Culwell, Donald E.

Wright, Robert

English

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Journal of the Arkansas Academy of ScienceVolume 37 Article 251983Prairie Phenology and Seed GerminationDonald E. CulwellUniversity of Central ArkansasRobert WrightUniversity of Central ArkansasFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaasPart of the Plant Biology Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology CommonsThis article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able toread, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking priorpermission from the publisher or the author.This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the ArkansasAcademy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu.Recommended CitationCulwell, Donald E. and Wright, Robert (1983) "Prairie Phenology and Seed Germination," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science:Vol. 37 , Article 25.Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol37/iss1/251Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXVII,198380Arkansas Academy of ScienceRANGE EXTENSION OF THE SILVER CARP, Hypophthalmichthys molitrixThe silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes), is listed as an exotic fish formerly established or oflocal occurrence (RobinsC. R., R. M. Bailey, C. E. Bond, J. R. Brooker, E. A. Lachner, R. N. Lea, and W. B. Scott. 1980. A List of Common and Scientific Namesof Fishes from the United States and Canada. 4th Ed. Am. Fish. Soc. Sp. Pub. No. 12 p. 96). Single specimens were taken from the Ohio Riverbelow Smithland Dam on April7, 1982 (B. McLemore, pers. comm.), from the Ohio River below Union Town Dam on February 19, 19^(D. Bell, pers. comm.) and from a small canal between Wham Brake and LaFourche Canal Systems in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana on April11981 (J. Hughes, pers. comm.). On June 8, 1982, a single 4.1 kg specimen was collected in a trammel net by R.E. Lee, a commercial fishermanfrom Tomato, Arkansas, and deposited in the Arkansas State University Fish Collection (no. 9383). The specimen was an adult female, 70 cmin total length, 59 cm in standard length; it possessed 8 dorsal finrays, 15 anal fin rays, 18 pectoral finrays, 8 pelvic finrays, and 109 scalesin the lateral line.This female specimen represents the first definite record ofH. molitrixoccurring in the Arkansas water of the Mississippi River, at rivermile 804. Its previous distribution was reported to be limited to the Arkansas and White River Systems (Freeze, M.and S. Henderson, 1982. Distributionand Status of the Bighead Carp and Silver Carp in Arkansas. N. Am. Jour. Fish. Mgr. 2:197-200).F. ALLENCARTER, Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, No. 2 Natural Resources Drive,Little Rock, AR 72205. JOHN K. BEADLES,Department ofBiologicalSciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467.SICKLEFIN CHUB, Hybopsis meeki, INTHE MISSISSIPPI RIVER BORDERING ARKANSASThe sicklefin chub, Hybopsis meeki Jordon and Evermann, was collected December 29, 1980 in the Mississippi River bordering Arkansasat river mile 813.0, 15 river miles downstream from the Arkansas-Missouri state line. H.meeki was first reported in the Missouri River near St.Joseph, Mo. in 1884 (Pflieger, 1975). Also, Cross and Collins (1975) reported it rare inKansas and collected only following floods on a fewoccasions. Conner and Guillory (1974) reported the Mississippi River range to extend downstream to the vicinity of Vicksburg, Mississippi.Additional specimens of H. meeki have been reported from Iowa, Nebraska and South Dakota (Moore, 1968).The two specimens reported here were collected on a very cold, windyday by Allen Carter, Tom Buchanan, and Sam Henry. They werecollected with a 3.2 mm mesh nylon seine and have been deposited inthe Arkansas State University Museum ofZoology, lot #9366. They werecaught over a sandy bottom inmoderate current at depths of0.5 to 1.5 mat approximately noon. The water temperature was approximately 2°C.Both specimens were juveniles measuring 3.4 and 2.9 cm in total length, 2.5 and 2.2 cm in standard length. They had 8 dorsal fin rays, 8 analfinrays, 14 pectoral finrays, 7 pelvic fin rays, and 43 and 41 scales in the lateral line. These two specimens represent the first definite recordsof//, meeki for the Arkansas water of the Mississipi River. Not much is known about their feeding and reproductive habits. The mouth has manytaste buds and itis believed that food is sorted from river bottom material that is taken indiscriminately (Davis and Miller, 1967). Pflieger (1975)reports that young have been found in the Missouri River during July, suggesting a spring spawning season.Other fishes collected withthe sicklefin chub included: rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax (Mitchill),speckled chub Hybopsis aestivalis (Girard),silver chub Hybopsis storeriana (Kirtland),emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque, river shiner Notropis blennius (Girard), silverbandshiner Notropis shumardi (Girard), and bluegillLepomis macrochirus Rafinesque. The authors wish to thank Dr.Henry W. Robison ofSouthernArkansas University, for his verification of the specimens.LITERATURE CITEDCONNER, J. V., and V. A. GUILLORY. 1974. Notes on theDistribution ofFishes in the Lower Mississippi River. The ASBBulletin, 21(2) p. 48.MOORE, G.A.1968. Fishes. InBlair, W. F., A.P.Blair, P. Brodkorb,F.R. Cagle, and G. A.Moore, Vertebrates of the United States,McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York.IX+ 616pp. PartII,p. 70.CROSS, F.B., and J. T. COLLINS. 1975. Fishes inKansas. MuseumofNatural History, University ofKansas, Lawrence, Kansas, p. 54. PFLIEGER, W. L.1975. The Fishes ofMissouri. Missouri Departmentof Conservation, Columbia, Missouri, pp. 140-141.DAVIS,B. J. and R. J. MILLER.1967. Brain patterns inminnowsof the genus Hybopsis inrelation to feeding habits and habitat.Copeia, 1967 (l):l-39.SMITH,P. W. 1979. The Fishes of Illinois. Univ.of Illinois Press,p. 81.F. ALLENCARTER, Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, No. 2Natural Resources Drive,Little Rock, AR 72205, and JOHNK.BEADLES,Department ofBiological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467.PRAIRIE PHENOLOGY AND SEED GERMINATIONOne of the more striking features of a prairie is the ever changing display of flowers amid the majestic grasses providing each season withnew brilliance and delicate beauty until frost and winter when the bronze-colored grasses dominate the landscape. These cyclic phenomena aredetermined by environmental factors such as water and temperature. As flowers bloom, fruits develop and seeds mature, plantmaterial diminishesand falls to the ground adding to the leaf litter where fungi and bacteria hasten decay in returning nutrients to the soil for reuse by still otherprairie flora. Not only is there constant change in the vegetation, but the fauna associated with the prairie ecosystem are likelyto come and goaccording to their various cycles; the vole, the quail, the rabbit and many birds add life to this biome.This study was conducted inconjunction with the ongoing prairie restoration project ofthe 1.5hectare field within the Jewel E. Moore NatureReserve located on the University ofCentral Arkansas campus inConway. (Data more accurately describing this prairie site can be found in: Wright80Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 37 [1983], Art. 25Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1983Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXVII,198381General Notes&Culwell, Early stages of prairie restoration on a 1.5 hectare field in Faulkner Co., Ark.,Proc. Ark. Acad. Sci. 36:80-81, 1982). Following alate winter burn, early spring is heralded on this prairie by the blooming of such plants as bluets fHoustonia pusila) ,prairie ragwort (Seneciotomentosus), Indian paintbrush (Castilleja coccinea), and lance-leaved violet (Violalanceolata). Late spring produces flowers ofself-heal (Prunellavulgaris), Sampson's snakeroot (Psoralea psoralioides), wild garlic (Alliumcanadense var. mobilense) and milkwort (Polygala sanguined). Theprofusion ofspring colors subsides abit as summer arrives withthe blooming of wildpetunia (Ruelliahumilis),hoary pea (Tephrosia onobrychoides)and black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta).Mid summer finds the more subdued rattlesnake master (Eryngium yuccifolium), as well as the morestately and brilliant ironweed (Vernonia missurica), button snakeroot (Liatrispycnostachya) and ashy sunflower (Helianthus mollis) in bloom.Fall colors are dominated by the white heath aster (Aster pilosus), the bigblue lobelia (Lobelia puberula) and the yellowof narrow-leaf sunflower(Helianthus angustifolius). This progression ofseasonal flower development willvary in years when there is less regular rainfall and periodic drought.The Figure shows seasonal flower development formost of the flowering plants exclusive of the grasses and sedges on the Nature Reserve Prairie(only Castilleja coccinea was introduced during restoration); timingofbloom may vary tremendously as one can note when comparing this seasonaldevelopment in 1982 with that recorded for the Roth and Konecny Prairies in 1976 (Irving&Brenholts, An ecological reconnaissance of the Rothand Konecny Prairies. Prepared for Ark. Nat. Her. Com., 1977).SPECIES MARCH APRIL MAY JUKE JULY AUG. SEPT.Hnuatonla P"sil3Castillo.ia coccinea_____ -.llavtonla virfiinlca—iu-'ia flagellaris______7" ARLY/LATE FLOWERINGEehinacea pallida____ _Figure. Seasonal flower development of 1982.SPECIES MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT.Rudbeckia hirta_____Coreopsis t inctoria ¦ ______*i——Rhexia mariana__ _____ __Spiranthes vernallsEryngium yuccifolTuin m w^ m̂mt,Hypericum routilurn_ _____ _Helianthus mollis_____Liatria pycnostachya____ .Ludwigia alternifolia | |SPECIES APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUC. SEPT . OCT.Diodia virginiana „______ _____.Boltonia diffugia _^ _]______Chrysopsia gramTnifolia , ,Lobelia puberulaSolidago nemoralis "™~"Erechtltes hieraclfolia~~tRestoration of the Jewel E. Moore Nature Reserve Prairie and the Prairie on Interstate 40 at Conway (Wright&Culwell, 1982) has involvedsowing ofseed. Seed ofprairie species not present on the restoration sites or those present inonly small numbers was collected in the fall!2 from Arkansas sites ofrailroad prairies between Hazen and Carlisle, and Conway and Mayflower. Inan effort to assess what germinationrowth can be expected during this growing season of 1983, germination tests were run on both stratified and unstratified seed. With thetion of five species, a four-week stratification period increased the percentage of germination of twenty species.This work was supported by a UCA faculty research grant.DONALD E. CULWELL and ROBERT WRIGHT, Department ofBiology, University ofCentral Arkansas, Conway, AR 72032.SPIDERS COLLECTED FROM ABANDONED MINE TUNNELS IN THE OUACHITA NATIONALFORESTAlthough much attention has been given to the caves ofArkansas, Dunivan et al. (1982), McDaniel et al. (1979), McDaniel and Smith (1976),Grove (1974), Barnett (1970), Hubricht (1950), few scientific efforts have been made to document the fauna of mine tunnels.(Inthis study, six species representing four genera of spiders were collected from abandoned silver, gold and manganese mine tunnels in Garland,joinery and Polk counties within the boundary of the Ouachita National Forest, Arkansas, from December 1982 to March 1983 (Table).¦s were collected from tunnels that varied from 10 to 150 meters in length, 2 to 3 meters inheight and 1 to 2meters inwidth. Temperaturesjed 15.5 degrees Centigrade and rarely varied. Allof the tunnels contained seepage areas which provided enough moisture to maintainlitynear 100 percent and several of the tunnels received enough seepage to have small streams flowing from their entrances throughout theperiod. The amount oforganic debris found inthese tunnels was variable, usually consisting ofa small accumulation ofleaves and/or crosstiesooden tunnel supports. Specimens were collected by standard methods and put directly into vials containing 70 percent alcohol and transportedlaboratory for identification.KThe members of the genus Dolomedes are referred to as the "fishingspiders" and in each case these spiders were found where pooled waterred in the tunnels. They were often observed poised directly above the waterline of these pools and were apparently catching aquatic insectswere seen utilizingpool areas. These spiders do not construct webs.81Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 37 [1983], Art. 25http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol37/iss1/25

Prairie Phenology and Seed Germination

UARK (University of Arkansas )

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 37 Article 25 1983 Prairie Phenology and Seed Germination Donald E. Culwell University of Central Arkansas Robert Wright University of Central Arkansas Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas  Part of the Plant Biology Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Culwell, Donald E. and Wright, Robert (1983) "Prairie Phenology and Seed Germination," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 37 , Article 25. Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol37/iss1/25 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. 1Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXVII,198380Arkansas Academy of ScienceRANGE EXTENSION OF THE SILVER CARP, Hypophthalmichthys molitrixThe silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes), is listed as an exotic fish formerly established or oflocal occurrence (RobinsC. R., R. M. Bailey, C. E. Bond, J. R. Brooker, E. A. Lachner, R. N. Lea, and W. B. Scott. 1980. A List of Common and Scientific Namesof Fishes from the United States and Canada. 4th Ed. Am. Fish. Soc. Sp. Pub. No. 12 p. 96). Single specimens were taken from the Ohio Riverbelow Smithland Dam on April7, 1982 (B. McLemore, pers. comm.), from the Ohio River below Union Town Dam on February 19, 19^(D. Bell, pers. comm.) and from a small canal between Wham Brake and LaFourche Canal Systems in Ouachita Parish, Louisiana on April11981 (J. Hughes, pers. comm.). On June 8, 1982, a single 4.1 kg specimen was collected in a trammel net by R.E. Lee, a commercial fishermanfrom Tomato, Arkansas, and deposited in the Arkansas State University Fish Collection (no. 9383). The specimen was an adult female, 70 cmin total length, 59 cm in standard length; it possessed 8 dorsal finrays, 15 anal fin rays, 18 pectoral finrays, 8 pelvic finrays, and 109 scalesin the lateral line.This female specimen represents the first definite record ofH. molitrixoccurring in the Arkansas water of the Mississippi River, at rivermile 804. Its previous distribution was reported to be limited to the Arkansas and White River Systems (Freeze, M.and S. Henderson, 1982. Distributionand Status of the Bighead Carp and Silver Carp in Arkansas. N. Am. Jour. Fish. Mgr. 2:197-200).F. ALLENCARTER, Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, No. 2 Natural Resources Drive,Little Rock, AR 72205. JOHN K. BEADLES,Department ofBiologicalSciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467.SICKLEFIN CHUB, Hybopsis meeki, INTHE MISSISSIPPI RIVER BORDERING ARKANSASThe sicklefin chub, Hybopsis meeki Jordon and Evermann, was collected December 29, 1980 in the Mississippi River bordering Arkansasat river mile 813.0, 15 river miles downstream from the Arkansas-Missouri state line. H.meeki was first reported in the Missouri River near St.Joseph, Mo. in 1884 (Pflieger, 1975). Also, Cross and Collins (1975) reported it rare inKansas and collected only following floods on a fewoccasions. Conner and Guillory (1974) reported the Mississippi River range to extend downstream to the vicinity of Vicksburg, Mississippi.Additional specimens of H. meeki have been reported from Iowa, Nebraska and South Dakota (Moore, 1968).The two specimens reported here were collected on a very cold, windyday by Allen Carter, Tom Buchanan, and Sam Henry. They werecollected with a 3.2 mm mesh nylon seine and have been deposited inthe Arkansas State University Museum ofZoology, lot #9366. They werecaught over a sandy bottom inmoderate current at depths of0.5 to 1.5 mat approximately noon. The water temperature was approximately 2°C.Both specimens were juveniles measuring 3.4 and 2.9 cm in total length, 2.5 and 2.2 cm in standard length. They had 8 dorsal fin rays, 8 analfinrays, 14 pectoral finrays, 7 pelvic fin rays, and 43 and 41 scales in the lateral line. These two specimens represent the first definite recordsof//, meeki for the Arkansas water of the Mississipi River. Not much is known about their feeding and reproductive habits. The mouth has manytaste buds and itis believed that food is sorted from river bottom material that is taken indiscriminately (Davis and Miller, 1967). Pflieger (1975)reports that young have been found in the Missouri River during July, suggesting a spring spawning season.Other fishes collected withthe sicklefin chub included: rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax (Mitchill),speckled chub Hybopsis aestivalis (Girard),silver chub Hybopsis storeriana (Kirtland),emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque, river shiner Notropis blennius (Girard), silverbandshiner Notropis shumardi (Girard), and bluegillLepomis macrochirus Rafinesque. The authors wish to thank Dr.Henry W. Robison ofSouthernArkansas University, for his verification of the specimens.LITERATURE CITEDCONNER, J. V., and V. A. GUILLORY. 1974. Notes on theDistribution ofFishes in the Lower Mississippi River. The ASBBulletin, 21(2) p. 48.MOORE, G.A.1968. Fishes. InBlair, W. F., A.P.Blair, P. Brodkorb,F.R. Cagle, and G. A.Moore, Vertebrates of the United States,McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York.IX+ 616pp. PartII,p. 70.CROSS, F.B., and J. T. COLLINS. 1975. Fishes inKansas. MuseumofNatural History, University ofKansas, Lawrence, Kansas, p. 54. PFLIEGER, W. L.1975. The Fishes ofMissouri. Missouri Departmentof Conservation, Columbia, Missouri, pp. 140-141.DAVIS,B. J. and R. J. MILLER.1967. Brain patterns inminnowsof the genus Hybopsis inrelation to feeding habits and habitat.Copeia, 1967 (l):l-39.SMITH,P. W. 1979. The Fishes of Illinois. Univ.of Illinois Press,p. 81.F. ALLENCARTER, Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, No. 2Natural Resources Drive,Little Rock, AR 72205, and JOHNK.BEADLES,Department ofBiological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467.PRAIRIE PHENOLOGY AND SEED GERMINATIONOne of the more striking features of a prairie is the ever changing display of flowers amid the majestic grasses providing each season withnew brilliance and delicate beauty until frost and winter when the bronze-colored grasses dominate the landscape. These cyclic phenomena aredetermined by environmental factors such as water and temperature. As flowers bloom, fruits develop and seeds mature, plantmaterial diminishesand falls to the ground adding to the leaf litter where fungi and bacteria hasten decay in returning nutrients to the soil for reuse by still otherprairie flora. Not only is there constant change in the vegetation, but the fauna associated with the prairie ecosystem are likelyto come and goaccording to their various cycles; the vole, the quail, the rabbit and many birds add life to this biome.This study was conducted inconjunction with the ongoing prairie restoration project ofthe 1.5hectare field within the Jewel E. Moore NatureReserve located on the University ofCentral Arkansas campus inConway. (Data more accurately describing this prairie site can be found in: Wright80Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 37 [1983], Art. 25Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1983Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXVII,198381General Notes&Culwell, Early stages of prairie restoration on a 1.5 hectare field in Faulkner Co., Ark.,Proc. Ark. Acad. Sci. 36:80-81, 1982). Following alate winter burn, early spring is heralded on this prairie by the blooming of such plants as bluets fHoustonia pusila) ,prairie ragwort (Seneciotomentosus), Indian paintbrush (Castilleja coccinea), and lance-leaved violet (Violalanceolata). Late spring produces flowers ofself-heal (Prunellavulgaris), Sampson's snakeroot (Psoralea psoralioides), wild garlic (Alliumcanadense var. mobilense) and milkwort (Polygala sanguined). Theprofusion ofspring colors subsides abit as summer arrives withthe blooming of wildpetunia (Ruelliahumilis),hoary pea (Tephrosia onobrychoides)and black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta).Mid summer finds the more subdued rattlesnake master (Eryngium yuccifolium), as well as the morestately and brilliant ironweed (Vernonia missurica), button snakeroot (Liatrispycnostachya) and ashy sunflower (Helianthus mollis) in bloom.Fall colors are dominated by the white heath aster (Aster pilosus), the bigblue lobelia (Lobelia puberula) and the yellowof narrow-leaf sunflower(Helianthus angustifolius). This progression ofseasonal flower development willvary in years when there is less regular rainfall and periodic drought.The Figure shows seasonal flower development formost of the flowering plants exclusive of the grasses and sedges on the Nature Reserve Prairie(only Castilleja coccinea was introduced during restoration); timingofbloom may vary tremendously as one can note when comparing this seasonaldevelopment in 1982 with that recorded for the Roth and Konecny Prairies in 1976 (Irving&Brenholts, An ecological reconnaissance of the Rothand Konecny Prairies. Prepared for Ark. Nat. Her. Com., 1977).SPECIES MARCH APRIL MAY JUKE JULY AUG. SEPT.Hnuatonla P"sil3Castillo.ia coccinea_____ -.llavtonla virfiinlca—iu-'ia flagellaris______7" ARLY/LATE FLOWERINGEehinacea pallida____ _Figure. Seasonal flower development of 1982.SPECIES MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT.Rudbeckia hirta_____Coreopsis t inctoria ¦ ______*i——Rhexia mariana__ _____ __Spiranthes vernallsEryngium yuccifolTuin m w^ m̂mt,Hypericum routilurn_ _____ _Helianthus mollis_____Liatria pycnostachya____ .Ludwigia alternifolia | |SPECIES APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUC. SEPT . OCT.Diodia virginiana „______ _____.Boltonia diffugia _^ _]______Chrysopsia gramTnifolia , ,Lobelia puberulaSolidago nemoralis "™~"Erechtltes hieraclfolia~~tRestoration of the Jewel E. Moore Nature Reserve Prairie and the Prairie on Interstate 40 at Conway (Wright&Culwell, 1982) has involvedsowing ofseed. Seed ofprairie species not present on the restoration sites or those present inonly small numbers was collected in the fall!2 from Arkansas sites ofrailroad prairies between Hazen and Carlisle, and Conway and Mayflower. Inan effort to assess what germinationrowth can be expected during this growing season of 1983, germination tests were run on both stratified and unstratified seed. With thetion of five species, a four-week stratification period increased the percentage of germination of twenty species.This work was supported by a UCA faculty research grant.DONALD E. CULWELL and ROBERT WRIGHT, Department ofBiology, University ofCentral Arkansas, Conway, AR 72032.SPIDERS COLLECTED FROM ABANDONED MINE TUNNELS IN THE OUACHITA NATIONALFORESTAlthough much attention has been given to the caves ofArkansas, Dunivan et al. (1982), McDaniel et al. (1979), McDaniel and Smith (1976),Grove (1974), Barnett (1970), Hubricht (1950), few scientific efforts have been made to document the fauna of mine tunnels.(Inthis study, six species representing four genera of spiders were collected from abandoned silver, gold and manganese mine tunnels in Garland,joinery and Polk counties within the boundary of the Ouachita National Forest, Arkansas, from December 1982 to March 1983 (Table).¦s were collected from tunnels that varied from 10 to 150 meters in length, 2 to 3 meters inheight and 1 to 2meters inwidth. Temperaturesjed 15.5 degrees Centigrade and rarely varied. Allof the tunnels contained seepage areas which provided enough moisture to maintainlitynear 100 percent and several of the tunnels received enough seepage to have small streams flowing from their entrances throughout theperiod. The amount oforganic debris found inthese tunnels was variable, usually consisting ofa small accumulation ofleaves and/or crosstiesooden tunnel supports. Specimens were collected by standard methods and put directly into vials containing 70 percent alcohol and transportedlaboratory for identification.KThe members of the genus Dolomedes are referred to as the "fishingspiders" and in each case these spiders were found where pooled waterred in the tunnels. They were often observed poised directly above the waterline of these pools and were apparently catching aquatic insectswere seen utilizingpool areas. These spiders do not construct webs.81Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 37 [1983], Art. 25https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol37/iss1/25

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Prairie Phenology and Seed Germination

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