Microwave and infrared measurements of Mount Lassen surface topograph

Brennan, P. A.

Chapman, P. E.

Kirchner, D.

Nicolarsen, D.

Quade, J. G.

Robertson, P.

English

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https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19690021685 2020-03-12T03:34:53+00:00Z
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Mackay School of IM, i n a s
	
Universi	 OIX o. ava d a
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MACKAY SCHGOOL OF MINES
UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA
-	 RENO, NEVADA
Preliminary Ground Truth Report of the
Mt. Lassen Test Site i56
t
by
Peter Chapan, Peter Brenran, Jack Quade
Pat Robertson, David Nicolarsen, and David Kirchner
Mackay School of Mines
University of Nevada
Reno, Nevada
ti
Prepared for the
National Aeronautical and Space Administration
TECHNICAL REPORT 8
Contract: NAS 9-7044
	
August 14. 1967	 ?
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract................................................................ii
GeneralGeology ......................................................... 1
SampleLocation Map ..................................................... 3
ChemicalAnaylsis ....................................................... 4
Partical Size Distribution .............................................. 8
DensityMoisture Yeasuremarts ...........................................11
DiurnalHeating Graph.............. ......................................12
Surface Roughness Measurements ..........................................13
References ..............................................................17
t•
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ABSTRACT
The cin-der cone area of Mt. Lassen has been selected as a test site
because it provides an excellent target for micrcrave and infrared by
eliminating zany of the pare-titers that contribute to the total signal. The
alr..ost total absence of vegetation reduces biospheric interference to a
minic.Ln, while a variation of approximately 100 feet in topography eliminates
slope problems effecting the microwave. Lakes will provide an excellent
source for calibration while the usually dry air should reduce total moisture
in the ground-to-plane interface which effects the infrared.
The primary purpose of this study will be to observe the effects of
surface roughness, porosity, thermal conduction and size distribution char-
acteristics to the total signal on the microwave and infrared portions of the
spectra.
In the infrared portion of the spectra, target surface radiance is reasured
as surface te±-perature, but the emission characteristics of the material in
its ir-ediate er:viroai*nt is a product of its absorbtion and conduction abilities.
The Lassen site provides large ham.-ogeneous areas where the errission, absorbtion
and conduction characteristics are markedly different while all other parereters
re-main measurable or constant.
In the microwave portion of the spectra the signal is strongly influenced
by the terperature at much greater depths than in the infrared. Subsurface
tem=peratures are strongly dependent on the thermal diffusivity of the target
material therefore greater emphasis will be placed on rRasuring porosity,
contained water and thermal resistivity of the rock and soil types.
Another area of prim. interest in the microwave portion of the spectra is
the emitted signal scattering effect due to surface geometry. In the absence
s
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of large vertical shifts in the topc•graphy the problem of interpreti r; the
micro surface roughness characteristics should be greatly si—plified.
A test site of varrving micro surface geor--etry and porosity, without undue
influence fro, other para-eters has long been overdue in the instrument
calibration progra.-7. The Mt. Lassen Test Site should provide valuable
answers to problems involving the cc7plex study of geologic raps by re-cte
sensing techniques.
Linder Cone, altered cinders, and black flows as seen fre°i a plane
using infrared film. Note the older, smaller cone on the south side of the
larger cone.
iii
i{
GENERAL GEOLOGY
The volcanic province of which Mt. Lassen Volcanic national Park is a
part contains a well exposed series of eruptive rocks at cinder cone, which
is about ten miles east-northeast of Lassen Peak. The cinder cone is a
product of a series of pyroclastic eruptions beginning several thousand years
ago and concluding in 1851. After each eruption there was an effusion of
lava from the base of the cinder cone-followed by long periods of quiescence.
Several other smaller primary cones exist in the southern and northern part of
the flows which complicate trying to date and number all the flows, a factor
we hope to cast some light on when all the data is available.
The lava flows have damned  the drainage into Butte Lake, thus forming
Snag Lake which is thirty-three feet higher and now supplies water through the
porous flo:rs into Butte Lake. Prior to the last lava flows, deposition in the
form of diatomaceous earth accumulated in Butte Lake, vestiges of which can
still be found along the margins of Butte Lake and the lava flogs.
A close inspection of the flogs along the flight line revealed a large
percentage of blocky lava, some as and even less Pahoehoe, the latter being
associated with the later flows. The last flow which is distinctly black
can be easily traced from the breach in the southern end of the cone, while the
earlier flows in the immediate vicinity of the cinder cone a-e more difficult
to differentiate in that they have been altered by weathering or fumarolic
action and are covered by a thin mantle of ash and cinders. The greatest
percentage of flow material along the flight line appears, on first examination,
to be homogeneous in texture and chemical composition.
1
A satisfactory explanation for the presents of quartz as xenoliths and
white pumiceous inclusions in the matrix of all the basalt flows has not ,vet
been Found; we hope to have more on this phenoreGa when we have had time to
examir;e the samples petrographically.
View of the lava flows and Cinder Cone as seen from the flight line
looking southwest from Butte Lake.
2^
C4.^'TE LAKE
a
x',43
SAMPLE LOCATION MAP
	 ..^
..	 .... .....
	
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3
CHEMICAL AVIALYSIS
The preliminary chemical analyses were done using NASA's Seirens Universal
X-ray Srectrc-eter. Each of the sa-ples was split and half ground for chemistry
and the other half saved for future reference. Specimens were ground to 400
mesh  and pressed into pellets order 30,C00 si. They were then znalyzed 4 timesIP
for each ele-ent and the data was cc-pared to G-1 and W-1 before the results
were a verayad.
The results should be considered preliminary, as statistical- evaluation
of the data has not yet been rode; hcae=ar, the precision for each of the elements
except Alt- ;nLn is very good and ccrparisons between sa-ples from this site are
valid.
Further chi ical work is planned. It will be inciuced in the final Lassen
report to be written later in 1951 or early in 11958. The future work will
ineludi; doubliq the r , -ber of analyses, ad=ing Sa20, 1'.,0 and perhaps S rO and
rechecking sc-e of the analyses already procured.
St:°•r^ary cf Chemical Fnelvses
Unaltered Unalter d
Cinder
Altered Cinder
Quartz 3asalt2 (Painted Cunes)3
SiO2 $5.55 55.25 53.68
A1r3 15.67 14.55 13.62
K2 1.49 1.48 1.29
Ca0 9.64 9.21 9.83
TiO .79 .80 78
Total Iron as Fe263 8.21 8.00 8.27
"	 1. 8 samples; 46 2.5, h691, 1696, 11697, 0698, N704, 11709, N712.
2. 4 samples; h677, h578, 1+6£2, 1694
3. 2 samples; N662, N663
In addition to typical samples along the flight lines. several spring deposits
and possible hot spring deposits and two stratigraphic sections were analized.
4
Lake deposit (diatomite) 	 Highly altered sample
between Butte Lae 6	 Highly altered from inactive hot spr ng
Paint;-d. Dunes
	
sample,_ sprin0
2
_	 south of cinder cane
Si0
2
zz	 77.97	 33.33	 45.77
'
2 .99
K10o3	 .59
	 12. 60 	19.74
CaO	 3.35	 7.14	 5.08
TiO	 .58	 .36	 1.40
Total Iron as Fe263	 3.51	 9.35	 4.36
• ,, 1 ;.Amp l e; N683
c, 1 samp'. e; N703
3. 1 semple; N724
One c,' the two str,:tigraphi(, sections, collected half a mile southwest of
clue cinder cone, cu`s thrtgn several layers of recent cinder to the light ashy
tfdroc^ below. Tie secv! :u section was collected in an altered cinder area one
half mile t6 the cast of the cone; it does not reach pre-eruptive material but
shows the range of alteration through a thick section of cinder.
Section 1 -southviest of cone
Sample No.
55.04
	
Al
I4.936
Cao
T 6 083*
N6782 55.32	 14.34 1.57 8.64 .80 7.92
N6793 52.47	 13.51 .99 10.37 .77 8.72
N6804 55.24	 18.25 1.85 7.20 .80 7.83
N681 5 56.63	 18.24 1.58 8.27 1108 7.69
*Total Iron as Fe203
1.	 unaltered cinder at surface
2.	 unaltered cinder just below surface
3.	 unaltered cinder at base of 5' thick cinder section
4.	 Brownish soil with pebbles - stream deposit
5.	 Ashy pinkish brudn beds
Section of cinder east of cone
Sample No.
'	 R720 L
Si_02
M.
03
Al*UI
K_00
1.08
Ca0
10 .00
T^
.75
Le	 *
8.49
N7192 53.06 13.34 L08 10 . 59 •.71 A.73
N7183 52.86 13.95 1.14 10.22 .75 8.29
N7174 $5.67 14.77 1.48 9.60 .81 8.17
N7165 55.36 13.50 1.45 9.34 .82 8.25
N7156 $4.95 15.36 1.40 9.94 .85 8.37
N7147 $4.83 14.84• 1.40 9.70 .84 7.98
5
*Total Iron as Fe203
1. Slightly altered cinder
2. Varigated oxidized Cinder
3. Varie;:ted oxidized cinder
4. Unaltered cinder
5. Oxidized cinder
6. Mixed oxidized and uroxidized cinder
7. Mixed oxidized and u^oxidized cin^?r
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*Butte Lake and the lava flaws as seen frog the top of the Cinder Cone,
looking northeast along the flight line.
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PARTICLE SIZE MALYSIS
Particle size analysis w s done on a standard set of square root of two
series serves. The weights have been reduced by means of a cc.--putter program
'	 modified frc,-,i one by Ncbson at Northwestern University. The results are
recorded as, nean phi dia-eter, phi standard deviation, skewness (s)nrr„etry of
the curve), and Kurtosis (peakedness of the curve). from these parameters a
Sono modal distribution curve ray be reconstructed.
	
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In addition to sG .--ples along the flight line and a suppl'rentary north-
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processed.(see chemical analysis).
' Particle Analysis of
Colurnrnar section southeast of crater
• wean phi dial-pater	 phideviation^stan^dard skewness Kurtosis
N682 -1.33 LOT .43
N678 t .39 1.35 .16 .62
H679 - 1.52 1.41 .23 -.68
N680 - .65 1.72 .01 -.91
N681 -1.12 1.77 .50 .70
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Snag Lake from the to; of the Cinder Cone looking south along the flight
line. The lighter colored raterial is altered cinders.on top of older floes,
while the dark basalt standing in the lo--_~ right hand side and curvin g
 to the
left is the 1851 flow.
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Highly altered cinders as seen from the top of the Cinder Cone looking east.
10
DENSITY AND MOISTURE
Density and roisture reasurerents were made using a Nuclear Chicago,
ga r^.a-garra, neutron probe. An area on painted dunes was chosen for the^.
uniforrity of loose cinder r:.ateriai and eight locations were checked for
'	 consistency.
GA^ 'A-Gr.1'a,A & hEUT: O't PROBE DATA FRO X. PAINTED CUNES
Site 'to.	 net Density Dry Censity	 Percent water	 Percent porocity*
=	 #11	 1.35 1.34 1.2 47.8
#22	1.05 1.03 2.5 60.0
#33	1.14 1.11 2.3 56.6
#44	1.16 1.14 2.3 55.6
#55	1.18 1.16 1.2 S4.7
X66	1.14 1.09 4.2 57.5
#77	.88 .84 3.6 66.9
#88	 1.10 1.06 3.4 58.4
Average	 1.13 1.10 2.6 58.2
*calculated on an asst.ed solid density of 2.7
1.	 Ridge top with cinders over lava
2.	 Valley adjacent to exposed lava
•	 3.	 Level cinders
4.	 150 slope
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5.	 In cinder depression
6.	 Dry stream bed
7.	 Base of cinder knoll
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B.	 350 slope
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The following is a list of formit measurerocnts of the six principle
micro surface types as seen along the flight lines. A map is being prepared
along both flight lines that will differentiate the varied surface types.
13
ww
uEAtI-i-_RED LAVA S1IRFACE
s
s
A_a LAVA SURFACE
s
N
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rE-)
t
x
14
s
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BROKEN BLOCK LAVA
N
S
5
{	 N
E
W
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PAY.OEHOE SURFACE
S
N
W
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E
15
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S
N
EN
S
MICRO AA LAVA SURFACE
N
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E
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AUTO BRECCIATED LAVA
S
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15
References
Macdonald, G. A., 1964, Geolocy of the Proseect Quadrangle, California. (A map)
Day, A. L., and Allen, E. T., The Volcanic Activity of Hot Sorings of Lassen
Peak: Carnegie Inst. of Washington, Pub., 1925.
Finch, R. H., and Anderson, C. A., The uartz Basalt Eruptions of Cinder Cone,
Lassen Volcanic 'rational Park California: Univ. of California Pub.,
ull, of the Cegt. of Geological 16- e, vol 19, ado. 10, pp. 245-273,
pub., 1930.
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Mt. Lassen test site no. 56 Preliminary ground truth report

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