Exist a soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) classification in two groups in agreement with yours principal uses: the firts group, denominated grain type is employed manly in the bran and oil production, with medium grain size varying among...bitstream/item/160291/1/42mudasGilberto.pd

VELLO, N. A.

YOKOMIZO, G. K.-I.

English

Exist a soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) classification in two groups in agreement with yours principal uses: the firts group, denominated grain type is employed manly in the bran and oil production, with medium grain size varying among..

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EVALUATION OF THE VEGETABLE SOYBEAN SEEDLINGS PRODUCTIONBY SPEEDLING STYROFOAM IN COMPARISON AT THE TRADITIONALSYSTEMGilberto K. Yokomizo 1,3 and Natal A. Vello 2Embrapa Amapá 1Rod JK Km 05, Caixa Postal 1068902-280Macapá, Amapá, BrazilDepartamento de Genética 2ESALQ / Universidade de São PauloCaixa Postal 8313400-970Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil3 The correspondence should be adressed: gilberto@cpafap.embrapa.brINTRODUCTIONExist a soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) classification in two groups in agreementwith yours principal uses: the first group, denominated grain type is employed manly in thebran and oil production, with medium grain size (one hundred seed weight (HSW) varyingamong 10 to 19 g), however have undesirable flavor; the second group is denominated foodtype, with flavor taste, constituted by two subgroups, the first with HSW smaller than 10 g,consumed in the sprouts form and natto (fermented) and the second with HSW presenting20 g or more, being consumed directly by human principally in the immature pod form (R6stage from scale of Fehr & Caviness (1977)) how snack, being denominated vegetablesoybean, green soybean or edamame; presenting also the subgroups denominated sweetsoybean (kuromame) and  salad soybean (Vello, 1992).Adequate balance between nutritional values and protein content is a importantcharacteristic of the soybean, which is superior than the bovine meat, cow milk and eggs,this vegetal protein could heal the malnutrition from peoples in substitution to the animalprotein (Carrão-Panizzi, 1988), with smaller production expenses (Canto & Turatti, 1989).The main characteristics presented by the vegetable soybean are big seeds; sweetenedflavor (similar to the nuts); carbohydrate content high; without or smaller undesirable smell(Rackis et al., 1979; Carrão-Panizzi, 1989; Orf, 1989; Vello, 1992) and smaller anti-nutritional factors content, principally the Bowmann Birk and Kunitz anti proteases (Orf,1989), this characters are found in Japanese and Chinese genotypes.Recently in Brazil appeared a crescent interest to produce food type soybean withgreat seeds for exportation to eastern countries and, also to United States and Australia. Theseedling production in paper or plastic cups and styrofoam to posterior transplant in definitelocal is common practice to food type soybean, in this way the present research had asobjective to evaluate the food type soybean seedling production in styrofoam in relation atthe plastic cups. Aiming at to verify if exist differences between these systems. Thecomparison among evaluated materials is the second objective.MATERIAL AND METHODSThe genetic materials employed were four cultivars type food soybeans: PI 229320,IAC PL-1, Tarheel Black and 64-64 x KS 473, chosen because yours features fromappearance, colour tegument and size of seeds. The plot in each styrofoam was compositeby two rows with eight plants in each one, two replications by styrofoam and twostyrofoam, four replications by genotype, the employed substratum was vermiculite. Theother system for comparative objective was the seedling production in 200 ml plastic cupswith six plants for cultivar by replication and four replications, denominated for this workhow traditional system, the employed substratum was vegetal black soil. The environmentemployed was the greenhouse with 50% from clearly.The following characters were evaluated:- Plant height (PH), measured among 17 until 22 days after sowing, in cm.- Visual note from seedling (VN), based in visual notes scale from 1 (bad) until 5 (better).- Final weight from seedling (FW), measured 22 days after sowing, in grams.With the obtained data from height and notes were located curves in graphics bygenotype. Simplified statistical analyses had been carried through to detect differencesbetween the genotypes and system (traditional and styrofoam).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONVariance analysisThe Table 1 shown the combined analysis of variance to mean data of the plant heightby plot and visual notes from seedlings, the source of variation denominated days and yoursinteraction with treatments was plus to Error, because this analysis was realized to observethe differences existence in the system and the day behavior will is better visualized in thegraphics.To plant height the treatments showed significant difference, this denote the distinctbehavior to plant development from each cultivar. The system also were differentstatistically, indicating that exists influence of the system in the seedling development.In the interaction T x S were not detected significant differences, those systems don'tchange the growth behavior of the plants, or be it doesn't cause alteration in the ranking.The better cultivar in the traditional system also was in styrofoam system. This possibilitythe use of the two systems without problems, because without to benefit an or othercultivar.The results to visual notes from seedlings, where significant effect is observed at 1%to the treatments, indicates that the treatments presented distinct appearance in sanity terms,development and color. The system showed significant effect, this fact is indicative thatexist differences among the two systems, what was not it wanted, due the interest insubstituting a system by the other in future actions. Exist the significant effect to T x Sinteraction, indicating that occurred alteration from cultivars among system in thepositioning, this effect is highly undesirable, because its cause an uncertain behavior fromthe employed materials, what can be visualized better later in the figures.Table 1. Simplified combined analysis of variance to plant height and visual notesa fromseedlings.Plant height Visual notesSV DF MS F MS FBlocks     3   1,61 0,15  ns 0,03   0,73  nsTreatments (T)     3 64,89 6,22  ** 0,56 13,60  **Systems (S)     1 41,16 3,94  * 0,23   5,65  *T x S     3 15,27 1,46  ns 0,12   2,85  *Error 181 10,44 0,04Total 191a data transformed by x+0,5 rootns: not significant;* and * *: significant to 5% and 1%, respectively.In the Table 2 that shows the individual analysis of variance for system to plantheight, the traditional system has different behavior to treatments, indicating that the plantsfrom cultivars had statistically different performance to growth, for styrofoam system therewas not difference significant statistics, this behavior it is indicative that in the systemstyrofoam the seedlings increased more uniformity. Effects of the blocks were not observedand the error presented close values, what allowed the combined analysis of the twosystems without problems.Table 2.  Individual analysis of variance for traditional system (MS1) and for styrofoam(MS2) for plant height and for visual notesa from seedlings.Plant height Visual notesSV DF MS1 MS2 MS1 MS2Blocks   3   0,01 ns   3,04 ns 0,01 ns 0,07 nsTreatments (T)   3 71,08 **   9,08 ns 0,59 ** 0,09 nsError 89 10,01 11,18 0,03 0,05Total 95ns: not significant;* and * *: significant to 5% and 1%, respectively.In the individual analysis to visual notes from seedlings (Table 2), the blocks don’thave significant effect to styrofoam and traditional systems, treatments showed significanteffect in the traditional system (MS1), indicating that the sowing in cups caused thevariation among the treatments in relation to plant appearance in the plots, and in thestyrofoam the seedlings were similar in relation at the development, producing uniformseedlings, what is interesting in commercial cultivation to standardization.The days effect and yours interaction were included in the error, because this effect ismore important in the figures to visually the behavior, in the analysis of variance thedifference is certain, because the different days presents different height and notes. Theinclusion in the error increases the test F precision, by increasing the degrees of freedomGraphics curvesThe significance in the analysis of variance stimulate the accomplishment of a studywith the data, placing in graphics is possible better visualization about obtained differences,allowing to know who treatment presented better performance.The Figure 1 shown the seedlings development in the traditional system, where the PI229320 showed the better development, the development curves were similar to cultivars,and only the 64-64 x KS 473 presenting a small fall in the growth rate at 21st days. In theFigure 1 can be observed a final difference from 3,5 cm approximately in the plant heightbetween the best performance compared with the two worse.Comparing the Figures 1 and 2 can be observed that the styrofoam system (Figure 2)presented better uniformity for plants development, with the closer curves in comparison atthe traditional system, however it lives the fact to be accounted refers to the smallestseedlings development in the styrofoam system, perhaps due at the effect of the usedsubstratum, more organic matter in the traditional system. In spite of the largest growthwith smaller uniformity in the traditional system, the plants grew more rapidly, this couldbe interesting in the seedlings production, because it would allow the emptying of thevegetation house in smaller time. However it is convenient to observe that the TarheelBlack cultivar with intermediate development in the system traditional  present similardevelopment to the PI 229320, that was the best in the two systems. IAC PL-1 cultivardidn't adapt appropriately in comparison with the others, being your development the worstamong the tested materials.The visual notes from seedlings relative at the development behavior is presented inthe Figure 3, for this character is observed great variation in the traditional system. Thenote performance was similar at the plant height, because to the fact of this character to be acomponent of the note, besides the sanity and lodging.Visually can be observed in the Figure 4, that due to the smallest development of theplants in the styrofoam system, the notes were smaller in relation to the traditional systemfor the PI 229320 and Tarheel Black cultivars, confirming the analysis of variance.Comparing the Figures 3 and 4, is observed that the styrofoam system provided alarger uniformity among the notes to the four tested materials, while for the traditionalsystem the behavior among the treatments was relatively different. However the rankingfrom the materials among the systems presented similar tendencies, or is there was notsignificant alteration in the treatments. The development curve was more defined for thestyrofoam system, allowing to observe a more accurate to growth tendency from seedlingsin relation at the traditional system.024681012141617 18 19 20 21 22DaysHeight64-64 x KS 473PI 229320PL-1Tarheel Black Figure 1.  Development curve for height seedlingsin traditional system.024681012141617 18 19 20 21 22DaysHeight64-64 x KS 473PI 229320PL-1Ta rheel Bla c k  Figure 2.  Development curve for height seedlings instyrofoam systemTo seedling weight, the plants were removed from cups or styrofoam, washed to thesubstratum elimination at 22nd days after sowing and, in this phase the consistence fromthe formed sods was observed, it was noticed that in the styrofoam system the handling hadto is made with care, because the sods were more fragile in relation at the traditionalsystem.The final weight from seedling (FW) is a very important character to the vegetablesoybean production, in the Figure 5 the FW average from each treatment is presented forevaluated systems. The traditional system showed better seedling development, with all thetreatments presenting larger final weight, with larger difference to Tarheel Black (0,8 g),this better development must have been caused by the organic matter presence in thesubstratum of the traditional system. Not having complex interaction between thetreatments and the seedlings production system, because all the treatments had similarbehavior in relation at the evaluated systemCONCLUSIONS- Differences exist among the two evaluated systems to plant height and notes (seedlingappearance), confirmed for the results obtained in the analysis of variance and in thefigures.01234517 18 19 20 21 22DaysNotes64-64 x KS 473PI 229320PL-1Ta rheel Bla c k Figure 3. Graphic from notes for seedlings in traditionalsystem01234517 18 19 20 21 22DaysNotes64-64 x KS 473PI 229320PL-1Tarheel Black     Figure 4. Graphic from notes for seedlings instyrofoam system2,22,5 2,732,83,32,83,601234weight64-64 x KS473PI 229320 PL-1 TarheelBlacktreatmentSSCSFigure 5.  Comparative average weight from seedling amongstyrofoam speedling (SS) and traditional system (CS)- The seedling development is more uniform in styrofoam system.- The seedling grow more quickly and more in the traditional system, in spite of theuniformity losing presented by the styrofoam system.- The system choice to seedlings production will depend of the preference from producer,because both were viable, although in the styrofoam the formed clods needed larger carein the handling.REFERENCESCANTO, W. L. & TURATII, J. M.  Produção e mercado de produtos intermediáriosproteícos de soja no Brasil.  Boletim CEPPA, Curitiba, v.7, n.2, p.111-139, 1989.CARRÃO-PANIZZI, M. C.  Breeding soybean for human consumption.  In: WORLDSOYBEAN RESEARCH CONFERENCE, 4., Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1989.Proceedings.  Buenos Aires, Associacion Argentina de la Soja, 1989, p.1101-1105.CARRÃO-PANIZZI, M. C.  Soja Proteína para milhões.  Ciência Hoje, v.6, n.3, p.25-31,1987.CARRÃO-PANIZZI, M. C.  Valor nutritivo da soja e potencial de utilização na dietabrasileira.  Londrina, EMBRAPA / CNPSo, 1988.  13p.  (Documentos 29).FEHR, W. R. & CAVINESS, C. E.  Stages of soybean development.  Iowa StateUniversity of Science and Technology, 1977.  12 p.  (Special Report, 80).ORF, J. H.  Breeding soybeans lacking antinutritional factors.  In: WORLD SOYBEANRESEARCH CONFERENCE, 4., Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1989.  Proceedings.Buenos Aires, Associacion Argentina de la Soja, 1989.  p.1091-1100.RACKIS, J. J.; SESSA, D. J.; HONIG, D. H.  Flavor problems of vegetable food proteins.Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, v.56, n.3, p.262-271, 1979.VELLO, N. A.  Ampliação da base genética do germoplasma e melhoramento da soja naESALQ-USP.  In: CÂMARA, G. M. S.; MARCOS FILHO, J.; OLIVEIRA, E. A. M.(Ed.) Simpósio sobre cultura e produtividade da soja.  Piracicaba, FEALQ, 1992.  p.60-81.

Evaluation of the vegetable soybean seedlings production by speedling styrofoam in comparison at the traditional system.

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Evaluation of the vegetable soybean seedlings production by speedling styrofoam in comparison at the traditional system.

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