Microwave radiometry and infrared photography for meteorological dat

Brennan, P. A.

Chapman, P. E.

Quade, J. G.

English

NASA Technical Reports Server

OTE SE 
JECT 
Technical Letter * I  
,Mackoy School of Mines 
University of Nevada 
Reno, Nevada 
os- l o  (3 
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19690021240 2020-03-12T03:39:33+00:00Z
MACKAY SCHOOL OF MINES 
UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA 
RENO, NEVADA 
Ground Data I n v e s t i g a t i o n s  
M t .  Lassen, S i t e  56-Mission 76 
by 
Jack G. Quade, P e t e r  E .  Chapman, Peter  A .  Brennan 
and S t a f f  of the  Univers i ty  of Nevada 
Prepared f o r  t h e  
Nat iona l  Aeronaut ical  and Space Adminis t ra t ion 
TECHNICAL LETTER 13 
Contract  NAS 9-7779 
September 1968 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
ii 
The data. embodied j;i !-his r e p o r t  w a s  ga thered  on t h e  M t .  
Lassen test  s i t e ,  # 5 6 >  L'I~ ; regarae ion  f o r ,  dur ing  and immedi- 
a t e l y  a f t e r ,  :lie m?:-f;.ights of J u l y  I?b8. 
F l i g h t s  4 en;' 5 of mission 76 were flown a t  1100 and 0400 
P.D.T. on J u l y  L & t h  and 19th  r e spec t ive ly .  The CV240, NASA 
926, G ~ C L ~ . ~ ~ I .  i I .w s i x  runs ~ C Z J E  each of two l i n e s  both  day and 
n i g h t ,  ?i;?cing a t c t a l  of 2 4  runs.  
The pri.me ins t rument  f o r  t h e  mission i s  t h e  MR62-MR64 micro- 
wsve radiometer system. The Reconofax LV and both  ektachrorne 
1 - R .  ( c o l o r  1 . R . )  and P l u s  X (b lack  and white) photography 
tms flown as supplementary ins t ruments  t o  t h e  radiometers.  
The r ada r  s c a t t e r o m e t e r  was a l s o  flown as a secondary i n s t r u -  
m e n t .  Microwave radiometry was obta ined  f o r  look angles  of 
10 , 30 , and 45 f o r  bo th  v e r t i c a l  and h o r i z o n t a l  po la r i za -  
t i o n s  day and n i g h t .  Four ground s t a t i o n s  were manned during 
both f l i g h t s  t o  provide ground t r u t h  d a t a ,  and Je t  Propulsion 
Laboratory and Space General Microwave s stems were ope ra t ing  
a t  t h e  t i m e  of t h e  o v e r f l i g h t s .  
Y 
- 1- 

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N N N N N N N N N N C J N N N  
v v v v v v v v v v v v v v  ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I  
w w x x w w x x ~ w x ~ w  o o o o o o o o m m m m o  
d d d r l m m m m 4 u 4 u d  
0 0 0 4 o a u d h * r l a 4 F I m  W N m u u m O O d N N m u u  
d d d r l r l d N N N N N N N N  
dr l r l d r l r l dd r lddddd  
............................ 
3 
w m o o 0  bo r l m o o  a) ........ 
Table 1 con't 
4 %  N r n  
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0 0 0 0 0 0 d 4 4 d d d  
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m ~ o r l P J e e o r l - l m m ~ o m  
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O m m \ s ) u N m h m U m N o m  
N m m m m m m m m e u u u u  
00000000000000 
m 0 0 rl N m cr) u m 0 rl v. m ........................ 
6 
Table 1 con't 
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Table 1 con't 
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m o m o m o o m o m m r l o m o m ~ o  
m m m m m m m 0 7 m m u 4 4 * 4 u 4 4  
000000000000000000 
O r l l - l N N m u u m m O r l ~ N m m ~ ~  .............. * ................... 
8 
l- 
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I I I I I I 1 
2200 2400 2:oo 400 6:OO 8:oo 1o:oo 
T I M E  
DIURNAL F?AOlOMETRIC ATURES - J 24-25,1968 
- ClNOER CONE 
Figure 2 
-9- 
SOIL MOISTURE 
The fo l lowing  s o i l  mois ture  determinat ions w e r e  made 
i n  the  l ab  from f i e l d  samples s e a l e d  i n  s tee l  cans.  The 
100 t o  150 gram samples were opened, weighed, dehydrated by 
r o a s t i n g  f o r  2% hours a t  105’C and reweighed f o r  mois ture  
l o s s .  The cans were cleaned and weighed and t h e i r  weight 
s u b t r a c t e d  from t h e  w e t  and dry weights before  weight percent  
moisture  w a s  ca l cu la t ed .  Experimentation has  shown t h a t  w e l l  
s e a l e d  samples w i l l  r e t a i n  t h e i r  moisture  f o r  as much as a 
month. All of t h e  samples repor ted  he re  w e r e  processed 
w i t h i n  72 hours a f t e r  having been taken. 
Samples N1056-Nl119 w e r e  taken during t h e  o v e r f l i g h t s  
along t h e  f l i g h t  l i n e s  ( see  f i g u r e  1). Samples N1120-Nl131 
were taken on the  c inde r  cone several days la ter  as back up 
d a t a  and should  be regarded as approxirrate mois tures  ( see  
t a b l e  2) .  However, no r a i n  o r  abnormal temperatures  occured 
e i t h e r  be fo re  t h e  o v e r f l i g h t  o r  between t h e  o v e r f l i g h t  and t h e  
second sampling of the  c inde r  cone s o  t h a t  bo th  sets of 
samples r ep resen t  equ i l ib r ium condi t ions  and can be approxi- 
mately c o r r e l a t e d .  
10 
Sample No. 
Mt. Lassen 
Julv 18. 1968 
N1060 (Line 1B Day surface) 
N1061 (Line 1B Day 2" 
N1062 (Line 1B Dag 6" 
N1063 (Line 1B Day 8" 1 
0.08 
1.45 
4.39 
N1064 (Line 1C Day surface) 
N1066 (Line 1C Day 6" 
N1065 (Line 1C Day 2" 1 
N1067 (Line LC Day 8" 1 
N1068 (CM-1 surface) 
N1070 (CM-1 6" 1 
N1069 (CM-1 2" 
N1071 (CM-1 12" ) 
N1072 (CM-2 surface) 
N1073 (CM-2 2" 1 
N1074 (CM-2 6" 1 
N1075 (CM-2 12" ) 
N1076 (CM-3 surface) 
N1077 (CM-3 2" 
N1079 ((34-3 12" ) 
N1078 (CM-3 6" 1 
N1080 (CM-4 surface) 
N1081 (CM-4 2" 1 
N1082 (CM-4 6" 
N1083 (CM-4 12" ) 
0.08 
0.13 
2.51 
4.65 
0.05 
0.15 
0.33' 
4.42 
0.07 
5.01 
5.37 
Q.22 
0.00 
0.00 
3.23 
4.67 
0.02 
0.15 
3.02 
5.68 
N1084 (CM-5 surface) 0.11 
M t .  Lassen 
J u l y  19, 1968 
Sample No. 
N1088 
N1089 
N1090 
N1091 
N1092 
N1093 
N1094 
N109 5 
N1096 
N109 7 
N1098 
N1099 
N l l O O  
N l l O l  
N1102 
N1103 
N1104 
N1105 
N1106 
N1107 
NU08 
N1109 
N l l l O  
N l l l l  
N 1 1 1 2  
N1113 
N1114 
N1115 
N1116 
N 1 1 1 7  
N 1 1 1 8  
N1119 
(CC #l sur face )  
(CC /I2 su r face )  
(CC t 3  su r face )  
(CC jrH+ su r face )  
(Line 1 A  Night su r face )  
(Line 1 A  2" 
(Line 1 A  6" 1 
(Line 1 A  8" 1 
(Line 1 B  Night sur face)  
(Line 1 B  Night 2" 1 
(Line 1 B  Night 6" 1 
(Line 1 B  Night 8" 1 
(Line 1 C  Night Surface) 
(Line 1 C  Night 2" 
(Line 1 C  Night 6" 1 
(Line 1 C  Night 8" 1 
(CM-1A su r face )  
(CM-1A 2" 1 
(CM-1A 6" ) 
(CM-LA 12" ) 
(CM-2A su r face )  
(CM-2A 2" 1 
(CM-2A 6" ) 
(CM-2A 12" ) 
(CM-4A su r face )  
(CM-4A 2" 
(CM-4A 12" ) 
(CM-4A 6" 1 
(CM-5A su r face )  
(CM-5A 2" 
(CM-5A 12" ) 
(CM-5A 6" 1 
W t .  Percent  Moisture 
0.00 ' 
0.04 
0.02 
0.01 
0.18 
0.00 
0.04 
1.07 
0.26 
0.05 
0.06 
1.94 
0.35 
0.09 
0.14. 
1.29 
0.06 
0.08 
1.42 
3.88 
0.13 
0.22 
4.09 
5.99 
0.09 
0.08 
3.28 
5.42 
0.57 
0.33 
6.65 
9.70 
Table 2 con ' t  
1 2  
M t .  Lassen 
Cinder Cone 
J u l y  24-25, 1968 
Sample No. 
N1120 (CCM-1 s u r f a c e )  
N1121 (CCM-1 2'' 
N1123 (CCM-1 12" 1 
N1122 (CCM-1 6" 1 
N1124 (CCM-2 s u r f a c e )  
N1125 (CCM-2 2" 
N1126 (CCM-2 6" 
N1127 (CCM-2 12" ) 
N1128 (CCM-3 s u r f a c e )  
N1129 (CCM-3 2" 
N1130 (CCM-3 6" 
N 1 1 3 1  (CCM-3 12" ) 
Table 2 con't 
W t .  Percent  Moisture 
0.04 
0.19 
5 .61  
14.45 
0.31 
2 .08  
10.20 
9.46 
0.10 
0.06 
7.39 
7.83 
-13- 
J.P.L. MICROWAVE RADIOMETER MEASUREMENTS 
The 9 . 2  GHz p o r t a b l e  microwave radiometer ,  b u i l t  by Jet 
Propuls ion  Labora to r i e s ,  w a s  opera ted  a t  the  s i te  duxing the  
o v e r f l i g h t s  to  o b t a i n  ground information on microwave temp- 
e r a t u r e s .  During t h e  day f l i g h t ,  f l i g h t  # 4 ,  ground based 
radiometer  runs were made on water i n  Bu t t e  Lake and on an 
hetrogeneous p i l e  of blocky b a s a l t ,  dur ing  t h e  pre-dawn 
f l i g h t ,  f l i g h t  #5, only t h e  b a s a l t  w a s  used as a t a r g e t .  The 
t a r g e t s  were examined a t  look angles  of l o o ,  30' and 4 5 ' ,  t he  
same as those  of t he  a i rbo rne  Mi5 62, M R  6 4  system. The pa r t -  
a i l l y  reduced t a b u l a r  d a t a  inc ludes  instrument parameters  
as w e l l  as t h e  microwave temperatures ,  l i s t e d  i n  t h e  column 
marked T3R. 
F igure  3 shows a p l o t  of microwave temperature wi th  vary- 
i n g  look angle  f o r  water during f l i g h t  4. Figures  4 and 5 show 
temperature vs .  
f l i g h t s  4 and 5 r e spec t ive ly .  
look angle  are due t o  the  p a r t i c u l a r  blocky s u r f a c e  used as a 
t a r g e t  and should no t  be taken as r ep resen ta t ive  of a l l  t h e  
b a s a l t  su r f aces .  The rough i r r e g u l a r  su r f aces  a l s o  account 
f o r  t h e  gene ra l ly  depolar ized  s i g n a l  and t h e  re la t ive indepen- 
dence of temperature  and look angle  out  t o  a t  least 45 . 
look angle  p l o t  f o r  t he  blocky b a s a l t  on 
The lower temperatures a t  3OU 
I 
-14- 
ln 
N N m h  
ul- em . . N  
N 
Table 3 
rl 0 -1- 0 
I m  m 
+3333cEdx=6 
o o m o o o l n o  r l m u c o r l m * a I  
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  
3: 3: 3: 3: b 3 3 3 
o o m o o o m o  o lnoooo lno  r l m 4 - c o c l m u c o  a ? * r n d r l r n * c o  
rl d r l  d 
,+ o3 ,3 o3 ,3: ea p 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  
rl rl 
.. 
.-I 
I . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . .  
N h u J m N O o V I  
N N W N N N N r l  
N N N N N N N N  . . . . . . . .  
rl 
H 
00000000 
O O O m O O O O  
mln lnur \D\DG\D 
ooo r l r l r l r i r l  m m m m m m m m  
. . . . . . . .  00000000 o o m m m c o m m  
mCOcococo l -bco  
rirlrlrlrlrlrlrl m m m m m m m m  
. . . . . . . .  
o l n o m m c o o m  
l n l n 0 0 r l r l N N  
m m o o o o o o  
................ 
t3 !I O O ~ ~ r l d ~ ~  
15 
Table 3 con' t 
el 
m m m m 3 3 3 3  
o m o o o o m o  0 3 * m r l r l m * c o  
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  
00000000 m m m m o o o m  
m m m m \ D \ D \ o r n  
l - lddddr ldd m m m m m m m m  
. . . . . . . .  
d d 
30333s03s3: 3s63: 3 3 3 3  03po~o~oxoffiox 
0 0 0 0  0 0  0 0 0 0 0 0 0  o m o o o o m o  m o o o o m o  m o o o o m o  
m * m d d m e m  *mCrlrll-tm*m e m d d m * c o  
d d d d 
d m r - c o u m r - c u  n m d \ o m N l n  n m m * m O d  
O O m \ o m d m d  h r l d m o m o  \ D m \ D d N \ D m  
d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0000000 d 0 0 0 d 0 0  . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . .  . . . . . . .  
m O * \ o * m N U  m * * e m m o o  
I3 d r l d d d d d d  
................ 81 * * * * * * m m  
00000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0000000 m m o o m Q \ d l n  N O O r n N N N  W N m m o d d  
m \ D c o m O r l N N  * ~ b c o m c o r n  m m ~ c n o o o  m m m m o o o o  0000000 O O O O d d d  N N N N m m m m  m m m m m m n  m m m m m m m  
. . . . . . . .  . . . . . . .  . . . . . . .  
m * m a \ \ D r - N Q I  o m * r - r I l h r -  m c o . J u m * m  
d h O d m m N 4  \ D m m m \ D \ D m  r ( a 3 O N C o * r l  . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . .  . . . . . . .  
m d \ D o m N m Q l  * O m . J o N m  m m N m m m r l  
NNNNCUNNN n m m m m m m  m m m m e * e  
00000000 0000000 0000000 
h l m m * u m m m  O d d N m m m  e * m m w o 1 ; !  .......................................... 
16 
T a b l e  3 con't 
4 
P 
rl4-00034* b m o U J r l m r l  a r l r l r l O O r 1 0  E l  . . . . . . .  
0 0 0 0 0 0 0  
N N n I n I r n 0 0  
rlrlrldrlrlrl 
m m m m m m m  
. . . . .  
d c s O 0 O r l d  
I . . . . . . .  
r n m N O v ~ 0  
d i - l N m m m d  
ue444d-u  
.............. !I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  
17 
JULY 18 1968 
(>o I+ 2iP sbo 4bo 
K ANGLE 
-18- 
9.2 TE TURES 
JULY 18 , 1968 
TE 
Figure 4 
300. 
..... .... ........ .... ..... . ........... / ..-* ...... ..... .... .. ................... ......... 
TIMES 
I I26 
1240 
260. 1435 
------ 
................... 
6) Id0 2tP 3b0 4b0 sb" 
LOOK ANGLE 
- 19- 
~ ~ ~ W ~ V ~  TE 
JULY 19 , 1968 
SALT- BUTTE kAKE 
TIMES 
0228 
0306 
0346 .... ... . . ... .. ... 
3' 
3 
-20 - 
VISIBLE AND NEAR-INFRARED SPECTRAL INTENSITY MEASUREMENTS 
S p e c t r a l  i n t e n s i t y  d a t a  is  obtained wi th  an ISCO v i s i b l e  and 
nea r - in f r a red  spec t rometer  i n  t h e  ranges . 3 8  t o  1.55 microns. The 
curves presented  h e r e  are genera ted  from measurements taken a t  .25p 
i n t e r v a l s  from .40p  t o  . 75p  and . 0 5 p  i n t e r v a l s  i n  t h e  range . 7 5 p  
t o  1.5511. 
abso rp t ion  bands. The curves are desinged t o  show only t h e  major 
broad c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s  of t h e  s p e c t r a  and not  f i n e  d e t a i l .  
The readings are no t  c l o s e l y  enough spaced t o  d e l i n e a t e  
The s p e c t r a l  
s p e c t r a  co r rec t ed  
i n  microwatts p e r  
i n t e n s i t y  p l o t s  made during t h e  day f l i g h t  are sky 
f o r  instrument  response t o  g ive  t r u e  i n t e n s i t i e s  
square  cent imeter  p e r  mil l imicron (see f i g u r e  6 ) .  
2 1  
I e 
DENSITY AND POROSITY MEASUREMENTS 
I n  s i t u  bulk  d e n s i t y  measurements are made wi th  a gamma 
probe. A seires of f o u r  runs are made and averaged f o r  each 
de termina t ion .  The instrument i s  c a l i b r a t e d  us ing  a s t anda rd  
g r a n i t e  block. The e f f e c t i v e  depth over which t h e  probe in- 
t i g r a t e s  dens i ty  i n  c i n d e r  is approximately 6" t o  8". 
Approximate p o r o s i t y  i s  c a l c u l a t e d  from t h e  dens i ty  
measurements. The c a l c u l a t i o n s  assume a s o l i d  rock dens i ty  
of 2 . 8  grams p e r  cub ic  cent imeter ,  as approximated from 
minera l  compositions. 
-23- 
S i t e  
D-1 
D-2 
D- 3 
D- 4 
D-5 
D-6 
D- 7 
D-8 
-
DENSITY 
M t .  Lassen - cinder 
Table 4 
i n  l b / f t 3  d in  n/cm3 
92.5 1 .48  
99.5 1.59 
97.0 1.55 
99.5 1.59 
98.0 1.57 
94.5 1.51 
91.0 1.45 
98.0 1.57 
% porosity 
44.2 
40.0 
41.6 
40.0 
40.8 
43 .1  
45.3 
40.8 
41.9=Average 
24 
SEISMIC CINDER DEPTH STUDY 
Two e a s i l y  d i f f e r e n t i a b l e  types of c inde r  occur  i n  t h e  area 
around t h e  c inde r  cone. The b lack  f r e s h  c r and t h e  va 
ga ted  a l t e r e d  c inde r  seem t o  be b a s i c a l l y  s imilar  i n  depth 
and composition, t h e  only d i f f e r e n c e  being the  ox ida t ion  s ta te  
of t h e  i ron .  
Sur face  probing has  been done on t h e  c inde r  and shal low 
seismic work done on both the  b a s a l t  flows and c inde r  i n  order  
t o  t r y  and determine depths  and v e r t i c a l  d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s .  
The s u r f a c e  probing f a i l e d  t o  show e i t h e r  bedrock o r  
s i g n i f i c a n t  ver t ica l  change i n  any of approximately 100 test 
ho le s  pushed t o  a depth of two t o  th ree  f e e t .  The ho le s  d id  
show t h a t  j u s t  a f t e r  t h e  disappearance of t h e  las t  of t h e  snow, 
mois ture  l ay  4" t o  9'l below t h e  s u r f a c e  of t h e  c inder .  It 
a l s o  showed t h a t  a s m a l l  amount of mechanical t r a n s p o r t  occurs  
i n  t h e  c inde r  f i e l d s  and t h a t  each of t h e  s m a l l  c inde r  h i l l s  
i s  f lanked  by an apron of d e t r i t a l  c inder  washed from t h e  
tops  of h i l l s .  This  apron of s o r t e d  c inder  i s  between 4" and 
12" on t h e  s i d e s  of t h e  h i l l s  and i n  t h e  s m a l l  drainages.  
The shal low se i smic  d a t a  shows r a t h e r  c o n s i s t e n t  v e l o c i t i e s  
on both  the  c inde r  and the  l ava  flows, thus ,  i t  is impossible 
to  d i f f e r e n t i a t e  blocky l ava  from c inder  by t h i s  method. 
F igure  7 shows the  loca t ions  of t he  shal low seismic sites. 
Most of t h e  v e l o c i t i e s  f a l l  i n t o  th ree  ranges: 400-900fps, 
1000-1200fps and 3100-3800fps; t hese  are i n t e r p r e t e d  as dry 
uncompaeted material, moist  semicompact material, and e i t h e r  
-25- 
a dense basement o r  an unknown material below t h e  water t a b l e  
r e s p e c t i v e l y .  I n  t h r e e  of n i n e  sites the  low v e l o c i t y  s u r f a c e  
l a y e r  w a s  noted. A t  t h e  o t h e r  si tes i t  w a s  e i t h e r  t oo  t h i n  t o  
b e  recorded o r  t h e  geophones were bur i ed  below t h e  l a y e r  t o  
make b e t t e r  con tac t .  
v e l o c i t i e s  i n t e rmed ia t e  t o  t h e  above ranges encountered. These 
v e l o c i t i e s  probably r ep resen t  an in t e rmed ia t e  water conten t  o r  
is  a compaction phenomenon. Table 5 shows t h e  v e l o c i t i e s  of 
t h e  va r ious  l a y e r s  at  t h e  var ious  si tes.  Figure 8 i n d i c a t e s  
g r a p h i c a l l y  t h e  depths at which t h e  va r ious  v e l o c i t i e s  were 
encountered. 
At only two sites were l a y e r s  w i th  
I/  1 
8 2  . 
f 3  * 
Table 5 
V s  u r  f 
- 
450 
700 (925) 
- 
700 
7 80 
v1 v2 
1160 3 700 
1105 3 700 
1100 3650 
1000 - 
10 70 - 
1 2  80 - 
1100 3150 
- 3750 
1200(1410) - 
-26- 

0 
0, 
W 
v) 
t 
i- 
namus lava 3 
w 
I- 
(I) P 
%- 
0 
E 
0 
dry? cinder moist cinder 
a s  w n  tz 
W 6  
moist cinder 
b 
c f
3 
m 
0 
5 
I- 
- a  
W “ g  
i3 up\\\\\\\\\\\.\.\. 


Ground data investigations Mt. Lassen, site 56-mission 76

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