Boyce

Walter Simon

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Simon, Walter

SOAS Research Online

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studieshttp://journals.cambridge.org/BSOAdditional services for Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies:Email alerts: Click hereSubscriptions: Click hereCommercial reprints: Click hereTerms of use : Click hereIotization and palatalization in classical TibetanWalter SimonBulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies / Volume 38 / Issue 03 / October 1975, pp 611 ­ 615DOI: 10.1017/S0041977X0004814X, Published online: 24 December 2009Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0041977X0004814XHow to cite this article:Walter Simon (1975). Iotization and palatalization in classical Tibetan. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 38, pp 611­615 doi:10.1017/S0041977X0004814XRequest Permissions : Click hereDownloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/BSO, IP address: 212.219.238.14 on 16 Oct 2012NOTES AND COMMUNICATIONS 6 1 1describes ' the Aditi, the House (pastyd-) with enclosing walls ', but this is partof a large problem, and must be seen in the article in Mithraic studies, i.The Old Iranian (Avestan) hindu- in the mountain name TJs.h&ndava (Yast,8.32) may reasonably be interpreted as ' with up-soaring height'. The namesurvives in the later Zoroastrian literature in Pahlavl as icsind, usindam,usindum as the place where Zoroaster's second interview, with Vahman, tookplace (Zdtspram, ed. Anklesaria, 23.2).In the archaic phrase of the Rgveda sdpta sindhavas and in the Avesta haptahindu, the name may have meant originally ' The Seven High Places'. ThePahlavl commentary explains (without reference to rivers) ut-S liaft-hindukanlhet he sar-xvatay haft ast' and its being concerned witli seven Hindiik is this thatit had seven chief autocrats'. In India, however, the interpretation was orbecame ' the Seven Rivers ' of which six names are cited and one is uncertain.There is an elaborate discussion in H. Liiders, Varuna, i, 152-5.A curious coincidence is the Sumerian use of a phrase bad imin ' SevenEnclosed Places ' (with bad ' town' pictorially written) for a land to the east ofSumer beyond Aratta (which may be west Persia). One will ask whether theIndus people used a phrase' The Seven High Places ' which was passed on to theinvading Proto-Indians as sdpta sindhavas and to Proto-Iranians in Avestanhapta hindu. For bad imin, see J. V. Kinnier Wilson, Indo-Sumerian, Oxford,1974, 4-5. Recent discussion of Vedic dates by T. Burrow, JRAS, 1973, 2,pp. 123-40, puts this invasion very early.H. W. BAILEYIOTIZATION AND PALATALIZATION IN CLASSICAL TIBETANWhen surveying the examples listed below it will be noticed that there areno examples of iotized dental s(tem) i(nitial)s, the likely reason being that afterdental s. i.s an original y was absorbed in the ensuing process of (full) palataliza-tion. In the case of guttural s. i.s, however, we witness in some cases both theretention of y and its absorption by palatalization. This can be illustrated bythe presence of such doublets as skyon-pa ' to put astride ~ gson-pa (IIA, ex. 4)or skyun-ka (< *sklyun-ka)' jackdaw ' ~ Uun-ka (IIA, ex. 2).Loss of I in the process of iotization, which is to be observed in the lastexample, has its parallel in the loss of r in the process of either iotization orpalatalization, hk'yil-ba ' to wind, twist' belonging with hk'ril-ba ' to wind orcoil round' (IA, ex. 5), nyan-pa (<*nyran-pa) ' to hear', belonging withrna-ba ' ear' and rno-ba, rnon-po ' sharp, acute' (IIB, ex. 5),1 or bzen-ba' to raise ' being developed from sgren-ba (< *sgryen-ba) ' idem ' (IIA, ex. 11),though exceptions like rnyog-ma ' soiled, dirtied, made unclean' by the sideof rnag ' matter, pus, suppuration' (IIB, ex. 7, also nyog-pa), or rjen-pa1 See ' Ear, sJtarp and hearing—a Tibetan word family', in M. Boyoe and I. Gershevitch (ed.),W. B. Henning memorial volume (referred to as HMV in notes 29-32), London, 1970, 406-8.612 NOTES AND COMMUNICATIONS(< *gyren-pa) ' naked * by the side of sgren-mo ' idem ' (IIA, ex. 12) have to beborne in mind.In a similar way we observe retention of I in the case of Icud-pa (< *sldyud-pa) ' to twist' belonging with skud (< *sklitd) ' thread '.2The occurrence of y after m- has not been illustrated here as it constitutes aprominent feature of pre-classical Tibetan. The two exceptions (IB, exx. 2 and3) should, however, be noted. A number of examples of the presence of anoriginal y after in- (as in myi, myig, myin, mye, etc.), which has subsequentlybeen lost in classical Tibetan, can be gleaned, e.g., from the Tibetan vocabularyincluded in part in of F. W. Thomas's Tibetan literary texts and documentsconcerning Chinese Turkestan (London, 1955, see pp. 165-6).An isolated case is presented by ex. 3 of IIA where the reduction of an origi-nal initial cluster *skny- to sky- has been suggested for skyun-ba ' to diminish 'to account for its belonging with the three variants for ' little ' cun, c'un, andnyun. In conclusion of these preliminary remarks it may be pointed out that ina general way voicedness or voicelessness appears to have been retained in theprocess of iotization and palatalization.I. IotizationA. Guttural s. i.s1. keg)-ma) (= kag-ma) ' mischief, harm, injury ' ~ skyeg ' misfortune \ 32. rkan(pa) ' (stretcher =) 'leg, foot' -~ rkyan(-ba) ' to stretch, extend,stretch forth '.43. skem(-pa)' dry, dried up ' ~ skyem(-pa)' to be thirsty ', skyems ' thirst '.s4. mk'an ' affix denoting one who knows a thing thoroughly ' ~ mk'yen(-pa)' to know'.5. hk'ril(-ba) ' to wind or coil round ' ~h¥yil{-ba) ' to wind, twist '.*6. gon(-pa) ' to put on (clothes, etc.) ~ gyon(-pa) ' idem'.'7. dga(-ba) 8 ' to rejoice ' ~ dgyes(-pa) ' (resp.) idem'.8. hges(-pa) ' to split, cleave, divide ' ~ hgyed(-pa) ' to divide, scatter '.»2 Concerning the simplification of ski- or sir- to sk- see ' Loss of I or r ', BSOAS, xxxvil, 2,1974, 44 -5.3 Note the difference in meaning between the two words taken over by Jaachke from Csoma'sdictionary, but ignored by him.4 rgya ' extent, width, size ', rgyaA ' far ', and rgyaft-ma ' distance ' are further cognates.6 cf. also sham-pa or rkam-pa ' to desire, long for '.• cf. also gril ' roll', sgril-ba ' to wind or wrap round', hgril-ba ' to be twisted or wrappedround ', ril-po ' round ' and skyil-ba ' to bend ' ; note also the loss of r in the latter word, owing toiotization.7 of. also the etymon gos ' garment, dress' of gon-pa, and the further derivative skyon-pa' to put astride ' (from gymi-pa) and its palatalized form gson-pa' to put astride ', as well as ion-pa' to mount' and bion-pa ' riding beast, carriage '. See also IIA, ex. 4, and n. 12.8 mgu-ba (with vowel alternation) is a further cognate.9 The ' perfect' form oihgyed-pa is bgyes (< *bgyeds), so an earlier *hged» may be assumed forhges-pa, which is the causative of hgas-pa. skyed-pa ' to generate, procreate, produce, form,cause ' and skye-ba ' to be born ' may perhaps be further cognates.NOTES AND COMMUNICATIONS 6139. rgal(-ba)' to step or pass over, to ford, cross ' ~ rgyal(ba)' to be victorious ',brgyal(-ba) ' to faint '.10B. Labial s. i.s u1. dben' difference, disunion 12; solitude, loneliness ' ~ dbyen(-pa)' difference,dissension, discord, schism \1 32. moils (in nyon-nwhs-pa ' misery, trouble ') u ~ myon(-ba) ' to taste,experience, suffer'.3. sman 'medicinal herb, drug, medicine, e tc ' ~ smyon ' (drugged = )insane, frantic, mad ', smyo(-ba) ' to be insane, mad '.II. PalatalizationA. Guttural s. i.s1. skud(-pa) ( < *sUud-pa 1S) ' thread ' ~ lcud(-pa) (<*clud-pa), gcud(-pa)' to turn, twist, twine '.2. skyuA (in skyun-ka, < *sklywn-ka16) ' jackdaw ' ~ lown-ka ' idem '.3. skyufi(-ba) ( < *sknyufi-ba17) ' to diminish ' ~ cun, c'un, nyun ' little '.4. skyon-pa ' to put astride ' <~ gson(-pa) ' idem \ 1 85. gad(-mo)' laughter'19, b(r)gad(-pa)' to laugh, smile ' ~ bzad(-pa), giad(-pa)'to laugh, smile'.6. gab(-pa) ' to hide ' 2 0 ~ hjab(pa) ' to sneak '.7. (d)gun ' middle ' ~ gzun ' idem '.8. mgal' jaw, jawbone ' ~ zal' (resp.) mouth, face '.219. hgel(-ba) ' to load ' ~hjal(-ba) ' to weigh '.10. rgwl(pd) ' to decline, get frail ' 2 2 ~ rjud(pa) ' idem \2 311. sgren(-ba) ' to raise, erect ' 2 4 ~ bzefi(-ba) ' (resp.) idem '.12. sgren(-mo) ' naked ' ~ rjen(-pa) ' idem '.10 From the semantic point of view cf. Latin superare for rgyal-ba and German ' hinilber sein 'for brgyal-ba.11 Concerning the iotized m- in pre-classical Tibetan see above, p. 612.12 This meaning does not occur in Jaschke's dictionary, but has been listed (with an example)by Das.13 Further cognates are bye in bye-brag ' difference, diversity ', hbye-ba ' to open, divide, sepa-rate ', and hbyed-pa ' to open, separate, keep asunder '.14 cf. the phrase nyon ma moAs-sam ' had you to experience any hardship ? ', ex. 5 of IIB, andp. 614, n. 28.16 See BSOAS, xxxvn, 2, 1974, 444, IIA(o).18 See BSOAS, ibid., 444, IIA(6).17 See BSOAS, ibid., p. 444, n. 13.18 See BSOAS, ibid., p. 445, n. 15. ion-pa' to mount' and bion-pa ' riding beast, carriage ' arepalatalized derivatives of gyon-pa ' to put on, wear '. See also above IA, ex. 6, and p. 612, n. 5.19 dgod-pa, rgod-pa ' to laugh ', as well as dga-ba, dgyes-pa, and mgu-ba ' to rejoice ' are furthercognates, cf. AM, xix, 1, 1974, 87 (IA, 5) and 93 (IVA, 4).20 cf. also hgebs-pa ' to cover, protect, disguise '.21 cf. also mjal-ba ' to meet'.22 cf. also rga ' old ' and A31, loc. cit., 93 (IVA, 6).23 Also rdzud-pa.21 reft ' stiff', hgreA-ba' to stand ', fagro-A-ba' (resp.) to die', and ro' body ' are further cognates.6 1 4 NOTES AND COMMUNICATIONSB. Dental s. i.s1. t'abs (in t'abs-gcig-tu ' together') ~ c'abs 25 in c'abs-gag-tu ' idem'.2. t'ar(-ba)26 ' to become free, to be saved, get through, be able to pass',stor(-ba) ' to be lost, to perish, to go astray ' ~ hc'or(-ba) ' to escape, slip,steal away'.3. hdam ' mud, mire, swamp ' ~hjim(-pa) ' mud, clay, loam '.4. ldag(-pa) ' to lick ' <~ Ijags ' (resp.) tongue \2 75. (g)non(-pa) ' to press, oppress, suppress' ~ nyon28 in nyon-mons-pa' misery, trouble', nyen-pa ' to be pained, pinched, pressed hard, to toil,drudge'.6. rna(-ba) ' ear', rno(-ba), rnon(-po)' sharp ' ~ snyan ' (resp.) ear ', nyan(-pa)' to hear \2 97. mag30 ' matter, pus, suppuration' ~ nyog(-pa), rnyog(-ma) ' soiled, dirtied,made unclean)'.8. mam 3 1 ' piece ', mains ' sign of plural' ~ mnyam(-pa) ' like, alike, equal',snyom(s) (-pa) ' to level, equalize '.9. rnal(-ma) 32 ' rest ' ~ nyal(-ba) ' to lie down, to sleep ' ; snyol(ba) ' to laydown, to bed ', mnyel(-ba) ' (resp.)' to get tired '.10. s-ne(-mo) ' extremity, end ', sna ' nose ' ~ snye(-ma) ' (end =) ear of corn ',snyed (in hdi-snyed, de-snyed ' (extreme quantity = ) so much, so many '.11. rtse ' top ' s3 <~ rje ' (man at the top =) lord, master '.12. hdzugs(-pa), zug(-pa) ' to prick or stick into, to plant' ~hjng(-pa) ' to putinto, infuse, inject'.13. hdzed(-pa) ' to hold out or forth ' ~ mjed(-pa) ' (holding out =) suffering,enduring, bearing patiently \3 414. zab(-pa) ' to be deep, deep, depth' ~ iabs ' bottom (of a lake, vessel),lower end, under (in cpds.)'.15. gzigs(-pa) ' (resp.) to see (through) ~gzig(-pa) ' to examine, search, t ry ' .16. sul' furrow, channel, groove ' ~ sul' track, rut, furrow \ 3 517. gsal(-ba) ' to be bright, clear ' ~ bsal(-ba) ' to wash '.3aWALTER SIMON25 While fobs ' opportunity, chance ' belongs with stabs ' mode, manner, wa3T', t'ob-pa ' toobtain ', etc., see AM, loc. cit., 94 (IVC, 1) and 99 (XC, 2); the occurrence of c'abs seems to belimited to the above phrase.26 About other cognates see AM, loc. cit., 91 (IIIC, 2) and 96 (VIC, 1).27 Ice, t h e common word for ' tongue ', also belongs here.28 cf. above I B , ex. 2, and p . 613, n . 14.29 siiyan-pa ' renown, glory, fame ', snyad ' malicious or false accusation ', and snyad-pa ' torelate, report' are further cognates. See also H3IV (see above, p. 611, n. 1), 406-8.Md.HMV, 406-8.31 cf. HMV, 406-8.32 cf. IIM V, 406-8.33See also AM, loc. cit, 95 (VA, 4, and VIB, 2).34 See also AM, loc. cit., p. 92, n. 26.36 See also AM, loc. cit., 99 (XB, 2).36 See also AM, loc. cit., 88 (IC, 8). sel-ba ' crystal, glass ' is a further cognate.MARCEL COHENI3SOAS XXXVIII]

Notes and Communications: Iotization and Palatalization in Classical Tibetan

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Iotization and palatalization in classical Tibetan

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Notes and Communications: Iotization and Palatalization in Classical Tibetan

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