Nanofiltration of lactic acid whey: A process to improve the dryability and the quality of powder. 6. European Drying Conference: EuroDrying 201

Dolivet, Anne

Garric, Gilles

Gaucheron, Frederic

Jeantet, Romain

Mejean, Serge

Schuck, Pierre

Sénard, G.

Tanguy-Sai, Gaelle

English

ProdInra

Nanofiltration of lactic acid whey: A process to improve the dryability and the quality of powder

Tanguy-Sai, Gaëlle

HAL Descartes

Archive Ouverte en Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication

NANOFILTRATION OF LACTIC ACID WHEY:
A PROCESS TO IMPROVE THE DRYABILITY AND
THE QUALITY OF POWDER
P. Schuck1, G. Tanguy1, A. Dolivet1, S. Méjean1, F. Gaucheron1, G. Garric1, 
G. Senard2, R. Jeantet1
1 STLO, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, INRA, UMR1253, 35000, Rennes, France
2 Bonilait Protéines, F-86361 Chasseneuil du Poitou, France
EuroDrying’2017
19-20-21 June 2017 - Liège
.02
Whey and whey powders
 Different types of whey depending of the  production process that differ from their
composition (protein, minerals, lactose…) :
 sweet whey from cheese industries (hard-types cheeses)
 acid whey from fresh cheese and caseinate industries
Sweet whey Lactic acid whey
Dry matter DM (% w/w) 6.5 6.0
pH (-) 6.7 4.6
Ash (g/100g of DM) 8 12
Lactic acid (g/100g of DM) 1.8 10
Lower pH
Higher mineral and 
lactic acid contents
Components of whey
 Increasing demand for Infant Formulae (population growth, 
increasing wealth of the middle classes)
 need for lactose & whey proteins
.03
Lactic acid whey processing
Hygroscopic
Nutritional imbalance
Sharp thickening of concentrates
and slower crystallization rate 
lactic acid
Increased risk of 
stickiness and caking
Hygroscopicity of minerals
and lactic acid
Vacuum evaporation
6 to 60% DM
Lactose 
crystallization
Spray-drying
60 to 97% DM
Liquid lactic
acid whey
lactic acid
whey powder
 For lactic acid whey, the high levels of minerals and lactic acid makes its processing
into powder difficult and limited:
Integration of a partial demineralization step in the 
processing scheme of lactic acid whey powders
.04
Partial demineralization of acid whey using nanofiltration
Dryability of the NF retentates ? Properties of the powders ?
What is the ability of nanofiltration for the production of partially
demineralized lactic acid whey powders at semi-industrial scale ?
Objectives
of the study
Data on performances of NF for acid whey processing are available : 
 Demonstrations at lab-scale
 not representative of the dairy industrial scale
Nanofiltration (NF)
 Concentration (up to 20-22% dry matter)
 Partial demineralization (reduction of 25-60%) 
 Partial removal of lactic acid
Membrane
RetentateLiquid
.05
Concentration and spray drying facilities
BIONOV
300 kg/h of water removed
80 kg/h of water removed
Feed flow rate of 225 L/h
.06
Technological schemes
Lactic acid whey (LAW)
5.9% w/w DM
LAW concentrate
60% DM
LAW powder
94.6% DM – aw=0.16 (25°C)
NF LAW retentate
17.1% DM
Nanofiltration
LAW preconcentrate
33% DM
Industrial vacuum 
evaporation
NF LAW concentrate
62.2% DM
Semi-industrial
vacuum evaporation
NF LAW powder
96.5% DM – aw=0.18 (25°C)
Semi-industrial
spray drying
.07
Compositions of lactic acid whey retentate and powders
g/100 g 
(dry basis)
LAW 
liquid
Lactic acid 10.8
Total nitrogen 7.9
Ash 11.6
Calcium 1.5
Magnesium 0.2
Potassium 2.8
Sodium 0.5
Chloride 1.7
Inorganic
phosphate
2.8
NF LAW 
retentate
7.6
7.9
8.5
1.6
0.2
1.3
0.2
0.8
3.0
-30%
-27%
-53%
-60%
-53%
.08
Compositions of lactic acid whey retentate and powders
g/100 g 
(dry basis)
LAW 
liquid
Lactic acid 10.8
Total nitrogen 7.9
Ash 11.6
Calcium 1.5
Magnesium 0.2
Potassium 2.8
Sodium 0.5
Chloride 1.7
Inorganic
phosphate
2.8
NF LAW 
retentate
7.6
7.9
8.5
1.6
0.2
1.3
0.2
0.8
3.0
NF LAW 
powder
7.6
7.5
7.2
1.7
0.2
1.3
0.2
0.8
2.7
LAW 
powder
11.2
7.8
11.4
1.6
0.2
2.4
0.5
1.5
2.8
-30%
-27%
-53%
-60%
-53%
-32%
-37%
-43%
-60%
-47%
.09
Physico-chemical properties of acid whey powders
Provides an indication of 
lactose crystallization rate
(calculation)
 Same lactose crystallization rate for both powders and 
close to 80% (optimal value)  slight impact of mineral
environment on the quantitative aspect of crystallization
 Less hygroscopicity of NF LAW powder at 40 and 80% 
relative humidity :
 Related to the removal of highly hygroscopic
components that are  monovalent ions (Na, K, Cl) 
and lactic acid
Total moisture (g/100g)  
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
3.5
NF LAW powder
(aw=0.18)
LAW powder
(aw=0.16)
Free moisture
Bound moisture
 Lower total moisture content for NF LAW powder
but same bound moisture content for both powders
5.4
2.9 2.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
40% relative humidity 80% relative humidity
Hygroscopicity (g/100g)  
NF LAW powder
LAW powder
2.3
3.7
14.1
22.6
.010
Dryability of the concentrates
 Less stickiness of the NF LAW powder compared to the LAW powder
 due to the higher glass transition temperature of the NF LAW powder (53°C) compared to 
18°C for the LAW powder
0.5 m
NF LAW powder
0.5 m
LAW powder
Sticked powder
at the bottom of 
the spray dryer
 due to the lower content of free moisture and lactic acid and both components have low Tg 
(Tg water: -132°C and Tg lactic acid -60°C)
.011
Comparison of energy costs of processing schemes
 Theoretical comparison of energy costs for both processing schemes only on the 
basis of removed water (investments and operating costs are not taken into
account) for the production of LAW powder from 1,000 kg of liquid at 5.9% DM
nanofiltration
0.012 kWh/kg water
vacuum evaporation
0.116 kWh/kg water
drying
1.46 kWh/kg water
NF LAW powder NF 
(5.9  17.1% DM)
evaporation
(17.1  60% DM)
drying
(60  97% DM)
LAW powder evaporation
(5.9  60% DM)
drying
(60  97% DM)
0 50 100 150 200
Energy cost (kWh/kg of removed water)
NF LAW powder
LAW powder
- 43 %
7.9 28.7 54
104.6 54
.012
Conclusions
 As expected from the literature, the use of NF for the production of lactic
acid whey powders improves the dryability of concentrates and the
hygroscopicity of the resulting powders
Demonstration at semi-industrial scale
More information in Bedas, M., Tanguy, G., Dolivet, A., Méjean, S., Gaucheron, F., Garric, G., 
Senard, G., Jeantet, R., Schuck, P. (2017) Nanofiltration of lactic acid whey prior to spray drying: 
scaling up to a semi-industrial scale. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 79, 355-360  
 On the sole basis of the energy required for the removal of water, the
integration of NF could lead to about 40% of energy savings compared to
the conventional process scheme
.013Please visit http://www6.rennes.inra.fr/stlo_eng
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION


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Nanofiltration of lactic acid whey: A process to improve the dryability and the quality of powder

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