Proton–deuteron breakup reaction can serve as a tool to test stateof-
the-art descriptions of nuclear interactions. At intermediate energies,
below the threshold for pion production, comparison of the data with exact
theoretical calculations is possible and subtle effects of the dynamics beyond
the pairwise nucleon–nucleon interaction, namely the three-nucleon force
(3NF), are significant. Beside 3NF, Coulomb interaction or relativistic
effects are also important to precisely describe the differential cross section
of the breakup reaction. The data analysis and preliminary results of the
measurement of proton-induced deuteron breakup at the Cyclotron Center
Bronowice, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences in
Kraków are presented

Ciepał, I.

Jamróz, B.

Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N.

Khatri, Ghanshyambhai

Kistryn, Stanisław

Kozela, A.

Kuboś, J.

Kulessa, P.

Kłos, A.

Liptak, A.

Messchendorp, J.

Parol, B.

Rusnok, A.

Skwira-Chalot, I.

Stephan, E.

Wilczek, A.

Włoch, B.

Zejma, Jacek

Acta Physica Polonica B

English

Proton-deuteron breakup reaction can serve as a tool to test state-of- the-art descriptions of nuclear interactions. At intermediate energies, below the threshold for pion production, comparison of the data with exact theoretical calculations is possible and subtle effects of the dynamics beyond the pairwise nucleon-nucleon interaction, namely the three-nucleon force (3NF), are significant. Beside 3NF, Coulomb interaction or relativistic effects are also important to precisely describe the differential cross section of the breakup reaction. The data analysis and preliminary results of the measurement of proton-induced deuteron breakup at the Cyclotron Center Bronowice, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow are presented.</p

Ciepal, I.

Jamroz, B.

Khatri, G.

Kistryn, St.

Klos, B.

Kubos, J.

Parol, W.

Wloch, B.

Zejma, J.

University of Groningen

University of GroningenEXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THREE-NUCLEON DYNAMICS IN PROTON-DEUTERONBREAKUP REACTIONRusnok, A.; Ciepal, I.; Jamroz, B.; Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N.; Khatri, G.; Kistryn, St.; Klos, B.;Kozela, A.; Kubos, J.; Kulessa, P.Published in:Acta Physica Polonica BDOI:10.5506/APhysPolB.49.463IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:2018Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Rusnok, A., Ciepal, I., Jamroz, B., Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N., Khatri, G., Kistryn, S., Klos, B., Kozela, A.,Kubos, J., Kulessa, P., Liptak, A., Messchendorp, J., Parol, W., Skwira-Chalot, I., Stephan, E., Wilczek, A.,Wloch, B., & Zejma, J. (2018). EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THREE-NUCLEON DYNAMICS IN PROTON-DEUTERON BREAKUP REACTION. Acta Physica Polonica B, 49(3), 463-468.https://doi.org/10.5506/APhysPolB.49.463CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Download date: 31-12-2025Vol. 49 (2018) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B No 3EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THREE-NUCLEONDYNAMICS IN PROTON–DEUTERON BREAKUPREACTION∗A. Rusnoka, I. Ciepałb, B. Jamróza, N. Kalantar-NayestanakicG. Khatrid, St. Kistrynd, B. Kłosa, A. Kozelab, J. KubośeP. Kulessab, A. Liptake, J. Messchendorpc, W. ParolbI. Skwira-Chalotf , E. Stephana, A. Wilczeka, B. WłochbJ. ZejmadaInstitute of Physics, University of Silesia, 41-500 Chorzów, PolandbH. Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences31-342 Kraków, PolandcKVI-CART, University of Groningen, 9747 AA, Groningen, The NetherlandsdM. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University30-348 Kraków, PolandeFaculty of Physics and Applied Computer ScienceAGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, PolandfFaculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland(Received January 4, 2018)Proton–deuteron breakup reaction can serve as a tool to test state-of-the-art descriptions of nuclear interactions. At intermediate energies,below the threshold for pion production, comparison of the data with exacttheoretical calculations is possible and subtle effects of the dynamics beyondthe pairwise nucleon–nucleon interaction, namely the three-nucleon force(3NF), are significant. Beside 3NF, Coulomb interaction or relativisticeffects are also important to precisely describe the differential cross sectionof the breakup reaction. The data analysis and preliminary results of themeasurement of proton-induced deuteron breakup at the Cyclotron CenterBronowice, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences inKraków are presented.DOI:10.5506/APhysPolB.49.4631. MotivationThe understanding of nuclear interactions and the structure of nucleiis the focus of research in the domain of few-nucleon systems. Deuteronbreakup in collision with a proton can serve as a tool for testing modern∗ Presented at the XXXV Mazurian Lakes Conference on Physics, Piaski, Poland,September 3–9, 2017.(463)464 A. Rusnok et al.calculations describing nuclear interactions between three nucleons [1–3].Recent progress in theory allowed for the first time to account for the mostimportant, just after leading nucleon–nucleon interaction, parts of the in-volved dynamics. This includes three-nucleon force and Coulomb force ef-fects, and calculations performed within a proper relativistic formalism [4–6].The accurate theoretical calculations have to be confronted with a richset of measurements. For this purpose, a series of experiments was carriedout at KVI Groningen and FZ-Jülich to determine cross section and polar-ization observables of the 1H(d, pp)n and 2H(p, pp)n breakup reactions atintermediate energies [7–13]. The experimental data confirmed the impor-tance of the 3NF and a huge influence of the Coulomb interaction betweenprotons at certain kinematic configurations. However, some discrepanciespersist, indicating that our present understanding of the problem is not yetperfect.Continuation of the studies in a wide range of energies, at the regions ofthe maximum sensitivity for certain effects is necessary. For this purpose,the BINA (Big Instrument for Nuclear-polarization Analysis) detector setuphas been installed at the Cyclotron Center Bronowice (CCB) in Kraków.The combination of the large phase space coverage of the BINA system anda wide range of accessible beam energies provides a unique possibility tostudy the dynamics of a three-nucleon system.2. Experimental setupThe BINA detection system is designed to study the elastic and break-up reactions at intermediate energies. It allows to register coincidences oftwo charged particles in a nearly 4π solid angle, making it possible to studyalmost the full phase space of breakup and elastic reactions. The detectoris composed of two main parts, the forward Wall and the backward Ball[14, 15], see Fig. 1.The forward Wall consists of a three-plane multi-wire proportional cham-ber (MWPC) and telescopes formed by two layers of scintillator hodoscopes(vertically placed thin transmission-∆E strips and horizontally placed thickstopping-E bars). The forward Wall allows to detect a charged particlescattered at a polar angle (θ) in the range of 10◦–32◦ with a full azimuthalangle (Φ) coverage, and up to θ = 37◦ with partial azimuthal angle cover-age (due to corners of the square-shaped active region of the MWPC). TheWall part has an excellent angular resolution of 0.5◦. The backward angles(35◦–160◦ in the LAB frame) are covered by the second detector group Ball,consisting of 149 “phoswitch”-type scintillation detectors measuring the par-ticle energy and providing an approximate determination of the momentumdirection. A liquid D2 target is located inside the Ball detector which servesalso as a vacuum chamber.Experimental Study of Three-nucleon Dynamics in Proton–Deuteron . . . 465Fig. 1. A side view of BINA. The left panel shows a photograph of BINA side-view and the right one presents a schematic drawing of the forward Wall and thebackward Ball.3. Preliminary resultsThe first data have been collected for elastic scattering and the pd breakupreaction at three proton beam energies: 108, 135 and 160 MeV. Preliminaryanalysis was performed with the aim of checking consistency of the datacollected in the Wall part. The efficiency of MWPC is about 90%. The par-ticle identification (PID) is based on the ∆E–E technique. The events ofinterest are the coincidences of two charged particles, i.e. proton pairs fromthe breakup process and proton–deuteron from the elastic scattering. Thisallows us to identify protons and deuterons. Sample PID spectrum, obtainedfor one combination of overlapping elements of the ∆E and E detectors, ispresented in Fig. 2, left. Three groups of events are well visible: a longbranch of protons coming from the breakup reaction, a spot of elastically-scattered protons located in the region of the highest energy deposited (inthe E detector) and a spot of deuterons coming from the elastic scatter-ing. Proton–proton coincidences analyzed for sample angular configurationsreveal correct kinematic dependencies of breakup reaction, see Fig. 2, right.The energy calibration of the E detectors was carried out on the basisof special runs with proton beam of various energies (70, 83, 97, 108 and120 MeV) scattered off an Al target. The data were compared to a MonteCarlo simulation performed using Geant4. The registered events are definedby the side (s = right/left), the E detector number (N = 0, 1, . . . , 9) and thepolar angle θ ± 1◦. In order to supress the effect of light attenuation alongthe bar, a combination√c1 c2 of the ADC conversions, c1 and c2, related tothe readout of photomultiplier tubes on both ends of the E detector bar, isused. The distribution of elastically scattered protons is analyzed by fitting466 A. Rusnok et al.Fig. 2. Left panel: Sample particle identification spectrum obtained for one combi-nation of thin ∆E and thick E scintillators for the beam energy of 135 MeV. Goodseparation of protons (lower band and spot) and deuterons (upper spot) is visi-ble. Right panel: Kinematical spectrum (correlation of proton energies) obtainedfor breakup events collected at beam energy of 108 MeV for one selected angularconfiguration of the two protons θ1 = 29◦, θ2 = 27◦, Φ12 = 180◦.a Gaussian function for each combination of s,N, θ. A sample calibrationcurve obtained for detector E2 for both sides (right and left) and emissionangle (θ = 16◦ ± 1◦) is presented in Fig. 3.Fig. 3. Sample calibration curves obtained for the detector E2 for the right-handside (right panel) and left-hand side (left panel) with respect to the beam directionand for a selected proton emission angle θ = 16◦ ± 1◦. On the horizontal axis,√c1 c2 is defined as a C. Statistical uncertainties are smaller than the size of thepoints.The analysis of integrated luminosity is ongoing. Without the absolutenormalization, the shapes of the cross-section distribution as a function ofthe S variable corresponding to the energy measured along the breakupkinematics [14] were studied for several angular configurations. In Fig. 4,a comparison of arbitrarily normalized data with calculations is presented.Experimental Study of Three-nucleon Dynamics in Proton–Deuteron . . . 467In this configuration, the predicted effect of 3NF is insignificant. The cal-culations based on the CD-Bonn potential including the 3NF (CDB+∆,CDB+TM99) and without 3NF (CDB) are very close to each other. Theobserved small difference of the widths between the calculations and themeasurement will be verified in the further analysis.Fig. 4. Preliminary differential cross section for a sample kinematic configuration:θ1 = 29◦, θ2 = 27◦, Φ12 = 180◦ at the beam energy of 108 MeV. The measured dataare compared with the calculations: H. Witała (CDB, CDB+TM99), A. Deltuva(CDB+∆). Normalization of data points is arbitrary.4. Summary and outlookA very preliminary analysis of the data taken with the BINA detectorat CCB demonstrates a proper and efficient functioning of the forward partof this detector. The aim of the further analysis is to obtain the differentialcross section of the breakup reaction at 108 MeV as a function of kinematicvariables. The absolute normalization relies on the elastic scattering datameasured in parallel to the breakup reaction and the known elastic scatteringcross section [16].This work was partially supported by the National Science Centre, Poland(NCN) from grants DEC-2012/05/B/ST2/02556 and UMO-2016/23/D/ST2/01703.468 A. Rusnok et al.REFERENCES[1] St. Kistryn, E. Stephan, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 40, 063101 (2013).[2] K. Sagara, Few-Body Syst. 48, 59 (2010).[3] N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki, E. Epelbaum, J.G. Meschendorp, A. Nogga,Rep. Prog. Phys. 75, 016301 (2012).[4] H. Witała, J. Golak, R. Skibiński, Phys. Lett. B 634, 374 (2006).[5] R. Skibiński, H. Witała, J. Golak, Eur. Phys. J. A 30, 369 (2006).[6] A. Deltuva, A.C. Fonseca, P.U. Sauer, Phys. Rev. C 72, 054004 (2005).[7] St. Kistryn et al., Phys. Rev. C 68, 054004 (2003).[8] St. Kistryn et al., Phys. Rev. C 72, 044006 (2005).[9] I. Ciepał et al., Few-Body Syst. 56, 665 (2015).[10] M. Esami-Kalantari et al., Mod. Phys. Lett. A 24, 839 (2009).[11] H. Mardanpour et al., Phys. Lett. B 687, 149 (2010).[12] E. Stephan et al., Phys. Rev. C 82, 014003 (2010).[13] I. Ciepał et al., Phys. Rev. C 85, 017001 (2012).[14] St. Kistryn, E. Stephan, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 40, 063101 (2013).[15] A. Ramazani-Moghaddam-Arani et al., Phys. Rev. C 78, 014006 (2008).[16] K. Ermish et al., Phys. Rev. C 68, 051001 (2003).

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THREE-NUCLEON DYNAMICS IN PROTON-DEUTERON BREAKUP REACTION

A measurement of the differential cross sections for the proton-deuteron elastic scattering and the deuteron breakup in collision with a proton was carried out at Cyclotron Center Bronowice using the BINA detection system. The very preliminary analysis of the experimental data taken at three proton beam energies: 108, 135 and 160 MeV is presented.</p

Kistryn, St

Kłos, B.

ARTS repository - University of Groningen

   University of GroningenExperimental study of three-nucleon dynamics in proton-deuteron breakup reactionRusnok, A.; Ciepał, I.; Jamróz, B.; Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N.; Khatri, G.; Kistryn, St; Kłos, B.;Kozela, A.; Kubos, J.; Kulessa, P.Published in:Acta Physica Polonica BDOI:10.5506/APhysPolB.48.485IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:2017Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Rusnok, A., Ciepał, I., Jamróz, B., Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N., Khatri, G., Kistryn, S., Kłos, B., Kozela, A.,Kubos, J., Kulessa, P., Liptak, A., Parol, W., Skwira-Chalot, I., Stephan, E., Wilczek, A., Włoch, B., &Zejma, J. (2017). Experimental study of three-nucleon dynamics in proton-deuteron breakup reaction. ActaPhysica Polonica B, 48(3), 485-488. https://doi.org/10.5506/APhysPolB.48.485CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Download date: 10-09-2023Vol. 48 (2017) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B No 3EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THREE-NUCLEONDYNAMICS IN PROTON–DEUTERONBREAKUP REACTION∗A. Rusnoka, I. Ciepałb, B. Jamróza, N. Kalantar-NayestanakicG. Khatrid, St. Kistrynd, B. Kłosa, A. Kozelab, J. KubośeP. Kulessab, A. Liptake, W. Parolb, I. Skwira-ChalotfE. Stephana, A. Wilczeka, B. Włochb, J. ZejmadaInstitute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, PolandbThe H. Niewodniczański Insitute of Nuclear Physics, PAN, Kraków, PolandcKVI-CART, University of Groningen, Groningen, The NetherlandsdThe M. Smoluchowski Inst. of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, PolandeFaculty of Physics and Applied Computer ScienceAGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, PolandfFaculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland(Received December 14, 2016)Ameasurement of the differential cross sections for the proton–deuteronelastic scattering and the deuteron breakup in collision with a proton wascarried out at Cyclotron Center Bronowice using the BINA detection sys-tem. The very preliminary analysis of the experimental data taken at threeproton beam energies: 108, 135 and 160 MeV is presented.DOI:10.5506/APhysPolB.48.4851. MotivationResearch in the domain of few-nucleon systems is the basis for un-derstanding of nuclear interactions and properties of nuclei. The proton–deuteron breakup reaction can serve as a tool for testing modern approachesto describe nuclear interactions between three nucleons [1–3]. At interme-diate energies, below the threshold for pion production, a comparison ofthe data with exact theoretical calculations is possible and effects of thedynamics beyond the pairwise nucleon–nucleon interaction, the so-calledthree-nucleon force (3NF), are significant. Beside the 3NF, the Coulombinteraction and relativistic effects also affect the differential cross section ofthe breakup reaction.∗ Presented at the Zakopane Conference on Nuclear Physics “Extremes of the NuclearLandscape”, Zakopane, Poland, August 28–September 4, 2016.(485)486 A. Rusnok et al.A series of experiments was carried out at KVI Groningen and FZ-Jülichto determine cross section and polarization observables of the 1H(d, pp)n and2H(p, pp)n breakup reactions at intermediate energies [4–10]. The experi-mental data confirmed importance of the 3NF and huge influence of theCoulomb interaction between protons at certain kinematic configurations.There are also regions and observables where pd elastic scattering and/orbreakup reaction data are not well-described by the state-of-the-art theoret-ical calculations. The database for the breakup reaction is still limited instudied energies, which hinders the conclusions on the role of 3NF and onthe deficiencies of the description given by the current models. As a continu-ation of the studies, the measurements are carried out at the new CyclotronCenter Bronowice (CCB, Kraków), at three proton beam energies (108, 135,160 MeV).The combination of large phase space coverage of the BINA detectorsystem and wide range of accessible beam energies provides a unique possi-bility to study various aspects of the dynamics in the three-nucleon system,in regions of their maximum visibility.2. Experiment and preliminary resultsThe BINA detection system is defined by a large angular acceptance andlow-energy threshold for the particle detection [11, 12]. It is composed oftwo detector groups — Wall and Ball. The Wall, covering the forward scat-tering angles (12◦–35◦ in the lab-frame), consists of a multiwire proportionalchamber (MWPC) and scintillation hodoscope system ∆E–E. MWPC pro-vides information for exact reconstruction of the momentum direction ofthe charged particles, whereas the ∆E–E system is applied for charged par-ticle identification and total energy measurement. The backward angles(35◦–160◦ in the lab-frame) are covered by the second detector group, Ball,consisting of 149 “phoswich”-type scintillation detectors dedicated to mea-surement of the particle energy and to approximate determination of themomentum direction. The liquid D2 target is located inside the Ball detec-tor which serves also as a vacuum chamber.The first data have been collected for elastic scattering and the pdbreakup reaction at three proton beam energies: 108, 135 and 160 MeV. TheBall part was not fully operational at the time of the measurements, so thepreliminary analysis is devoted to checking consistency of the data collectedin the Wall part. The high efficiency of MWPC has been demonstrated. Asample particle identification spectrum, obtained for one “virtual telescope”,i.e. the combination of overlapping elements of the ∆E and E detectors,is presented in Fig. 1 (left panel). Proton and deuteron bands and spotsare well-visible allowing for clear definition of corresponding graphical cuts.The simplified energy calibration has been applied leading to a proper dis-Experimental Study of Three-nucleon Dynamics in Proton–Deuteron . . . 487tribution of proton–proton coincidences along the corresponding three-bodybreakup reaction kinematics (see Fig. 1 (right panel)). The clean spectrumbelow the breakup kinematics proves low level of accidental coincidences.The number of events collected at beam energy of 108 MeV corresponds toan average statistical accuracy of about 4–5% in one bin (defined by the binsin the proton emission angles: ∆θ1 = ∆θ2 = 2◦, ∆φ12 = 10◦ and the bin inenergy of 2 MeV).Fig. 1. Left panel: Sample particle identification spectrum measured with onevirtual telescope at the beam energy of 135 MeV — a proton band and a deuteronspot are very well-separated. Right panel: Kinematical spectrum measured for asample configuration of the proton pair (θ1 = θ2 = 20◦, φ12 = 140◦) originatingfrom the breakup reaction; data measured at the beam energy of 108 MeV.Fig. 2. Particles registered in the Wall presented on the plane of polar angle ver-sus energy. The spectra have been produced separately for particles identified asprotons (left panel) and deuterons (right panel); the lines represent dependencescalculated for elastic scattering kinematics at 108 MeV.488 A. Rusnok et al.After the PID selection, energy versus angle θ dependences have beenchecked for protons and deuterons separately, see Fig. 2. Bands of elasticallyscattered protons and deuterons are in agreement with the correspondingkinematical curves.3. OutlookThe very preliminary analysis of the data taken with the BINA detectorat CCB demonstrates a proper and efficient functioning of the forward partof this detector. The aim of the further analysis is to obtain differentialcross section of the breakup reaction at 108 MeV as a function of kinematicvariables. In a first step, a number of angular configurations of outgoingprotons will be chosen. The absolute normalization relies on the elasticscattering data measured in parallel to the breakup reaction and the knownelastic scattering cross section [13].This work was partially supported by the Polish National Science Center(NCN) from grant DEC-2012/05/B/ST2/02556 .REFERENCES[1] St. Kistryn, E. Stephan, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 40, 063101 (2013).[2] K. Sagara, Few-Body Syst. 48, 59 (2010).[3] N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki, E. Epelbaum, J.G. Meschendorp, A. Nogga, Rep.Prog. Phys. 75, 016301 (2012).[4] St. Kistryn et al., Phys. Rev. C 68, 054004 (2003).[5] St. Kistryn et al., Phys. Rev. C 72, 044006 (2005).[6] E. Stephan et al., Phys. Rev. C 82, 014003 (2010).[7] M. Eslami-Kalantari et al., Mod. Phys. Lett. A 24, 839 (2009).[8] H. Mardanpour et al., Phys. Lett. B 687, 149 (2010).[9] I. Ciepał et al., Few-Body Syst. 56, 665 (2015).[10] I. Ciepał et al., Phys. Rev. C 85, 017001 (2012).[11] St. Kistryn, E. Stephan, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 40, 063101 (2013).[12] A. Ramazani-Moghaddam-Arani et al., Phys. Rev. C 78, 014006 (2008).[13] K. Ermish et al., Phys. Rev. C 68, 051001(R) (2003).

Experimental study of three-nucleon dynamics in proton-deuteron breakup reaction

49final_published3AT_PUBLICATIONNie dotycz

Stephan, Elżbieta

Kłos, Barbara

Wilczek, Andrzej

Jamróz, Barbara

Skwira-Chalot, Izabela

Ciepał, Izabela

Kozela, Adam

Parol, Wiktor

Włoch, Bogusław

REIN UW  Institutional Repository of the University of Warsaw

Experimental Study of Three-nucleon Dynamics in Proton–Deuteron Breakup Reaction

   University of GroningenEXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THREE-NUCLEON DYNAMICS IN PROTON-DEUTERONBREAKUP REACTIONRusnok, A.; Ciepal, I.; Jamroz, B.; Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N.; Khatri, G.; Kistryn, St.; Klos, B.;Kozela, A.; Kubos, J.; Kulessa, P.Published in:Acta Physica Polonica BDOI:10.5506/APhysPolB.49.463IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:2018Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Rusnok, A., Ciepal, I., Jamroz, B., Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N., Khatri, G., Kistryn, S., Klos, B., Kozela, A.,Kubos, J., Kulessa, P., Liptak, A., Messchendorp, J., Parol, W., Skwira-Chalot, I., Stephan, E., Wilczek, A.,Wloch, B., & Zejma, J. (2018). EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THREE-NUCLEON DYNAMICS IN PROTON-DEUTERON BREAKUP REACTION. Acta Physica Polonica B, 49(3), 463-468.https://doi.org/10.5506/APhysPolB.49.463CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Vol. 49 (2018) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B No 3EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THREE-NUCLEONDYNAMICS IN PROTON–DEUTERON BREAKUPREACTION∗A. Rusnoka, I. Ciepałb, B. Jamróza, N. Kalantar-NayestanakicG. Khatrid, St. Kistrynd, B. Kłosa, A. Kozelab, J. KubośeP. Kulessab, A. Liptake, J. Messchendorpc, W. ParolbI. Skwira-Chalotf , E. Stephana, A. Wilczeka, B. WłochbJ. ZejmadaInstitute of Physics, University of Silesia, 41-500 Chorzów, PolandbH. Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences31-342 Kraków, PolandcKVI-CART, University of Groningen, 9747 AA, Groningen, The NetherlandsdM. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University30-348 Kraków, PolandeFaculty of Physics and Applied Computer ScienceAGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, PolandfFaculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland(Received January 4, 2018)Proton–deuteron breakup reaction can serve as a tool to test state-of-the-art descriptions of nuclear interactions. At intermediate energies,below the threshold for pion production, comparison of the data with exacttheoretical calculations is possible and subtle effects of the dynamics beyondthe pairwise nucleon–nucleon interaction, namely the three-nucleon force(3NF), are significant. Beside 3NF, Coulomb interaction or relativisticeffects are also important to precisely describe the differential cross sectionof the breakup reaction. The data analysis and preliminary results of themeasurement of proton-induced deuteron breakup at the Cyclotron CenterBronowice, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences inKraków are presented.DOI:10.5506/APhysPolB.49.4631. MotivationThe understanding of nuclear interactions and the structure of nucleiis the focus of research in the domain of few-nucleon systems. Deuteronbreakup in collision with a proton can serve as a tool for testing modern∗ Presented at the XXXV Mazurian Lakes Conference on Physics, Piaski, Poland,September 3–9, 2017.(463)464 A. Rusnok et al.calculations describing nuclear interactions between three nucleons [1–3].Recent progress in theory allowed for the first time to account for the mostimportant, just after leading nucleon–nucleon interaction, parts of the in-volved dynamics. This includes three-nucleon force and Coulomb force ef-fects, and calculations performed within a proper relativistic formalism [4–6].The accurate theoretical calculations have to be confronted with a richset of measurements. For this purpose, a series of experiments was carriedout at KVI Groningen and FZ-Jülich to determine cross section and polar-ization observables of the 1H(d, pp)n and 2H(p, pp)n breakup reactions atintermediate energies [7–13]. The experimental data confirmed the impor-tance of the 3NF and a huge influence of the Coulomb interaction betweenprotons at certain kinematic configurations. However, some discrepanciespersist, indicating that our present understanding of the problem is not yetperfect.Continuation of the studies in a wide range of energies, at the regions ofthe maximum sensitivity for certain effects is necessary. For this purpose,the BINA (Big Instrument for Nuclear-polarization Analysis) detector setuphas been installed at the Cyclotron Center Bronowice (CCB) in Kraków.The combination of the large phase space coverage of the BINA system anda wide range of accessible beam energies provides a unique possibility tostudy the dynamics of a three-nucleon system.2. Experimental setupThe BINA detection system is designed to study the elastic and break-up reactions at intermediate energies. It allows to register coincidences oftwo charged particles in a nearly 4π solid angle, making it possible to studyalmost the full phase space of breakup and elastic reactions. The detectoris composed of two main parts, the forward Wall and the backward Ball[14, 15], see Fig. 1.The forward Wall consists of a three-plane multi-wire proportional cham-ber (MWPC) and telescopes formed by two layers of scintillator hodoscopes(vertically placed thin transmission-∆E strips and horizontally placed thickstopping-E bars). The forward Wall allows to detect a charged particlescattered at a polar angle (θ) in the range of 10◦–32◦ with a full azimuthalangle (Φ) coverage, and up to θ = 37◦ with partial azimuthal angle cover-age (due to corners of the square-shaped active region of the MWPC). TheWall part has an excellent angular resolution of 0.5◦. The backward angles(35◦–160◦ in the LAB frame) are covered by the second detector group Ball,consisting of 149 “phoswitch”-type scintillation detectors measuring the par-ticle energy and providing an approximate determination of the momentumdirection. A liquid D2 target is located inside the Ball detector which servesalso as a vacuum chamber.Experimental Study of Three-nucleon Dynamics in Proton–Deuteron . . . 465Fig. 1. A side view of BINA. The left panel shows a photograph of BINA side-view and the right one presents a schematic drawing of the forward Wall and thebackward Ball.3. Preliminary resultsThe first data have been collected for elastic scattering and the pd breakupreaction at three proton beam energies: 108, 135 and 160 MeV. Preliminaryanalysis was performed with the aim of checking consistency of the datacollected in the Wall part. The efficiency of MWPC is about 90%. The par-ticle identification (PID) is based on the ∆E–E technique. The events ofinterest are the coincidences of two charged particles, i.e. proton pairs fromthe breakup process and proton–deuteron from the elastic scattering. Thisallows us to identify protons and deuterons. Sample PID spectrum, obtainedfor one combination of overlapping elements of the ∆E and E detectors, ispresented in Fig. 2, left. Three groups of events are well visible: a longbranch of protons coming from the breakup reaction, a spot of elastically-scattered protons located in the region of the highest energy deposited (inthe E detector) and a spot of deuterons coming from the elastic scatter-ing. Proton–proton coincidences analyzed for sample angular configurationsreveal correct kinematic dependencies of breakup reaction, see Fig. 2, right.The energy calibration of the E detectors was carried out on the basisof special runs with proton beam of various energies (70, 83, 97, 108 and120 MeV) scattered off an Al target. The data were compared to a MonteCarlo simulation performed using Geant4. The registered events are definedby the side (s = right/left), the E detector number (N = 0, 1, . . . , 9) and thepolar angle θ ± 1◦. In order to supress the effect of light attenuation alongthe bar, a combination√c1 c2 of the ADC conversions, c1 and c2, related tothe readout of photomultiplier tubes on both ends of the E detector bar, isused. The distribution of elastically scattered protons is analyzed by fitting466 A. Rusnok et al.Fig. 2. Left panel: Sample particle identification spectrum obtained for one combi-nation of thin ∆E and thick E scintillators for the beam energy of 135 MeV. Goodseparation of protons (lower band and spot) and deuterons (upper spot) is visi-ble. Right panel: Kinematical spectrum (correlation of proton energies) obtainedfor breakup events collected at beam energy of 108 MeV for one selected angularconfiguration of the two protons θ1 = 29◦, θ2 = 27◦, Φ12 = 180◦.a Gaussian function for each combination of s,N, θ. A sample calibrationcurve obtained for detector E2 for both sides (right and left) and emissionangle (θ = 16◦ ± 1◦) is presented in Fig. 3.Fig. 3. Sample calibration curves obtained for the detector E2 for the right-handside (right panel) and left-hand side (left panel) with respect to the beam directionand for a selected proton emission angle θ = 16◦ ± 1◦. On the horizontal axis,√c1 c2 is defined as a C. Statistical uncertainties are smaller than the size of thepoints.The analysis of integrated luminosity is ongoing. Without the absolutenormalization, the shapes of the cross-section distribution as a function ofthe S variable corresponding to the energy measured along the breakupkinematics [14] were studied for several angular configurations. In Fig. 4,a comparison of arbitrarily normalized data with calculations is presented.Experimental Study of Three-nucleon Dynamics in Proton–Deuteron . . . 467In this configuration, the predicted effect of 3NF is insignificant. The cal-culations based on the CD-Bonn potential including the 3NF (CDB+∆,CDB+TM99) and without 3NF (CDB) are very close to each other. Theobserved small difference of the widths between the calculations and themeasurement will be verified in the further analysis.Fig. 4. Preliminary differential cross section for a sample kinematic configuration:θ1 = 29◦, θ2 = 27◦, Φ12 = 180◦ at the beam energy of 108 MeV. The measured dataare compared with the calculations: H. Witała (CDB, CDB+TM99), A. Deltuva(CDB+∆). Normalization of data points is arbitrary.4. Summary and outlookA very preliminary analysis of the data taken with the BINA detectorat CCB demonstrates a proper and efficient functioning of the forward partof this detector. The aim of the further analysis is to obtain the differentialcross section of the breakup reaction at 108 MeV as a function of kinematicvariables. The absolute normalization relies on the elastic scattering datameasured in parallel to the breakup reaction and the known elastic scatteringcross section [16].This work was partially supported by the National Science Centre, Poland(NCN) from grants DEC-2012/05/B/ST2/02556 and UMO-2016/23/D/ST2/01703.468 A. Rusnok et al.REFERENCES[1] St. Kistryn, E. Stephan, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 40, 063101 (2013).[2] K. Sagara, Few-Body Syst. 48, 59 (2010).[3] N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki, E. Epelbaum, J.G. Meschendorp, A. Nogga,Rep. Prog. Phys. 75, 016301 (2012).[4] H. Witała, J. Golak, R. Skibiński, Phys. Lett. B 634, 374 (2006).[5] R. Skibiński, H. Witała, J. Golak, Eur. Phys. J. A 30, 369 (2006).[6] A. Deltuva, A.C. Fonseca, P.U. Sauer, Phys. Rev. C 72, 054004 (2005).[7] St. Kistryn et al., Phys. Rev. C 68, 054004 (2003).[8] St. Kistryn et al., Phys. Rev. C 72, 044006 (2005).[9] I. Ciepał et al., Few-Body Syst. 56, 665 (2015).[10] M. Esami-Kalantari et al., Mod. Phys. Lett. A 24, 839 (2009).[11] H. Mardanpour et al., Phys. Lett. B 687, 149 (2010).[12] E. Stephan et al., Phys. Rev. C 82, 014003 (2010).[13] I. Ciepał et al., Phys. Rev. C 85, 017001 (2012).[14] St. Kistryn, E. Stephan, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 40, 063101 (2013).[15] A. Ramazani-Moghaddam-Arani et al., Phys. Rev. C 78, 014006 (2008).[16] K. Ermish et al., Phys. Rev. C 68, 051001 (2003).

University of Groningen Research Database

  
 University of Groningen
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THREE-NUCLEON DYNAMICS IN PROTON-DEUTERON
BREAKUP REACTION
Rusnok, A.; Ciepal, I.; Jamroz, B.; Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N.; Khatri, G.; Kistryn, St.; Klos, B.;
Kozela, A.; Kubos, J.; Kulessa, P.
Published in:
Acta Physica Polonica B
DOI:
10.5506/APhysPolB.49.463
IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from
it. Please check the document version below.
Document Version
Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record
Publication date:
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Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database
Citation for published version (APA):
Rusnok, A., Ciepal, I., Jamroz, B., Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N., Khatri, G., Kistryn, S., ... Zejma, J. (2018).
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THREE-NUCLEON DYNAMICS IN PROTON-DEUTERON BREAKUP
REACTION. Acta Physica Polonica B, 49(3), 463-468. https://doi.org/10.5506/APhysPolB.49.463
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Vol. 49 (2018) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B No 3
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THREE-NUCLEON
DYNAMICS IN PROTON–DEUTERON BREAKUP
REACTION∗
A. Rusnoka, I. Ciepałb, B. Jamróza, N. Kalantar-Nayestanakic
G. Khatrid, St. Kistrynd, B. Kłosa, A. Kozelab, J. Kubośe
P. Kulessab, A. Liptake, J. Messchendorpc, W. Parolb
I. Skwira-Chalotf , E. Stephana, A. Wilczeka, B. Włochb
J. Zejmad
aInstitute of Physics, University of Silesia, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
bH. Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences
31-342 Kraków, Poland
cKVI-CART, University of Groningen, 9747 AA, Groningen, The Netherlands
dM. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University
30-348 Kraków, Poland
eFaculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science
AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
fFaculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
(Received January 4, 2018)
Proton–deuteron breakup reaction can serve as a tool to test state-
of-the-art descriptions of nuclear interactions. At intermediate energies,
below the threshold for pion production, comparison of the data with exact
theoretical calculations is possible and subtle effects of the dynamics beyond
the pairwise nucleon–nucleon interaction, namely the three-nucleon force
(3NF), are significant. Beside 3NF, Coulomb interaction or relativistic
effects are also important to precisely describe the differential cross section
of the breakup reaction. The data analysis and preliminary results of the
measurement of proton-induced deuteron breakup at the Cyclotron Center
Bronowice, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences in
Kraków are presented.
DOI:10.5506/APhysPolB.49.463
1. Motivation
The understanding of nuclear interactions and the structure of nuclei
is the focus of research in the domain of few-nucleon systems. Deuteron
breakup in collision with a proton can serve as a tool for testing modern
∗ Presented at the XXXV Mazurian Lakes Conference on Physics, Piaski, Poland,
September 3–9, 2017.
(463)
464 A. Rusnok et al.
calculations describing nuclear interactions between three nucleons [1–3].
Recent progress in theory allowed for the first time to account for the most
important, just after leading nucleon–nucleon interaction, parts of the in-
volved dynamics. This includes three-nucleon force and Coulomb force ef-
fects, and calculations performed within a proper relativistic formalism [4–6].
The accurate theoretical calculations have to be confronted with a rich
set of measurements. For this purpose, a series of experiments was carried
out at KVI Groningen and FZ-Jülich to determine cross section and polar-
ization observables of the 1H(d, pp)n and 2H(p, pp)n breakup reactions at
intermediate energies [7–13]. The experimental data confirmed the impor-
tance of the 3NF and a huge influence of the Coulomb interaction between
protons at certain kinematic configurations. However, some discrepancies
persist, indicating that our present understanding of the problem is not yet
perfect.
Continuation of the studies in a wide range of energies, at the regions of
the maximum sensitivity for certain effects is necessary. For this purpose,
the BINA (Big Instrument for Nuclear-polarization Analysis) detector setup
has been installed at the Cyclotron Center Bronowice (CCB) in Kraków.
The combination of the large phase space coverage of the BINA system and
a wide range of accessible beam energies provides a unique possibility to
study the dynamics of a three-nucleon system.
2. Experimental setup
The BINA detection system is designed to study the elastic and break-
up reactions at intermediate energies. It allows to register coincidences of
two charged particles in a nearly 4pi solid angle, making it possible to study
almost the full phase space of breakup and elastic reactions. The detector
is composed of two main parts, the forward Wall and the backward Ball
[14, 15], see Fig. 1.
The forward Wall consists of a three-plane multi-wire proportional cham-
ber (MWPC) and telescopes formed by two layers of scintillator hodoscopes
(vertically placed thin transmission-∆E strips and horizontally placed thick
stopping-E bars). The forward Wall allows to detect a charged particle
scattered at a polar angle (θ) in the range of 10◦–32◦ with a full azimuthal
angle (Φ) coverage, and up to θ = 37◦ with partial azimuthal angle cover-
age (due to corners of the square-shaped active region of the MWPC). The
Wall part has an excellent angular resolution of 0.5◦. The backward angles
(35◦–160◦ in the LAB frame) are covered by the second detector group Ball,
consisting of 149 “phoswitch”-type scintillation detectors measuring the par-
ticle energy and providing an approximate determination of the momentum
direction. A liquid D2 target is located inside the Ball detector which serves
also as a vacuum chamber.
Experimental Study of Three-nucleon Dynamics in Proton–Deuteron . . . 465
Fig. 1. A side view of BINA. The left panel shows a photograph of BINA side-
view and the right one presents a schematic drawing of the forward Wall and the
backward Ball.
3. Preliminary results
The first data have been collected for elastic scattering and the pd breakup
reaction at three proton beam energies: 108, 135 and 160 MeV. Preliminary
analysis was performed with the aim of checking consistency of the data
collected in the Wall part. The efficiency of MWPC is about 90%. The par-
ticle identification (PID) is based on the ∆E–E technique. The events of
interest are the coincidences of two charged particles, i.e. proton pairs from
the breakup process and proton–deuteron from the elastic scattering. This
allows us to identify protons and deuterons. Sample PID spectrum, obtained
for one combination of overlapping elements of the ∆E and E detectors, is
presented in Fig. 2, left. Three groups of events are well visible: a long
branch of protons coming from the breakup reaction, a spot of elastically-
scattered protons located in the region of the highest energy deposited (in
the E detector) and a spot of deuterons coming from the elastic scatter-
ing. Proton–proton coincidences analyzed for sample angular configurations
reveal correct kinematic dependencies of breakup reaction, see Fig. 2, right.
The energy calibration of the E detectors was carried out on the basis
of special runs with proton beam of various energies (70, 83, 97, 108 and
120 MeV) scattered off an Al target. The data were compared to a Monte
Carlo simulation performed using Geant4. The registered events are defined
by the side (s = right/left), the E detector number (N = 0, 1, . . . , 9) and the
polar angle θ ± 1◦. In order to supress the effect of light attenuation along
the bar, a combination
√
c1 c2 of the ADC conversions, c1 and c2, related to
the readout of photomultiplier tubes on both ends of the E detector bar, is
used. The distribution of elastically scattered protons is analyzed by fitting
466 A. Rusnok et al.
Fig. 2. Left panel: Sample particle identification spectrum obtained for one combi-
nation of thin ∆E and thick E scintillators for the beam energy of 135 MeV. Good
separation of protons (lower band and spot) and deuterons (upper spot) is visi-
ble. Right panel: Kinematical spectrum (correlation of proton energies) obtained
for breakup events collected at beam energy of 108 MeV for one selected angular
configuration of the two protons θ1 = 29◦, θ2 = 27◦, Φ12 = 180◦.
a Gaussian function for each combination of s,N, θ. A sample calibration
curve obtained for detector E2 for both sides (right and left) and emission
angle (θ = 16◦ ± 1◦) is presented in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Sample calibration curves obtained for the detector E2 for the right-hand
side (right panel) and left-hand side (left panel) with respect to the beam direction
and for a selected proton emission angle θ = 16◦ ± 1◦. On the horizontal axis,√
c1 c2 is defined as a C. Statistical uncertainties are smaller than the size of the
points.
The analysis of integrated luminosity is ongoing. Without the absolute
normalization, the shapes of the cross-section distribution as a function of
the S variable corresponding to the energy measured along the breakup
kinematics [14] were studied for several angular configurations. In Fig. 4,
a comparison of arbitrarily normalized data with calculations is presented.
Experimental Study of Three-nucleon Dynamics in Proton–Deuteron . . . 467
In this configuration, the predicted effect of 3NF is insignificant. The cal-
culations based on the CD-Bonn potential including the 3NF (CDB+∆,
CDB+TM99) and without 3NF (CDB) are very close to each other. The
observed small difference of the widths between the calculations and the
measurement will be verified in the further analysis.
Fig. 4. Preliminary differential cross section for a sample kinematic configuration:
θ1 = 29
◦, θ2 = 27◦, Φ12 = 180◦ at the beam energy of 108 MeV. The measured data
are compared with the calculations: H. Witała (CDB, CDB+TM99), A. Deltuva
(CDB+∆). Normalization of data points is arbitrary.
4. Summary and outlook
A very preliminary analysis of the data taken with the BINA detector
at CCB demonstrates a proper and efficient functioning of the forward part
of this detector. The aim of the further analysis is to obtain the differential
cross section of the breakup reaction at 108 MeV as a function of kinematic
variables. The absolute normalization relies on the elastic scattering data
measured in parallel to the breakup reaction and the known elastic scattering
cross section [16].
This work was partially supported by the National Science Centre, Poland
(NCN) from grants DEC-2012/05/B/ST2/02556 and UMO-2016/23/D/
ST2/01703.
468 A. Rusnok et al.
REFERENCES
[1] St. Kistryn, E. Stephan, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 40, 063101 (2013).
[2] K. Sagara, Few-Body Syst. 48, 59 (2010).
[3] N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki, E. Epelbaum, J.G. Meschendorp, A. Nogga,
Rep. Prog. Phys. 75, 016301 (2012).
[4] H. Witała, J. Golak, R. Skibiński, Phys. Lett. B 634, 374 (2006).
[5] R. Skibiński, H. Witała, J. Golak, Eur. Phys. J. A 30, 369 (2006).
[6] A. Deltuva, A.C. Fonseca, P.U. Sauer, Phys. Rev. C 72, 054004 (2005).
[7] St. Kistryn et al., Phys. Rev. C 68, 054004 (2003).
[8] St. Kistryn et al., Phys. Rev. C 72, 044006 (2005).
[9] I. Ciepał et al., Few-Body Syst. 56, 665 (2015).
[10] M. Esami-Kalantari et al., Mod. Phys. Lett. A 24, 839 (2009).
[11] H. Mardanpour et al., Phys. Lett. B 687, 149 (2010).
[12] E. Stephan et al., Phys. Rev. C 82, 014003 (2010).
[13] I. Ciepał et al., Phys. Rev. C 85, 017001 (2012).
[14] St. Kistryn, E. Stephan, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 40, 063101 (2013).
[15] A. Ramazani-Moghaddam-Arani et al., Phys. Rev. C 78, 014006 (2008).
[16] K. Ermish et al., Phys. Rev. C 68, 051001 (2003).


University of GroningenEXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THREE-NUCLEON DYNAMICS IN PROTON-DEUTERONBREAKUP REACTIONRusnok, A.; Ciepal, I.; Jamroz, B.; Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N.; Khatri, G.; Kistryn, St.; Klos, B.;Kozela, A.; Kubos, J.; Kulessa, P.Published in:Acta Physica Polonica BDOI:10.5506/APhysPolB.49.463IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:2018Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Rusnok, A., Ciepal, I., Jamroz, B., Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N., Khatri, G., Kistryn, S., Klos, B., Kozela, A.,Kubos, J., Kulessa, P., Liptak, A., Messchendorp, J., Parol, W., Skwira-Chalot, I., Stephan, E., Wilczek, A.,Wloch, B., & Zejma, J. (2018). EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THREE-NUCLEON DYNAMICS IN PROTON-DEUTERON BREAKUP REACTION. Acta Physica Polonica B, 49(3), 463-468.https://doi.org/10.5506/APhysPolB.49.463CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Download date: 23-12-2025Vol. 49 (2018) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B No 3EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THREE-NUCLEONDYNAMICS IN PROTON–DEUTERON BREAKUPREACTION∗A. Rusnoka, I. Ciepałb, B. Jamróza, N. Kalantar-NayestanakicG. Khatrid, St. Kistrynd, B. Kłosa, A. Kozelab, J. KubośeP. Kulessab, A. Liptake, J. Messchendorpc, W. ParolbI. Skwira-Chalotf , E. Stephana, A. Wilczeka, B. WłochbJ. ZejmadaInstitute of Physics, University of Silesia, 41-500 Chorzów, PolandbH. Niewodniczański Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences31-342 Kraków, PolandcKVI-CART, University of Groningen, 9747 AA, Groningen, The NetherlandsdM. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University30-348 Kraków, PolandeFaculty of Physics and Applied Computer ScienceAGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, PolandfFaculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland(Received January 4, 2018)Proton–deuteron breakup reaction can serve as a tool to test state-of-the-art descriptions of nuclear interactions. At intermediate energies,below the threshold for pion production, comparison of the data with exacttheoretical calculations is possible and subtle effects of the dynamics beyondthe pairwise nucleon–nucleon interaction, namely the three-nucleon force(3NF), are significant. Beside 3NF, Coulomb interaction or relativisticeffects are also important to precisely describe the differential cross sectionof the breakup reaction. The data analysis and preliminary results of themeasurement of proton-induced deuteron breakup at the Cyclotron CenterBronowice, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences inKraków are presented.DOI:10.5506/APhysPolB.49.4631. MotivationThe understanding of nuclear interactions and the structure of nucleiis the focus of research in the domain of few-nucleon systems. Deuteronbreakup in collision with a proton can serve as a tool for testing modern∗ Presented at the XXXV Mazurian Lakes Conference on Physics, Piaski, Poland,September 3–9, 2017.(463)464 A. Rusnok et al.calculations describing nuclear interactions between three nucleons [1–3].Recent progress in theory allowed for the first time to account for the mostimportant, just after leading nucleon–nucleon interaction, parts of the in-volved dynamics. This includes three-nucleon force and Coulomb force ef-fects, and calculations performed within a proper relativistic formalism [4–6].The accurate theoretical calculations have to be confronted with a richset of measurements. For this purpose, a series of experiments was carriedout at KVI Groningen and FZ-Jülich to determine cross section and polar-ization observables of the 1H(d, pp)n and 2H(p, pp)n breakup reactions atintermediate energies [7–13]. The experimental data confirmed the impor-tance of the 3NF and a huge influence of the Coulomb interaction betweenprotons at certain kinematic configurations. However, some discrepanciespersist, indicating that our present understanding of the problem is not yetperfect.Continuation of the studies in a wide range of energies, at the regions ofthe maximum sensitivity for certain effects is necessary. For this purpose,the BINA (Big Instrument for Nuclear-polarization Analysis) detector setuphas been installed at the Cyclotron Center Bronowice (CCB) in Kraków.The combination of the large phase space coverage of the BINA system anda wide range of accessible beam energies provides a unique possibility tostudy the dynamics of a three-nucleon system.2. Experimental setupThe BINA detection system is designed to study the elastic and break-up reactions at intermediate energies. It allows to register coincidences oftwo charged particles in a nearly 4π solid angle, making it possible to studyalmost the full phase space of breakup and elastic reactions. The detectoris composed of two main parts, the forward Wall and the backward Ball[14, 15], see Fig. 1.The forward Wall consists of a three-plane multi-wire proportional cham-ber (MWPC) and telescopes formed by two layers of scintillator hodoscopes(vertically placed thin transmission-∆E strips and horizontally placed thickstopping-E bars). The forward Wall allows to detect a charged particlescattered at a polar angle (θ) in the range of 10◦–32◦ with a full azimuthalangle (Φ) coverage, and up to θ = 37◦ with partial azimuthal angle cover-age (due to corners of the square-shaped active region of the MWPC). TheWall part has an excellent angular resolution of 0.5◦. The backward angles(35◦–160◦ in the LAB frame) are covered by the second detector group Ball,consisting of 149 “phoswitch”-type scintillation detectors measuring the par-ticle energy and providing an approximate determination of the momentumdirection. A liquid D2 target is located inside the Ball detector which servesalso as a vacuum chamber.Experimental Study of Three-nucleon Dynamics in Proton–Deuteron . . . 465Fig. 1. A side view of BINA. The left panel shows a photograph of BINA side-view and the right one presents a schematic drawing of the forward Wall and thebackward Ball.3. Preliminary resultsThe first data have been collected for elastic scattering and the pd breakupreaction at three proton beam energies: 108, 135 and 160 MeV. Preliminaryanalysis was performed with the aim of checking consistency of the datacollected in the Wall part. The efficiency of MWPC is about 90%. The par-ticle identification (PID) is based on the ∆E–E technique. The events ofinterest are the coincidences of two charged particles, i.e. proton pairs fromthe breakup process and proton–deuteron from the elastic scattering. Thisallows us to identify protons and deuterons. Sample PID spectrum, obtainedfor one combination of overlapping elements of the ∆E and E detectors, ispresented in Fig. 2, left. Three groups of events are well visible: a longbranch of protons coming from the breakup reaction, a spot of elastically-scattered protons located in the region of the highest energy deposited (inthe E detector) and a spot of deuterons coming from the elastic scatter-ing. Proton–proton coincidences analyzed for sample angular configurationsreveal correct kinematic dependencies of breakup reaction, see Fig. 2, right.The energy calibration of the E detectors was carried out on the basisof special runs with proton beam of various energies (70, 83, 97, 108 and120 MeV) scattered off an Al target. The data were compared to a MonteCarlo simulation performed using Geant4. The registered events are definedby the side (s = right/left), the E detector number (N = 0, 1, . . . , 9) and thepolar angle θ ± 1◦. In order to supress the effect of light attenuation alongthe bar, a combination√c1 c2 of the ADC conversions, c1 and c2, related tothe readout of photomultiplier tubes on both ends of the E detector bar, isused. The distribution of elastically scattered protons is analyzed by fitting466 A. Rusnok et al.Fig. 2. Left panel: Sample particle identification spectrum obtained for one combi-nation of thin ∆E and thick E scintillators for the beam energy of 135 MeV. Goodseparation of protons (lower band and spot) and deuterons (upper spot) is visi-ble. Right panel: Kinematical spectrum (correlation of proton energies) obtainedfor breakup events collected at beam energy of 108 MeV for one selected angularconfiguration of the two protons θ1 = 29◦, θ2 = 27◦, Φ12 = 180◦.a Gaussian function for each combination of s,N, θ. A sample calibrationcurve obtained for detector E2 for both sides (right and left) and emissionangle (θ = 16◦ ± 1◦) is presented in Fig. 3.Fig. 3. Sample calibration curves obtained for the detector E2 for the right-handside (right panel) and left-hand side (left panel) with respect to the beam directionand for a selected proton emission angle θ = 16◦ ± 1◦. On the horizontal axis,√c1 c2 is defined as a C. Statistical uncertainties are smaller than the size of thepoints.The analysis of integrated luminosity is ongoing. Without the absolutenormalization, the shapes of the cross-section distribution as a function ofthe S variable corresponding to the energy measured along the breakupkinematics [14] were studied for several angular configurations. In Fig. 4,a comparison of arbitrarily normalized data with calculations is presented.Experimental Study of Three-nucleon Dynamics in Proton–Deuteron . . . 467In this configuration, the predicted effect of 3NF is insignificant. The cal-culations based on the CD-Bonn potential including the 3NF (CDB+∆,CDB+TM99) and without 3NF (CDB) are very close to each other. Theobserved small difference of the widths between the calculations and themeasurement will be verified in the further analysis.Fig. 4. Preliminary differential cross section for a sample kinematic configuration:θ1 = 29◦, θ2 = 27◦, Φ12 = 180◦ at the beam energy of 108 MeV. The measured dataare compared with the calculations: H. Witała (CDB, CDB+TM99), A. Deltuva(CDB+∆). Normalization of data points is arbitrary.4. Summary and outlookA very preliminary analysis of the data taken with the BINA detectorat CCB demonstrates a proper and efficient functioning of the forward partof this detector. The aim of the further analysis is to obtain the differentialcross section of the breakup reaction at 108 MeV as a function of kinematicvariables. The absolute normalization relies on the elastic scattering datameasured in parallel to the breakup reaction and the known elastic scatteringcross section [16].This work was partially supported by the National Science Centre, Poland(NCN) from grants DEC-2012/05/B/ST2/02556 and UMO-2016/23/D/ST2/01703.468 A. Rusnok et al.REFERENCES[1] St. Kistryn, E. Stephan, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 40, 063101 (2013).[2] K. Sagara, Few-Body Syst. 48, 59 (2010).[3] N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki, E. Epelbaum, J.G. Meschendorp, A. Nogga,Rep. Prog. Phys. 75, 016301 (2012).[4] H. Witała, J. Golak, R. Skibiński, Phys. Lett. B 634, 374 (2006).[5] R. Skibiński, H. Witała, J. Golak, Eur. Phys. J. A 30, 369 (2006).[6] A. Deltuva, A.C. Fonseca, P.U. Sauer, Phys. Rev. C 72, 054004 (2005).[7] St. Kistryn et al., Phys. Rev. C 68, 054004 (2003).[8] St. Kistryn et al., Phys. Rev. C 72, 044006 (2005).[9] I. Ciepał et al., Few-Body Syst. 56, 665 (2015).[10] M. Esami-Kalantari et al., Mod. Phys. Lett. A 24, 839 (2009).[11] H. Mardanpour et al., Phys. Lett. B 687, 149 (2010).[12] E. Stephan et al., Phys. Rev. C 82, 014003 (2010).[13] I. Ciepał et al., Phys. Rev. C 85, 017001 (2012).[14] St. Kistryn, E. Stephan, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 40, 063101 (2013).[15] A. Ramazani-Moghaddam-Arani et al., Phys. Rev. C 78, 014006 (2008).[16] K. Ermish et al., Phys. Rev. C 68, 051001 (2003).

   University of GroningenExperimental study of three-nucleon dynamics in proton-deuteron breakup reactionRusnok, A.; Ciepał, I.; Jamróz, B.; Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N.; Khatri, G.; Kistryn, St; Kłos, B.;Kozela, A.; Kubos, J.; Kulessa, P.Published in:Acta Physica Polonica BDOI:10.5506/APhysPolB.48.485IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:2017Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Rusnok, A., Ciepał, I., Jamróz, B., Kalantar-Nayestanaki, N., Khatri, G., Kistryn, S., Kłos, B., Kozela, A.,Kubos, J., Kulessa, P., Liptak, A., Parol, W., Skwira-Chalot, I., Stephan, E., Wilczek, A., Włoch, B., &Zejma, J. (2017). Experimental study of three-nucleon dynamics in proton-deuteron breakup reaction. ActaPhysica Polonica B, 48(3), 485-488. https://doi.org/10.5506/APhysPolB.48.485CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Download date: 26-12-2020Vol. 48 (2017) ACTA PHYSICA POLONICA B No 3EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THREE-NUCLEONDYNAMICS IN PROTON–DEUTERONBREAKUP REACTION∗A. Rusnoka, I. Ciepałb, B. Jamróza, N. Kalantar-NayestanakicG. Khatrid, St. Kistrynd, B. Kłosa, A. Kozelab, J. KubośeP. Kulessab, A. Liptake, W. Parolb, I. Skwira-ChalotfE. Stephana, A. Wilczeka, B. Włochb, J. ZejmadaInstitute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, PolandbThe H. Niewodniczański Insitute of Nuclear Physics, PAN, Kraków, PolandcKVI-CART, University of Groningen, Groningen, The NetherlandsdThe M. Smoluchowski Inst. of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, PolandeFaculty of Physics and Applied Computer ScienceAGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, PolandfFaculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland(Received December 14, 2016)Ameasurement of the differential cross sections for the proton–deuteronelastic scattering and the deuteron breakup in collision with a proton wascarried out at Cyclotron Center Bronowice using the BINA detection sys-tem. The very preliminary analysis of the experimental data taken at threeproton beam energies: 108, 135 and 160 MeV is presented.DOI:10.5506/APhysPolB.48.4851. MotivationResearch in the domain of few-nucleon systems is the basis for un-derstanding of nuclear interactions and properties of nuclei. The proton–deuteron breakup reaction can serve as a tool for testing modern approachesto describe nuclear interactions between three nucleons [1–3]. At interme-diate energies, below the threshold for pion production, a comparison ofthe data with exact theoretical calculations is possible and effects of thedynamics beyond the pairwise nucleon–nucleon interaction, the so-calledthree-nucleon force (3NF), are significant. Beside the 3NF, the Coulombinteraction and relativistic effects also affect the differential cross section ofthe breakup reaction.∗ Presented at the Zakopane Conference on Nuclear Physics “Extremes of the NuclearLandscape”, Zakopane, Poland, August 28–September 4, 2016.(485)486 A. Rusnok et al.A series of experiments was carried out at KVI Groningen and FZ-Jülichto determine cross section and polarization observables of the 1H(d, pp)n and2H(p, pp)n breakup reactions at intermediate energies [4–10]. The experi-mental data confirmed importance of the 3NF and huge influence of theCoulomb interaction between protons at certain kinematic configurations.There are also regions and observables where pd elastic scattering and/orbreakup reaction data are not well-described by the state-of-the-art theoret-ical calculations. The database for the breakup reaction is still limited instudied energies, which hinders the conclusions on the role of 3NF and onthe deficiencies of the description given by the current models. As a continu-ation of the studies, the measurements are carried out at the new CyclotronCenter Bronowice (CCB, Kraków), at three proton beam energies (108, 135,160 MeV).The combination of large phase space coverage of the BINA detectorsystem and wide range of accessible beam energies provides a unique possi-bility to study various aspects of the dynamics in the three-nucleon system,in regions of their maximum visibility.2. Experiment and preliminary resultsThe BINA detection system is defined by a large angular acceptance andlow-energy threshold for the particle detection [11, 12]. It is composed oftwo detector groups — Wall and Ball. The Wall, covering the forward scat-tering angles (12◦–35◦ in the lab-frame), consists of a multiwire proportionalchamber (MWPC) and scintillation hodoscope system ∆E–E. MWPC pro-vides information for exact reconstruction of the momentum direction ofthe charged particles, whereas the ∆E–E system is applied for charged par-ticle identification and total energy measurement. The backward angles(35◦–160◦ in the lab-frame) are covered by the second detector group, Ball,consisting of 149 “phoswich”-type scintillation detectors dedicated to mea-surement of the particle energy and to approximate determination of themomentum direction. The liquid D2 target is located inside the Ball detec-tor which serves also as a vacuum chamber.The first data have been collected for elastic scattering and the pdbreakup reaction at three proton beam energies: 108, 135 and 160 MeV. TheBall part was not fully operational at the time of the measurements, so thepreliminary analysis is devoted to checking consistency of the data collectedin the Wall part. The high efficiency of MWPC has been demonstrated. Asample particle identification spectrum, obtained for one “virtual telescope”,i.e. the combination of overlapping elements of the ∆E and E detectors,is presented in Fig. 1 (left panel). Proton and deuteron bands and spotsare well-visible allowing for clear definition of corresponding graphical cuts.The simplified energy calibration has been applied leading to a proper dis-Experimental Study of Three-nucleon Dynamics in Proton–Deuteron . . . 487tribution of proton–proton coincidences along the corresponding three-bodybreakup reaction kinematics (see Fig. 1 (right panel)). The clean spectrumbelow the breakup kinematics proves low level of accidental coincidences.The number of events collected at beam energy of 108 MeV corresponds toan average statistical accuracy of about 4–5% in one bin (defined by the binsin the proton emission angles: ∆θ1 = ∆θ2 = 2◦, ∆φ12 = 10◦ and the bin inenergy of 2 MeV).Fig. 1. Left panel: Sample particle identification spectrum measured with onevirtual telescope at the beam energy of 135 MeV — a proton band and a deuteronspot are very well-separated. Right panel: Kinematical spectrum measured for asample configuration of the proton pair (θ1 = θ2 = 20◦, φ12 = 140◦) originatingfrom the breakup reaction; data measured at the beam energy of 108 MeV.Fig. 2. Particles registered in the Wall presented on the plane of polar angle ver-sus energy. The spectra have been produced separately for particles identified asprotons (left panel) and deuterons (right panel); the lines represent dependencescalculated for elastic scattering kinematics at 108 MeV.488 A. Rusnok et al.After the PID selection, energy versus angle θ dependences have beenchecked for protons and deuterons separately, see Fig. 2. Bands of elasticallyscattered protons and deuterons are in agreement with the correspondingkinematical curves.3. OutlookThe very preliminary analysis of the data taken with the BINA detectorat CCB demonstrates a proper and efficient functioning of the forward partof this detector. The aim of the further analysis is to obtain differentialcross section of the breakup reaction at 108 MeV as a function of kinematicvariables. In a first step, a number of angular configurations of outgoingprotons will be chosen. The absolute normalization relies on the elasticscattering data measured in parallel to the breakup reaction and the knownelastic scattering cross section [13].This work was partially supported by the Polish National Science Center(NCN) from grant DEC-2012/05/B/ST2/02556 .REFERENCES[1] St. Kistryn, E. Stephan, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 40, 063101 (2013).[2] K. Sagara, Few-Body Syst. 48, 59 (2010).[3] N. Kalantar-Nayestanaki, E. Epelbaum, J.G. Meschendorp, A. Nogga, Rep.Prog. Phys. 75, 016301 (2012).[4] St. Kistryn et al., Phys. Rev. C 68, 054004 (2003).[5] St. Kistryn et al., Phys. Rev. C 72, 044006 (2005).[6] E. Stephan et al., Phys. Rev. C 82, 014003 (2010).[7] M. Eslami-Kalantari et al., Mod. Phys. Lett. A 24, 839 (2009).[8] H. Mardanpour et al., Phys. Lett. B 687, 149 (2010).[9] I. Ciepał et al., Few-Body Syst. 56, 665 (2015).[10] I. Ciepał et al., Phys. Rev. C 85, 017001 (2012).[11] St. Kistryn, E. Stephan, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 40, 063101 (2013).[12] A. Ramazani-Moghaddam-Arani et al., Phys. Rev. C 78, 014006 (2008).[13] K. Ermish et al., Phys. Rev. C 68, 051001(R) (2003).

Proton-deuteron breakup reaction can serve as a tool to test state-of- the-art descriptions of nuclear interactions. At intermediate energies, below the threshold for pion production, comparison of the data with exact theoretical calculations is possible and subtle effects of the dynamics beyond the pairwise nucleon-nucleon interaction, namely the three-nucleon force (3NF), are significant. Beside 3NF, Coulomb interaction or relativistic effects are also important to precisely describe the differential cross section of the breakup reaction. The data analysis and preliminary results of the measurement of proton-induced deuteron breakup at the Cyclotron Center Bronowice, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow are presented

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Experimental study of three-nucleon dynamics in proton-deuteron breakup reaction

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