interim
technical reports consisting of about 1,400 pages have been
published. These reports fully document the work which has been
accomplished.
This report consists of a brief summary of each of the eleven
interim technical reports.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
	
TITLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
	 i
	
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
	
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
REPORT NUMBER AND TITLE
10. An Algorithm for Determining Program Feasibility
	
of a Multi-Mode PAM Commutator Telemetry System . . . .
	 1
11. Analysis of the Linearity Characteristics, Tape
Recorders and Compensation Effects in the FM/FM
	
Telemetry System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
	
2
13. Statistical Quality Control Applied to a Telemetry
	
System Acceptance Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 	 4
14. A Model for the Determination of Optimum Sampling
Rates	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 	 6
15. A Statistical Investigation of the Effects
Contributed by Tape Recorders and by WOW and
Flutter of Magnectic Tape on the Accuracy of
	
a Telemetry System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 	 7
16. Experimental Analysis to Determine the Number of
Required Calibration Levels and Samples at Each
	
Level for the FM/FM Telemetry System . . . . . . . . . . 	 8
17. Statistical Estimation of Variation Parameters on
Inflight Telemetry Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 	 9
18. Some Statistical Tools and Techniques Useful in the
Design and Analysis of Aerospace Telemetry
Experiments	 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	 10
19. A Statiscal Analysis of Dynamic Error in the FM/FM
	
Telemetry System of the Saturn Space Vehicle . . . . . . 	 11
20. A Computer Simulation Study of Failure Behavior of
	
Components and Their Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . 	 12
21. Analytical Reliability Models and Specifications . . . . 	 13
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Technical Report Number 10
TITLE: An Algorithm for Determining Program Feasibility of a
Multi -Mode PAM Commix tator Telemetry System
DATE:
	
Aiagus t, 1865
SUMMARY:
This is the tenth report in a series of technical reports
concerned with the Telemetry Systems to be used on the Saturn
Vehicle. It is concerned with the design of an appropriate
algorithm for evaluating strapping arrangement programs for an
All Purpose PAM Multi-Mode Commutation System.
Both manual and digital computer methods for programming
commutators to the gates of the master control unit of an M Channel
Multi-Mode Commutator System are included. Additionally, the
algorithm has been used to determine all feasible programs for a
30-Channel Multi-Mode Commutator System and tr'le results are
summarized as an Appendix to the report.
1
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Technical Report Number 11
TITLE: Analysis of the Linearity Characteristics, Tape Recorders
and Com pensation Effects in the FM IFM Telemetry System
DATE:	 March, 1966
SUMMARY:
This repor- describes a set of exploratory ex periments per-
formed on the FM/FM Telemetry System. These experiments were
performed to investigate:
1. System linearity characteristics for two major sub-
systems; i . e., 'the package sub-system and the receiving
and data reduction sub-system.
2. The effects of tape recorders as a system component.
3. The effects of tape speed compensation as related to
system noise.
In general, the purpose of the linearity experiments was to
determine if any non-linear effects existed within the system. Over-
all system tests indicated an affirmative answer. The degree of
non-linearity was determined and a mathematical model which describes
this effect was formulated. This experiment was performed prior to
that presented in Technical Report Number 9 and served as a
foundation for the design, of that experiment.
The experiments related to tape recorder effects resulted in
the development of a methodology for isolating the errors associated
with individual components of the system. This methodology is pre-
sented in detail and the isolated errors within the experimental
system summarized.
A methodology for determining the error assignable to the
instability of the system was also developed. This methodology is
presented and the portion of instability error associated with the
	
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various system components summarized.
Findings on the advantages offered by tape spend compensation
have also been summarized. A possible explanation for the large
interaction variance documented in Technical Report Number 2 is
discussed as is the large contribution of the analog tape recorders
to total system noise.
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Technical Report Number 13
TITLE: Statistical Quality Control Applied to a Telemetry System
Acceptance Procedure
DATE:	 June. 1466
SUMMARY:
This is the thirteenth of a series of technical reports
concerned with the Telemetry Systems on the Saturn vehicle.
The purpose of this report is to develop a methodology for
implementing statistical control charts as a basis for telemetry
package acceptance procedures. The methodology is developed for
both the control chart for mean values and for the control chart
for standard deviations.
A total expected cost model which relates alpha and beta errors
as well as the sample size is developed. This model is used to
establish optimum upper and lower control limits for the chart for
mean values. Control limits for the chart for standard deviations
are then established based on this model.
An experiment that was designed and conducted for the purpose
of testing the feasibility of the optimum control limits is reported.
Results of this experiment confirm the reasonableness of the
assumptions made in the cost model. Subcarrier oscillators in the
experimental telemetry package that were intentionally maladjusted
are detected by the control charts.
Estimates of the accuracy and precision of the telemetry
package are obtained and ninety-nine per cent confidence limits are
established for these limits.
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for both charts These standards may be used for future package
check oat procedures.
6Technical Report Number 14
TITLE: A Model for the Determination of Optimum Sampling Rate
DATE: 	 June, 1066
S 014MARY:
This is the fourteenth of a series of technical reports conce rned
with the telemetry systems on the Saturn Vehicle.
The purnose of this report is to formulate a cost model which
may be used for the determination of optimum sampling rates for
the Saturn telemetry system.
A total expected cost model is developed which includes equip-
ment cost' s. data reduction costs, and the costs associated with
inaccuracy or error. Each element of cost is expressed as a function
of sampling rate. The method of least squares regression analysis
is used to estimate the various functional relationships from known
information.
The assumption underlying the derivation of the error sampling
rate relationship is investigated. Power spectral densities from
samples of actual telemetry measurements are calculated and compared
with an assumed power spectral density.
An example is presented to illustrate usage of the model.
Parameters from present systems are used. to estimate the cost for
telemetering equipment and for data reduction time as a function of
sampling rate. A "reasonable" function is estimated for the cost
associated with error a: a function of sampling rate. An optimum
sampling rate is obtained using these parameters.
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Technical Re port Number 15
TITLE: A Statistical Investigation of the Effects Contributed by
Tape Recorders and by WOW and Flutter of M agnectic Tape on
the Accuracy of a Telemetry System
	
DATE:	 July, 1966
SUMMARY:
The purpose of this report is to describe an experiment in
which the effects contributed by analog tape recorders were investi-
gated. Also, the noise contributed by the wow and flutter effect
of magnetic tape was studied in relation to the accuracy of a
telemetry system.
Since the data collected for this experiment did not conform
to a normal distribution, a non'-parametric test was employed in
testing for significant difference between the tape tracks and tape
recorders, in regard to their noise indexes.
The ratio of the standard deviation over the range was used
as a relative measure of the error or noise effect in the system and
provided the best information for ranking tape recorders and tape
tracks in terms of system noise.
A secondary experiment in noise analysis was performed in order
to corroborate the results obtained in the original experiment.
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Technical Report Number 16
TITLE: Experimental Analysis to Determine the Number of Required
Calibration Levels and Samples at Each Level for the FMIFM
Telemetry System
DATE :	 August, 1966
SUMMARY:
This is the sixteenth of a series of technical reports concerned
with the Telemetry Systems on the Saturn Vehicle.
As an extension of Technical Report Number 9, a methodology ii
developed to determine the mathematical model which relates input
to output of a telemetry system. Since it is infeasible to develop
the model under the actual environmental conditions, a simulation
model reflecting the linearity characteristics of the true system
is employed. Three levels of random noise are recognized as existing
in the system. These three levels are respectively considered for
the second, third, and fourth degree coefficients of the simulated
polynomial relation.
The regression analysis, with orthogonal polynomials technique,
is used to find the curve providing the adequate fit. To determine
the optimal calibration levels and sample size at each level, analysis
of variance in conjunction with Duncan ' s Multiple Range Test is
employed.
Under the simulated experimental conditions, two calibration
steps with fifteen samples at each step is significantly better
than other techniques.
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Technical Report Number 17
TITLE: Statistical Estimation of Variation Param° t .
	 on Inf light
Telemetry Systems
DATE:	 June, 1967
SUMMARY:
This is the seventeenth of a series of technical reports
concerned with the telemetry systems on the Saturn Vehicle.
The purpose of this report is to develop a methodology for
estimating variation parameters on inflight telemetry systems and
to apply this methodology to data available for Flights SA7, SA8,
SA9, and SA10 to establish variation estimates for these systems.
These estimates are made rasing data obtained from inflight
calibrations.
Noise and drift are the variation parameters considered.
Confidence limits for estimates of these parameters are given.
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Technical Report Number 18
TITLE: Some Statistical  Tools and Techniques Useful in the
Design and Analysis of Aerospace Telemetry Experiments
DATE:	 July, 1967
SUMMARY:
This is the eighteenth of a series of technical reports
concerned with the Telemetry Systems on the Saturn Vehicle.
The purpose of this report is to present a collection of
the various statistical tools and techniques which have proven to
be useful in the design of telemetry experiments and the analysis
of results.
The material in this report is presented in increasing
order of complexity. The techniques presented cover a wide
range from the basic statistical concepts, through the more
advanced analysis techniques incluOing regression analysis and
analysis of variance.
The theoretical basis for each technique is outlined and
exemplified by an appropriate example. In general, these examples
have been taken from analyses performed on some phase of the
telemetry system.
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Technical Report Number 19
TITLE: A Statiscal Analysis of Dynamic Error in the FM/FM
Telemetry System of the Saturn Space Vehicle
DATE:	 August, 1967
SUMMARY:
This is the nineteenth of a series of technical reports
concerned with the telemetry s ystems of the Saturn Vehicle.
The nurnose of this report is twofold: first to determine
what factors significantly affect the accuracy of the FM/FM
telemetry system; and secondly, to estimate the accuracy of the
system for a dynamic input source. The total error of the
telemetry system is analyzed and then it is broken down into its
static and dynamic error components.
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Technical Report Number 20
TITLE: A Comnuter Simulation Study of Failure Behavior of
Components and Their Reliability
DATE:	 September, 1967
SUMMARY:
The purpose of this report is to develop a methodology
to generate the failure frequency curve considering the
effect of chance failure, the effect of wearout failure, and
the combined effect of both on components. The effect of
replacements before and after the failure of components have
been studied. A methodology to determine system reliability
is presented.
The simulation methodology presented in this thesis can be
used to study the failure characteristics and reliability of any
component provided that the theoretical or empirical distributions
of failures are known.
12
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Technical Report Number 21
TITLE: Analytical Reliability Models and Specifications
DATE:	 August, 1968
SUMMARY:
This report presents appropriate methods for applying the
analytical principles of reliability to the design, test and
specification of telemetry equipment. Statistical sampling
techniques are derived for estimating MTBF and for placing
confidence limits on MTBF. Two Fortran computer programs are
included in the report. The first program computes the reli-
ability of series and narallel circuits. The second program
simulates random failure times based on the exponential distribution.
A rapid reliability estimating procedure is presented and
used to estimate the reliability of a telemetry transmitter.
13


Study and analysis of telemetry systems for the Saturn vehicle Final report

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