Debunks seven key myths about person-centred therap

Cooper, Mick

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Person-centred therapy : myths and reality

University of Strathclyde Institutional Repository

Strathprints Institutional RepositoryCooper, Mick (2004) Person-centred therapy : myths and reality. Working paper. UNSPECIFIED.Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde.Copyright c© and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authorsand/or other copyright owners. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for anyprofitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or study, educational, ornot-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge.Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to Strathprints administrator:mailto:strathprints@strath.ac.ukhttp://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/1 PERSON-CENTRED THERAPY: MYTHS AND REALITY Mick Cooper, Professor of Counselling University of Strathclyde April 2004 mick.cooper@strath.ac.uk  1. Person-centred therapy is ‘just the basics’ -- everyone does it, it’s just that some therapists go on to do more advanced things, like psychodynamic therapy or cognitive-behavioural therapy. Developing one’s capacity to engage with another human being at a level of interpersonal depth is a life-time’s achievement. Few ‘purely’ person-centred therapists, even after many years, would claim that they have reached the end of that road, so the chances of getting there after a few years’ study are pretty remote. Moreover, skills and ideas from other therapeutic approaches -- like psychodynamic therapy or cognitive-behavioural therapy – can not just be placed on top of a person-centred foundation, because the principles underlying these practices are often at odds with a person-centred outlook. For instance, if you start trying to find out why clients are the way they are, then you move away from a person-centred, ‘fellow traveller’ role, to one of ‘psychological detective’. Finally, whilst it’s true that the skills and ideas associated with person-centred therapy can be taught at a fairly basic and accessible level, the roots of the approach dig down into some far more complex ideas. Understanding the person-centred approach, then, can involve engaging with the ideas of such philosophers as Martin Buber [1] and Edmund Husserl [2], as well as the complex psychological processes that Carl Rogers, the founder of the approach, outlined in his theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships [3].   2. There’s no evidence that person-centred therapy works. Rogers was one of the first people to systematically study the therapeutic process, and his hypotheses about the necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic personality change were firmly grounded in the empirical data [4]. Today, more than ever, there is compelling evidence that person-centred therapy is effective with a whole host of psychological difficulties [5, 6]; and that relational factors -- such as empathy, unconditional positive regard and congruence -- are central to the process of therapeutic change [7, 8].   3. Person-Centred therapy doesn’t have a model of psychopathology? It’s certainly true that person-centred therapists try to see their clients, first and foremost, as unique individuals, and not as representatives of a particular label; and it’s also true to say that person-centred therapists are as interested in their clients’ potentialities as they are in their problems. But, in recent years, numerous therapists within the person-centred field have attempted to understand severe psychological distress from a humanistic perspective. For instance, there is the work of Margaret Warner on ‘difficult’ and ‘fragile’ psychological processes [9]; Elke Lambers’ accounts of psychosis, neurosis, and personality disorders [10]; and Gary Prouty’s highly influential work on ‘pre-therapy’ with schizophrenic and other ‘contact-impaired’ clients [11].   4. Person-centred therapy is one, particular approach to therapy. Both within and outside of the person-centred field, many people do not realise the sheer scope of, and diversity within, this approach. At one end of the spectrum, for 2 instance, are those ‘classical client-centred therapists’ who put great emphasis on not directing the client in any way [12]; whilst there are others who put much more emphasis on entering into a dialogue with the client, and acknowledging that the client may be influenced by the therapist (and vice versa) in numerous ways [13]. Then there are those in the closely related field of the ‘process-experiential therapies’ [14, 15], who will actively invite their clients to process their experiences in particular ways (whilst not attempting to direct the content of those experiences). There are also arts-based approaches to person-centred therapy [16, 17] and the aforementioned person-centred approaches to working with ‘contact-impaired’ clients [18]. In fact, these days, some people talk about the ‘family’ of person-centred and experiential therapies, or of the different ‘tribes’ of person-centred therapy [19], to highlight the diversity of ideas and practices within this field.  5. Person-centred therapists mustn’t ask questions. Most person-centred therapists are keen for their clients to take a lead in the therapeutic work, and, for this reason, they will avoid bombarding them with questions. But there are no ‘mustn’t’s, ‘must’s, ‘don’t’s or ‘should’s about person-centred practice, because person-centred therapy is not about behaving in a particular way with clients, but about being a particular type of person with another human being. So, for instance, in attempting to establish an empathic understanding of a client, a person-centred therapist may ask them a question; or they may ask them a question as an expression of their interest in that client’s experiences.  6. It’s not person-centred to challenge clients. Person-centred therapists are careful to avoid criticising clients and undermining their sense of self-worth, but it can also be one of the most challenging and direct forms of therapy. In being congruent with a client, for instance, a person-centred therapist may really let that client know how hurt or angry he or she feels towards him or her; or, in being unconditionally accepting of a client, a person-centred therapist may really challenge a client’s feelings of low self worth.   7. Being a person-centred therapist means having to like your clients and everything that they do. At the heart of a person-centred approach to therapy is the distinction between what a person experiences and the way in which they behave. So, whilst a person-centred therapist would want to unconditionally value everything that their client experiences – whether it’s love, jealousy or rage – this doesn’t mean that they would unconditionally value every way in which their clients behave. If a client physically threatened another person, for instance, a person-centred therapist might experience feelings of annoyance or anger, and might well communicate to their client that they were doing so. What they would also try and do, though, is to communicate to that client that they also valued the feelings and experiences that underlay those behaviours, and their belief that the client had the potentiality to find more constructive ways of expressing these feelings.   REFERENCES 1. Buber, M., I and Thou. 2nd ed. 1958, Edinburgh: T & T Clark Ltd. 2. Husserl, E., Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology. 1960, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. 3 3. Rogers, C.R., A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centred framework, in Psychology: A Study of Science, S. Koch, Editor. 1959, McGraw-Hill: New York. p. 184-256. 4. Rogers, C.R., The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1957. 21(2): p. 95-103. 5. King, M., et al., Randomised control trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy and usual general practitioner care in the management of depression as well as mixed anxiety and depression in primary care. Health Technology Assessment, 2000. 4(19). 6. Bozarth, J.D., F.M. Zimring, and R. Tausch, Client-centred therapy: the evolution of a revolution, in Humanistic Psychotherapies: Handbook of Research and Practice, D.J. Cain and J. Seeman, Editors. 2002, American Psychological Association: Washington, DC. 7. Norcross, J.C., ed. Psychotherapy Relationships that Work: Therapists Contributions and Responsiveness to Patients. 2002, Oxford University Press: New York. 8. Hubble, M., B.L. Duncan, and S.D. Miller, The Heart and Soul of Change: What Works in Therapy. 1999, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 9. Warner, M.S., Empathy, relational depth and difficult client process, in Empathy, S. Haugh and T. Merry, Editors. 2001, PCCS Books: Ross-on-Wye. p. 181-191. 10. Mearns, D., Developing Person-Centred Counselling. 2nd ed. 2003, London: Sage. 11. Prouty, G., M. Pörtner, and D. Van Werde, Pre-Therapy: Reaching Contact Impaired Clients. 2002, Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books. 12. Bozarth, J.D., Person-Centred Therapy: A Revolutionary Paradigm. 1998, Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books. 13. Cooper, M., Between freedom and despair: Existential challenges and contributions to person-centred and experiential therapy. Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, 2003. 2(1): p. 43-56. 14. Gendlin, E., Focusing-Oriented Psychotherapy: A Manual of the Experiential Method. 1996, New York: The Guilford Press. 15. Elliott, R. and L.S. Greenberg, Process-experiential psychotherapy, in Humanistic Psychotherapies: Handbook of Research and Practice, D.J. Cain and J. Seeman, Editors. 2002, American Psychological Association: Washington, DC. 16. Rogers, N., Creative Connection: Expressive Arts as Healing. 2000, Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books. 17. Silverstone, L., Art Therapy the Person-centred Way. 1997, London: Jessica Kingsley. 18. Prouty, G., A new mode of empathy: empathic contact, in Empathy, S. Haugh and T. Merry, Editors. 2001, PCCS Books: Ross-on-Wye. p. 155-162. 19. Sanders, P., ed. The Tribes of Person-Centred Therapy. 2004, PCCS Books: Ross-on-Wye.  

A new mode of empathy: empathic contact, in

A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centred framework,

Art Therapy the Person-centred Way.

Between freedom and despair: Existential challenges and contributions to person-centred and experiential therapy. Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies,

Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology.

Client-centred therapy: the evolution of a revolution, in Humanistic Psychotherapies:

Creative Connection: Expressive Arts as Healing.

Developing Person-Centred Counselling. 2nd ed.

Empathy, relational depth and difficult client process, in

Focusing-Oriented Psychotherapy: A Manual of the Experiential Method.

Person-Centred Therapy: A Revolutionary Paradigm.

Process-experiential psychotherapy,

Randomised control trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy and usual general practitioner care in the management of depression as well as mixed anxiety and depression in primary care. Health Technology Assessment,

Person-centred therapy : myths and reality

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