Carter, F. Allen

McAllister, Chris T.

Sewell, Stephen A.

English

UARK (University of Arkansas )

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 34 Article 49 1980 Implications and Considerations Concerning the Status, Habitat and Distribution of the Least Brook Lamprey, Lampetra aepyptera (Abbott) (Pisces: Petromyzontidae) in Arkansas Stephen A. Sewell U.S. Soil Conservation Service F. Allen Carter Arkansas State University Chris T. McAllister North Texas State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas  Part of the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Sewell, Stephen A.; Carter, F. Allen; and McAllister, Chris T. (1980) "Implications and Considerations Concerning the Status, Habitat and Distribution of the Least Brook Lamprey, Lampetra aepyptera (Abbott) (Pisces: Petromyzontidae) in Arkansas," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 34 , Article 49. Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol34/iss1/49 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. IArkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol.XXXIV,1980132Arkansas Academy of ScienceIMPLICATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING THE STATUS,HABITATAND DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEAST BROOK LAMPREY,LAMPETRA AEPYPTERA (ABBOTT) (PISCES :PETROMYZONTIDAE) IN ARKANSASThe least brook lamprey, Lampetra aepyptera (Abbott), is described by Eddy (1969) as a small lamprey in small streams of the upper OhioRiver drainage, from the Potomac toNeuse River drainages along the east coast, and insome GulfCoastal streams. Schwartz (1959) reported thatthe species in West Virginiais apparently more confined to small brooks than other lampreys, and Trautman (1957) suggested that spawningoccurs inOhio in streams less than 4.6 m wide, when water temperature reached 10°C.The species was reported byRobison (1974) as rare in Arkansas based partly on the fact that only three specimens had been collected in Ar-kansas at that time. L.aepyptera was notincluded in the Arkansas ichthyofauna by Buchanan (1973), but was included in a list of species mostlikelytobe added to the state species list.The first record of L.aepyptera in Arkansas was collected by Harp and Matthews (1975) from MillPond Branch in the South Fork of theupper Spring River, and from Piney Creek in the White River drainage. Since then, L. aepyptera has been reported by several researchers innorth central Arkansas (Table 1).Table 1. Recent records of the least brook lamprey, Lampetra aepyptera in Arkansas.CATALOGUE // DATE LOCATION Iof SPECIMENSASUMZ 1553 27 Jan '73 FULTON CO: MillPond Branch 2ASUMZ 1878 17 Feb '73 IZARD CO: Piney Creek 1ASUMZ 4484 9 Mar '75 STONE CO: N. Sylamore Creek 2ASUMZ 5378 10 Mar '75 FULTON CO: Myatt Creek 1ASUMZ 7891 2 Oct '76 RANDOLPH CO: Eleven Pt. River 1ASUMZ 8532 25 Feb '78 LAWRENCE CO: Cooper Creek 1ASUMZ 8892* 16 Mar '79 SHARP CO: Rock Creek 1NLU 39424 2 7 Mar '78 SHARP CO: Martin Creek 3SAU (Uncat.) 4 Apr '75 IZARD CO: Little Strawberry 2River TributarySAU (Uncat.) 4 Apr '75 IZARD CO: McJunkins Branch 1SAU (Uncat.) 4 Apr '75 IZARD CO: BullPen Creek 1SAU (Uncat.) 4 Apr '75 SHARP CO: Big Creek Tributary 3('denotes new range extension)A single 99 mm (TL)male specimen ofI.aepyptera was collected inRock Creek, Sharp County, Arkansas (T.18N, R.4W, Sec. 4)duringroutine electroshocking operations on 16 March 1979. The collection site was a rocky shoal, with 10-15 cm of water. Further shocking producedno additional animals; however, this specimen extends the known range ofL.aepyptera into the Rock Creek drainage of the lower Springs River.These recent records confirm Pflieger's (1975) assumption that additional collecting efforts would reveal a more extensive range than has beenpreviously reported for the species. The record brings to 19 the total number of specimens located by the authors.Allknown records of L. aepyptera in Arkansas are within a six-county area. Of the 19 located specimens, 15 (78.95%), were taken inFulton, Izard and Sharp counties. At the present time, 12 watershed projects are insome stage of planning or operations within this six-countyarea (Ozark Foothills RC&DCouncil, 1977).Watershed lakes are indicated as primary drainage solution measures in these project areas. Varying degrees ofchannelization, and result-ing instream flowincreases, are often incorporated inwatershed projects (Funk, 1973), and result indecreased species diversity, reduced nestingareas and simplified food webs (Mauney and Harp, 1979).Seversmith (1953) and Pflieger (1975) reported that during their development, ammocoetes of/,, aepyptera were found in different environ-ments within east coast and Missouri drainages, respectively. Ineach case, the larval period indicated was three years, and in each case, debrisand sediment accumulations protected from the fullforce of stream flow were preferred larvalhabitat, especially inlate winter and early spring.These areas wouldbe particularly endangered during progressions on the existing watershed plan.Robison (1974) referred to species whose "continual survivalis unlikely without the implementation ofprotected measures" as endangered.Considering the larval habitat degradation accompanying progress on planned watershed measures, endangered status is considered warrantedfor the least brook lamprey should watershed activities resume within its range.The authors thank Drs. John K.Beadles and George L.Harp, Arkansas State University, foraccess to museum collec-tions, verification of our preliminary identification and aid in specimen analyses. We also thank Dr.Henry W. Robison,Southern Arkansas University, Dr.John Rickett, University of Arkansas-Little Rock, Dr. Raj V.Kilambi, University of Ar-kansas-Fayetteville and Dr.T.M. Buchanan, Westark Community College, Ft. Smith, for their aid inlocating Arkansasspecimens. We appreciate the help of Mr.BillKeith and Mr.Sam Henry, Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, for pro-vidingthe Rock Creek specimen.ADDENDASince this manuscript went to press we have acquired additional information concerning Lampetra aepyptera in Arkansas. Thirteen L.aepyptera were collected witha standard dip net inisolated pools of Northand South Sylamore Creeks inStone County, Arkansas, on 30 March1980 (Mike Wooten, pers. comm.). Specimens are deposited in the North Texas State University Fish Collection (NTSU MDZ#601-613). Theseadditional specimens brings to 32, the total number ofL.aepyptera located by the authors.We thank Mr.Mike Wooten, Department ofBiological Sciences, North Texas State University, Denton, Texas, forproviding the additionalinformation.132Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 34 [1980], Art. 49Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1980Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol.XXXIV,1980 133LITERATURE CITEDBUCHANAN, T. M. 1973. Key to the fishes of Arkansas. ArkansasGame and Pish Commission, Little Rock,Ark. 102 p.EDDY, S. 1969. How toknow the freshwater fishes. Win. C. BrownPubl. Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 321p.FUNK, J. L.1973. Characteristics ofchannels for warmwater fishes.In: Wildlife and water management, striking a balance. SoilConsrv. Soc. of America, Amkeny, Iowa, pp 1-8.HARP, G.L.and W. F.MATTHEWS. 1975. First records inArkan-sas ofLampetra spp. (Petromyzontidae). Southw. Nat. 20:409.MAUNEY,M.and G. L.HARP. 1979. The effects of channelizationon fishpopulations of the Cache River and Bayou Deview. Proc.Ark.Acad. Sci. 33:51.OZARK FOOTHILLS RC&D COUNCIL.1977. Revised plan, OzarkFoothills RC&D project. USDA, Soil Consrv. Service, LittleRock, Ark.136 p.PFLIEGER, W. L. 1975. The fishes of Missouri. Missouri Dept. ofConsrv., Jefferson City, Mo.343 p.ROBISON, H. W. 1974. Threatened fishes of Arkansas. Proc. Ark.Acad. Sci. 28:59.SCHWARTZ, F. J. 1959. Records of the Allegheny brook lamprey,Ichthyomyzon greelyi Hubbs and Trautman, from West Vir-ginia, with comments on its occurrence with Lampetraaepyptera (Abbott). OhioJ. Sci. 59:217.SEVERSMITH, H. F. 1953. Distribution, morphology, and life his-tory of Lampetra aepyptera, a brook lamprey, in Maryland.Copeia 4:225.TRAUTMAN,M. B. 1957. The fishes ofOhio. Ohio St. Univ.Press,Columbus, Ohio. 554 p.STEVE A. SEWELL, F. ALLENCARTER and CHRIS T.McALLISTER,Department ofBiologicalSciences. Arkansas State University, State¦ versity, Arkansas 72467. (Present address (SAS): Water Resources Planning Staff. U.S. Soil Conservation Service. 675 U.S. Courthouse,hville, Tennessee 37203; (CTM): Department ofBiologicalSciences, North Texas State University, Denton. Texas 76203).IMMUNE RESPONSES OF RATS TO ANTIGENS OF MOLONEY LEUKEMIA VIRUSERats represent an attractive model forimmunogenetic studies, since their major histocompatibility locus (RT1) resembles in structure the'histocompatibility locus of humans (HLA)(Gill,1978), and since the immune responses to retroviruses that are associated with diseasesses inhumans resemble more closely the responses seen inrats than those seen inmice (Panem and Reynolds, 1979; Jones et al..1978).Brown Norway (BN) rats exhibit high antibody responses and high susceptibility to tumor induction by Moloney sarcoma virus, whereasLewis (LEW) rats exhibit low responses and low susceptibility (Veit et al., 1977). Inprevious studies, control of these responses was shown tobeinfluenced by genes linked to RT1,but an influence of other genes was also indicated (Jones et al., 1978; Veit et al., 1977). The present studiesprovide additional evidence that genes linked toRT1, ifnecessary, are not sufficient for high antibody responses when this locus is bred onto thebackground ofa low responder strain.rat strains used in these studies, the sources and some of their properties are summarized in Table 1. Additional details of most strainsdescribed byFesting and Staats (1973). Approximately equal numbers ofmales and females were used at three to sixmonths ofage.Purified Moloney leukemia virus (MuLV)was obtained from the Resources Branch of the National Cancer Institute. A vaccine was preparedby treating the virus with 1:2000 formalin for 24 hrs at 4°C. Rats were immunized with vaccine by two subcutaneous and one intravenous injec-tion at weekly intervals, and serum samples were collected one week after the last injection. Rat Moloney sarcoma tumor cells (MST)have beenpreviously described (Jones et al., 1974). Rats were injected subcutaneously with 5 X 10'' MST cells, and serum samples were collected 22 daysIThepl5, p30 andgp70 polypeptides of MuLV were prepared and labeled with I25Ias described (Jones et al., 1978), and radioimmunoassaysantibody conducted as described (Jones et al., 1977). Briefly,0.3 to 0.5 ng I2SIlabeled antigen was incubated with S^l rat serum, and rat im-noglobulin withbound antigen was precipitated withan excess of goat anti-rat gamma globulin. Values were corrected for specificity by testsinormal rat serum from the strain being tested.tTable 2shows that when immunized with oncogenic virus (MuLV)or with tumor cells (MST), BN rats exhibit high antibody responses andlow responses. LEW-Incongenics withRTln ofBNbred on a LEW background exhibited responses similar to LEW. TOrats, which differtically from all of the other three strains, exhibited responses similar to BN to p30 and responses lower than BN to gp70. This shows that:r responders top30 are not automatically higher responders to other viralpolypeptides. Table 3shows that the phenomenon observed with'low responses. LEW-Incongenics withRTln of BNbred on a LEW background exhibited responses similar to LEW. To rats, which differenics carrying the RTlfof AS2 on a LEW background were low ornon-responders topi5. LEW-Ifwere also low responders to gp70 whenunized with MuLV (% precipitation 3.8 ± 2.6), and LEW rats were low responders to pl5, p30 and gp70 in all tests when immunized withIThe responses of BN and LEW rats to several antigens have been compared (Gunther, 1978), and in most cases LEW are high respondersBN are low responders. Responses toMuLVare an exception, since BN are high and LEW are low. The results withLEW-ln show that suchonses are influenced by genes that are not linked to the major histocompatibility locus of rats, RT1. Although immune responses of severallal species including humans are controlled by immune response (Ir) genes linked to the major histocompatibility locus (Benacerraf andLevitt, 1972), the present report and other studies (Doigand Chesebro, 1979) demonstrate that other genetic loci are important. While it isr that the major histocompatibility loci (H-2,RT1,HLA)are significant, we must notbecome overly fascinated by these genetic regions to thent that we tend to ingore other genetic influences which are equally significant inimmune responses and in disease susceptibility. The so-:d "major influences" have been explored primarilybecause they are the easiest to measure, but the so-called "minor influences" should alsoxamined.Supported byUSPHS National Cancer Institute grant RO1CA23687 and Career Development AwardKO4CA00630.133Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 34 [1980], Art. 49https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol34/iss1/49

Implications and Considerations Concerning the Status, Habitat and Distribution of the Least Brook Lamprey, Lampetra aepyptera (Abbott) (Pisces: Petromyzontidae) in Arkansas

ScholarWorks@UARK

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of ScienceVolume 34 Article 491980Implications and Considerations Concerning theStatus, Habitat and Distribution of the Least BrookLamprey, Lampetra aepyptera (Abbott) (Pisces:Petromyzontidae) in ArkansasStephen A. SewellU.S. Soil Conservation ServiceF. Allen CarterArkansas State UniversityChris T. McAllisterNorth Texas State UniversityFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaasPart of the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology CommonsThis article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able toread, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking priorpermission from the publisher or the author.This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the ArkansasAcademy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu.Recommended CitationSewell, Stephen A.; Carter, F. Allen; and McAllister, Chris T. (1980) "Implications and Considerations Concerning the Status, Habitatand Distribution of the Least Brook Lamprey, Lampetra aepyptera (Abbott) (Pisces: Petromyzontidae) in Arkansas," Journal of theArkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 34 , Article 49.Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol34/iss1/49IArkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol.XXXIV,1980132Arkansas Academy of ScienceIMPLICATIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING THE STATUS,HABITATAND DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEAST BROOK LAMPREY,LAMPETRA AEPYPTERA (ABBOTT) (PISCES :PETROMYZONTIDAE) IN ARKANSASThe least brook lamprey, Lampetra aepyptera (Abbott), is described by Eddy (1969) as a small lamprey in small streams of the upper OhioRiver drainage, from the Potomac toNeuse River drainages along the east coast, and insome GulfCoastal streams. Schwartz (1959) reported thatthe species in West Virginiais apparently more confined to small brooks than other lampreys, and Trautman (1957) suggested that spawningoccurs inOhio in streams less than 4.6 m wide, when water temperature reached 10°C.The species was reported byRobison (1974) as rare in Arkansas based partly on the fact that only three specimens had been collected in Ar-kansas at that time. L.aepyptera was notincluded in the Arkansas ichthyofauna by Buchanan (1973), but was included in a list of species mostlikelytobe added to the state species list.The first record of L.aepyptera in Arkansas was collected by Harp and Matthews (1975) from MillPond Branch in the South Fork of theupper Spring River, and from Piney Creek in the White River drainage. Since then, L. aepyptera has been reported by several researchers innorth central Arkansas (Table 1).Table 1. Recent records of the least brook lamprey, Lampetra aepyptera in Arkansas.CATALOGUE // DATE LOCATION Iof SPECIMENSASUMZ 1553 27 Jan '73 FULTON CO: MillPond Branch 2ASUMZ 1878 17 Feb '73 IZARD CO: Piney Creek 1ASUMZ 4484 9 Mar '75 STONE CO: N. Sylamore Creek 2ASUMZ 5378 10 Mar '75 FULTON CO: Myatt Creek 1ASUMZ 7891 2 Oct '76 RANDOLPH CO: Eleven Pt. River 1ASUMZ 8532 25 Feb '78 LAWRENCE CO: Cooper Creek 1ASUMZ 8892* 16 Mar '79 SHARP CO: Rock Creek 1NLU 39424 2 7 Mar '78 SHARP CO: Martin Creek 3SAU (Uncat.) 4 Apr '75 IZARD CO: Little Strawberry 2River TributarySAU (Uncat.) 4 Apr '75 IZARD CO: McJunkins Branch 1SAU (Uncat.) 4 Apr '75 IZARD CO: BullPen Creek 1SAU (Uncat.) 4 Apr '75 SHARP CO: Big Creek Tributary 3('denotes new range extension)A single 99 mm (TL)male specimen ofI.aepyptera was collected inRock Creek, Sharp County, Arkansas (T.18N, R.4W, Sec. 4)duringroutine electroshocking operations on 16 March 1979. The collection site was a rocky shoal, with 10-15 cm of water. Further shocking producedno additional animals; however, this specimen extends the known range ofL.aepyptera into the Rock Creek drainage of the lower Springs River.These recent records confirm Pflieger's (1975) assumption that additional collecting efforts would reveal a more extensive range than has beenpreviously reported for the species. The record brings to 19 the total number of specimens located by the authors.Allknown records of L. aepyptera in Arkansas are within a six-county area. Of the 19 located specimens, 15 (78.95%), were taken inFulton, Izard and Sharp counties. At the present time, 12 watershed projects are insome stage of planning or operations within this six-countyarea (Ozark Foothills RC&DCouncil, 1977).Watershed lakes are indicated as primary drainage solution measures in these project areas. Varying degrees ofchannelization, and result-ing instream flowincreases, are often incorporated inwatershed projects (Funk, 1973), and result indecreased species diversity, reduced nestingareas and simplified food webs (Mauney and Harp, 1979).Seversmith (1953) and Pflieger (1975) reported that during their development, ammocoetes of/,, aepyptera were found in different environ-ments within east coast and Missouri drainages, respectively. Ineach case, the larval period indicated was three years, and in each case, debrisand sediment accumulations protected from the fullforce of stream flow were preferred larvalhabitat, especially inlate winter and early spring.These areas wouldbe particularly endangered during progressions on the existing watershed plan.Robison (1974) referred to species whose "continual survivalis unlikely without the implementation ofprotected measures" as endangered.Considering the larval habitat degradation accompanying progress on planned watershed measures, endangered status is considered warrantedfor the least brook lamprey should watershed activities resume within its range.The authors thank Drs. John K.Beadles and George L.Harp, Arkansas State University, foraccess to museum collec-tions, verification of our preliminary identification and aid in specimen analyses. We also thank Dr.Henry W. Robison,Southern Arkansas University, Dr.John Rickett, University of Arkansas-Little Rock, Dr. Raj V.Kilambi, University of Ar-kansas-Fayetteville and Dr.T.M. Buchanan, Westark Community College, Ft. Smith, for their aid inlocating Arkansasspecimens. We appreciate the help of Mr.BillKeith and Mr.Sam Henry, Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, for pro-vidingthe Rock Creek specimen.ADDENDASince this manuscript went to press we have acquired additional information concerning Lampetra aepyptera in Arkansas. Thirteen L.aepyptera were collected witha standard dip net inisolated pools of Northand South Sylamore Creeks inStone County, Arkansas, on 30 March1980 (Mike Wooten, pers. comm.). Specimens are deposited in the North Texas State University Fish Collection (NTSU MDZ#601-613). Theseadditional specimens brings to 32, the total number ofL.aepyptera located by the authors.We thank Mr.Mike Wooten, Department ofBiological Sciences, North Texas State University, Denton, Texas, forproviding the additionalinformation.132Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 34 [1980], Art. 49Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1980Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol.XXXIV,1980 133LITERATURE CITEDBUCHANAN, T. M. 1973. Key to the fishes of Arkansas. ArkansasGame and Pish Commission, Little Rock,Ark. 102 p.EDDY, S. 1969. How toknow the freshwater fishes. Win. C. BrownPubl. Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 321p.FUNK, J. L.1973. Characteristics ofchannels for warmwater fishes.In: Wildlife and water management, striking a balance. SoilConsrv. Soc. of America, Amkeny, Iowa, pp 1-8.HARP, G.L.and W. F.MATTHEWS. 1975. First records inArkan-sas ofLampetra spp. (Petromyzontidae). Southw. Nat. 20:409.MAUNEY,M.and G. L.HARP. 1979. The effects of channelizationon fishpopulations of the Cache River and Bayou Deview. Proc.Ark.Acad. Sci. 33:51.OZARK FOOTHILLS RC&D COUNCIL.1977. Revised plan, OzarkFoothills RC&D project. USDA, Soil Consrv. Service, LittleRock, Ark.136 p.PFLIEGER, W. L. 1975. The fishes of Missouri. Missouri Dept. ofConsrv., Jefferson City, Mo.343 p.ROBISON, H. W. 1974. Threatened fishes of Arkansas. Proc. Ark.Acad. Sci. 28:59.SCHWARTZ, F. J. 1959. Records of the Allegheny brook lamprey,Ichthyomyzon greelyi Hubbs and Trautman, from West Vir-ginia, with comments on its occurrence with Lampetraaepyptera (Abbott). OhioJ. Sci. 59:217.SEVERSMITH, H. F. 1953. Distribution, morphology, and life his-tory of Lampetra aepyptera, a brook lamprey, in Maryland.Copeia 4:225.TRAUTMAN,M. B. 1957. The fishes ofOhio. Ohio St. Univ.Press,Columbus, Ohio. 554 p.STEVE A. SEWELL, F. ALLENCARTER and CHRIS T.McALLISTER,Department ofBiologicalSciences. Arkansas State University, State¦ versity, Arkansas 72467. (Present address (SAS): Water Resources Planning Staff. U.S. Soil Conservation Service. 675 U.S. Courthouse,hville, Tennessee 37203; (CTM): Department ofBiologicalSciences, North Texas State University, Denton. Texas 76203).IMMUNE RESPONSES OF RATS TO ANTIGENS OF MOLONEY LEUKEMIA VIRUSERats represent an attractive model forimmunogenetic studies, since their major histocompatibility locus (RT1) resembles in structure the'histocompatibility locus of humans (HLA)(Gill,1978), and since the immune responses to retroviruses that are associated with diseasesses inhumans resemble more closely the responses seen inrats than those seen inmice (Panem and Reynolds, 1979; Jones et al..1978).Brown Norway (BN) rats exhibit high antibody responses and high susceptibility to tumor induction by Moloney sarcoma virus, whereasLewis (LEW) rats exhibit low responses and low susceptibility (Veit et al., 1977). Inprevious studies, control of these responses was shown tobeinfluenced by genes linked to RT1,but an influence of other genes was also indicated (Jones et al., 1978; Veit et al., 1977). The present studiesprovide additional evidence that genes linked toRT1, ifnecessary, are not sufficient for high antibody responses when this locus is bred onto thebackground ofa low responder strain.rat strains used in these studies, the sources and some of their properties are summarized in Table 1. Additional details of most strainsdescribed byFesting and Staats (1973). Approximately equal numbers ofmales and females were used at three to sixmonths ofage.Purified Moloney leukemia virus (MuLV)was obtained from the Resources Branch of the National Cancer Institute. A vaccine was preparedby treating the virus with 1:2000 formalin for 24 hrs at 4°C. Rats were immunized with vaccine by two subcutaneous and one intravenous injec-tion at weekly intervals, and serum samples were collected one week after the last injection. Rat Moloney sarcoma tumor cells (MST)have beenpreviously described (Jones et al., 1974). Rats were injected subcutaneously with 5 X 10'' MST cells, and serum samples were collected 22 daysIThe pl5, p30 andgp70 polypeptides of MuLV were prepared and labeled with I25Ias described (Jones et al., 1978), and radioimmunoassaysantibody conducted as described (Jones et al., 1977). Briefly,0.3 to 0.5 ng I2SIlabeled antigen was incubated with S^l rat serum, and rat im-noglobulin withbound antigen was precipitated withan excess of goat anti-rat gamma globulin. Values were corrected for specificity by testsinormal rat serum from the strain being tested.tTable 2shows that when immunized with oncogenic virus (MuLV)or with tumor cells (MST), BN rats exhibit high antibody responses andlow responses. LEW-Incongenics withRTln ofBNbred on a LEW background exhibited responses similar to LEW. TOrats, which differtically from all of the other three strains, exhibited responses similar to BN to p30 and responses lower than BN to gp70. This shows that:r responders top30 are not automatically higher responders to other viralpolypeptides. Table 3shows that the phenomenon observed with'low responses. LEW-Incongenics withRTln of BNbred on a LEW background exhibited responses similar to LEW. To rats, which differenics carrying the RTlfof AS2 on a LEW background were low ornon-responders topi5. LEW-Ifwere also low responders to gp70 whenunized with MuLV (% precipitation 3.8 ± 2.6), and LEW rats were low responders to pl5, p30 and gp70 in all tests when immunized withIThe responses of BN and LEW rats to several antigens have been compared (Gunther, 1978), and in most cases LEW are high respondersBN are low responders. Responses toMuLVare an exception, since BN are high and LEW are low. The results withLEW-ln show that suchonses are influenced by genes that are not linked to the major histocompatibility locus of rats, RT1. Although immune responses of severallal species including humans are controlled by immune response (Ir) genes linked to the major histocompatibility locus (Benacerraf andLevitt, 1972), the present report and other studies (Doigand Chesebro, 1979) demonstrate that other genetic loci are important. While it isr that the major histocompatibility loci (H-2,RT1,HLA)are significant, we must notbecome overly fascinated by these genetic regions to thent that we tend to ingore other genetic influences which are equally significant inimmune responses and in disease susceptibility. The so-:d "major influences" have been explored primarilybecause they are the easiest to measure, but the so-called "minor influences" should alsoxamined.Supported byUSPHS National Cancer Institute grant RO1CA23687 and Career Development AwardKO4CA00630.133Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 34 [1980], Art. 49http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol34/iss1/49

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Implications and Considerations Concerning the Status, Habitat and Distribution of the Least Brook Lamprey, Lampetra aepyptera (Abbott) (Pisces: Petromyzontidae) in Arkansas

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