Corey, E. Reece

Paulissen, Leo J.

Swartz, Delbert

English

UARK (University of Arkansas )

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 21 Article 11 1967 Tularemia in the Wildlife of Arkansas Leo J. Paulissen University of Arkansas, Fayetteville E. Reece Corey University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Delbert Swartz University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas  Part of the Animal Diseases Commons Recommended Citation Paulissen, Leo J.; Corey, E. Reece; and Swartz, Delbert (1967) "Tularemia in the Wildlife of Arkansas," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 21 , Article 11. Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol21/iss1/11 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. 39Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol.21, 1967TULAREMIA IN THE WILDLIFE OF ARKANSASLeo J. Paulissen, R. Reece Corey* and Delbert Swartz**University of Arkansas, Fayetteville•>\sI•*PresentMarylaDeceas.tINTRODUCTIONTularemia is generally considered to be a disease of rabbits andhares from which, through handling, humans contract the infection. Thisconsideration has been fostered by reports, such as by Francis (11), andby particular statistics, such as for Illinois (17), which implicate rabbitsin well over 90% of human infections. Despite this general conceptionof its being a disease of rabbits and hares, tularemia is also known toaffect many other animals and birds, at least 40 different species havebeen reported to be naturally infected (see 3, 12, 13). Also, despitethe high incidence of human cases from contacts with infected rabbitsin Illinois and elsewhere, in some areas, like Arkansas, human diseaseis more often contracted by bites of vectors like ticks (16), 63% beingreported for the Ozark region of western Arkansas and Missouri (1,9).The contrasting sources of human infections in Illinoisand Arkansas areof particular interest because of the high incidence of tularemia in thesetwo states. In the period from 1924-49 Illinois led all states with 3051human cases while Arkansas was second with 1613 cases (17). Whenthe total population of the two states is compared, 7,897,241 for Illinoisand 1,949,387 for Arkansas, according to the 1940 census (15), Arkan-sas emerges with the highest per capita human case rate of all theStates. Tularemia in Arkansas has been the subject of several reports(1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13) but none of these have involved a comprehensivesurvey of the disease in the wildlifeof the state, although Calhoun et al.in 1956 reported findings for several animal species. An opportunityto make such a survey became possible along with a continuing taxo-nomic, distributional study of mammalian species in Arkansas beingconducted by members of the Department of Zoology of the Universityof Arkansas (14). This report records the testing of tissues from morethan 1500 animals with the isolation of Pasteurella tularensis from eightof them and the finding of a high antibody titer in the serum of aninth. Tests on 24 birds and 28 snakes were negative.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe methods used for the collection and preparation of the tissuesamples were the same as reported previously (8).The tissue samples were plated upon a meat infusion agar, afterFrancis (10), containing 5% blood, 1% glucose, 0.1% cystine (oraddress: Anne Arundel Community College, Severna Park,nd**ed April, 1966.39Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 21 [1967], Art. 11Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 196740•'i\1•Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedingscysteine hydrochloride) adjusted to pH 7.3, and autoclaved. In theirreport of this medium Brigham and Rettger (2) recommended drying ofthe surface of the agar before using, a procedure we followed. Allplates were incubated at 37°C and were examined 2, 4, and 10 daysafter inoculation. Suspicious colonies were subcultured and if showingtypical morphology upon staining by Gram's method, the organismswere checked by slide agglutination with specific antisera.Standard tube agglutination tests were conducted on sera fromanimals using a commercially prepared antigen of P. tularensis, (Lederle).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe results obtained on animal tissues are shown in Table I. Itcan be seen that in two instances, tularemia organisms were isolatedfrom Didelphis marsupialis, the opossum,- once each from Glaucomysvolans, the flying squirrel; Sciurus niger, the fox squirrel; Mus musculus,the house mouse; and Sigmodon hispidus, the cotton rat; and twice fromOdocoileus virginianus, the white-tailed deer. Of these six species,isolates from G. volans, and S. niger, the squirrels, are a new findingsand not previously reported, although both of these species belong tothe general groups of animals which are commonly infected. The find-ing of tularemia in deer is not surprising either, having been reportedbefore (4), but also because they are subject to heavy tick infestation.In this regard, tick infection with P. tularensis may be relatively highin Arkansas judging from the comparatively high incidence of humaninfections resulting from tick bite (1, 9). In Table II it is seen that noP. tularensis organisms were isolated from 24 specimens of 1 1 differentkinds of birds nor from 18 specimens of 6 kinds of snakes. In Table IIIit is seen that of the agglutination tests conducted on sera from 54animals and 10 snakes, only one serum, that of D. marsupialis, showeda significant titer, 1:1280. Such a high titer suggests the oppossum hadhad a recent exposure to the organisms, such as might have beenacquired from eating a dead infected rabbit. The low titer of 1 :40 forF. domestica, a house cat, is probably not of much significance. Thepercentage of positive sera is somewhat lower than the 17.2% foundby McKeever et al. (13) for 2004 mammals from Florida and Georgiathey tested. This difference could be due to the relatively small sampleherein tested. Of those McKeever et al. reported, the opossum wasamong the animals species most frequently found to have agglutinins.Others included the raccoon, the striped skunk, and the gray fox. Sinceonly a few specimens of these animals were examined in the presentstudy, there were apparently not enough to uncover a positive. How-ever, Calhoun et al. (7) reported finding agglutinins in sera of racoonsand opossums in their Arkansas material. Since these various animalsare common in the state, they may also be important in the totalpicture of tularemia in Arkansas. It is interesting that tularemia wasnot detected in any of the more than 200 rabbits examined, but then,McKeever et al. (13) also found that only one of 188 rabbits tested foragglutinins was positive.40Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 21 [1967], Art. 11https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol21/iss1/11r41Tularemia in Arkansas'.? WildlifeTable IPasteurella tularensis Isolated by Direct Cultureof Blood and Tissue SamplesI MAMMALSNo. positive/No, testedDidelphis marsupialis the opossum (2)1/64Blarina brevicauda short-tailed shrew 0/6I Cryptotis parva little short-tailed shrew 0/1Lasiurus borealis red bat 0/5Geomys bursarius pocket gopher 0/17Giaucomys volans flying squirrel (3)/ 13Sciurus carolinensis southern gray squirrel 0/10Sciurus niger fox squirrel (2)/51Mus musculus house mouse (4)/170Rattus norvegicus rat 0/14>Microtus pinetorum pine vole 0/24Oryzomys palustris Texas rice rat 0/6Peromyscus gossypinus Rhoads cotton rat 0/43Peromyscus leucopus white footed mouse 0/213Peromyscus maniculatus Ozark white footed mouse 0/8\Peromyscus nuttali southern golden mousePeromyscus sp.0/260/16iReithrodontomys fulvescens golden harvest mouseSigmodon hispidus Texas cotton rat0/2321/227Sylvilagus aquaticus swamp rabbitSylvilagus floridanus cottontail rabbitSylvilagus sp.0/44>0/1920/2• Urocyon cinereoargenteus gray foxVulpes fulva red fox0/140/9Canis familiaries dog 0/2I Procyon lotor raccoonMephitis mephitis skunkFelis domestica house cat0/250/180/8Odocoileus virginianus white-tailed deer 2/70—».w* .nyi u s niT -T uea a z /vindicate pools and number of individuals comprising each.41Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 21 [1967], Art. 11Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 196742)¦Arkansas Academy of Science ProceedingsTable IIPasteurella tularensis Isolated by Direct Cultureof Blood and Tissue SamplesBIRDS AND REPTILESNo. positive/No, testedBIRDS:Buteo jamaicensis red-tailed hawk 0/1Cathartes aura turkey vulture 0/5Coccyzus americanus yellow-billed cuckoo 0/3Cyanocitta cristata blue-jay 0/1Dendroica pinus pine warbler 0/1Falco sparverius sparrow hawk 0/1Helmintheros vermivorus worm-eating warbler 0/1Lanius ludovicianus loggerhead shrike 0/8Quiscalus quiscula common grackle 0/1Vireo olivaceous red-eyed vireo 0/1Zonotrichia albicollis white-throated sparrow 0/1REPTILES:Agkistrodon mokasen copperheadAgkistrodon piscivorus water moccasinColumber constrictor racer0/20/80/2Coluber flagellum coachwhipLampropeltis getulus king snakeNatrix sipedon water snake0/20/20/2Table IIIMammal and Reptile Sera Tested for Pasteurella tularensis AgglutininsNo. positive/ TiterNo. testedMAMMALS.-Didelphis marsupialis the opossumFelis domestica house cat1/20 1:1280ti t 1/3 1:40Mephitis mephitis skunk 0/5Odocoileus virginianus white-tailed deer 0/1Procyon lotor raccoon 0/4Sylvilagus floridanus cottontail rabbit 0/4Sylvilagus aquaticus swamp rabbit 0/4Sylvilagus sp. 0/2Urocyon cinereoargenteus gray fox 0/1REPTILES:Agkistrodon mokasen copperhead 0/2Agkistrodon piscivorus water moccasin 0/3Coluber constrictor racer 0/2Coluber flagellum coachwhip 0/1Natrix rhombifera diamond-backed water shake 0/1Natrix sipedon water snake 0/142Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 21 [1967], Art. 11https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol21/iss1/1143Tularemia in Arkansas' 8 WildlifeREFERENCES1. Bost, Roger B., Percefull, S. C. and Leming, Howell E. 1948.Tularemia in the Ozarks region. J. Amer. Med. Assn. 137:352-354.2. Brigham, George D. and Rettger, Leo F. 1935. A systematic studyof the Pasteurella genus and certain closely related organisms.J. Inf. Dis. 56:225-227.3. Burroughs, A. L, Holdenried, R., Longanecker, D. S. and Meyer,K. F. 1945. A field study of latent tularemia in rodents with aI list of all known naturally infected vertebrates. J. Inf. Dis. 76:115-119.14. Burrows, William. 1963. Textbook of Microbiology. 18th Edition.W. B. Sounders Company, Philadelphia.5. Calhoun, Ernest L. 1954. Natural occurrence of tularemia in thelone-star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Linn.), and in dogs inArkansas. Amer. J. Trop. Med. and Hyg. 3:360-366.6. Calhoun, Ernest L. and Alford, High I., Jr. 1955. Incidence oftularemia and Rocky Mountain spotted fever among common ticksof Arkansas. Amer. J. Trop. Med. and Hyg. 4:310-317.7. Calhoun, Ernest L., Mohr, Carl O. and Alford, Hugh I., Jr. 1956.Dogs and other mammals as hosts of tularemia and of vector ticksin Arkansas. Amer. J. Hyg. 63:127-135.8. Corey, R. Reece, Paulissen, Leo J. and Swartz, Delbert. 1964.Prevalence of Brucellae in wildlife of Arkansas. WildlifeDis. 36:1-8.)9. Corwin, W. C. and Stubbs, S. P. 1952. Further studies of tularemiain the Ozarks. J. Amer. Med. Assn. 149:343-345.¦10. Francis, Edward. 1923. The amino-acid cystine in the cultivationof Bacterium tularense. Pub. Hlth. Rep. 38:1396-1404¦ 11. Francis, Edward. 1937. Sources of infection and seasonal inci-dence of tularemia in man. Pub. Hlth. Rep. 52:103-113.112. Jellison, W. L. and Parker, R. R. 1945. Rodents, rabbits andtularemia in North America: some zoological and epidemiologicalconsiderations. Amer. J. Trop. Med. 25:349-362.113. McKeever, Sturgis; Schubert, Joseph H., Moody, Max D., Gorman,George W. and Chapman, John F. 1958. Natural occurrence oftularemia in marsupials, carnivores, lagomorphs, and large rodentsin southwestern Georgia and northwestern Florida. J. Inf. Dis.103:120-136.14. Sealander, John A., Jr. 1956. A provisional check-list and keyto the mammals of ArkansasNat. 56:257-296.(with annotations). Amer. Midland43Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 21 [1967], Art. 11Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 196744151617Arkansas Academy of Science ProceedingsUnited States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.1943. Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940. Vol. II.Population. U. S. Govt. Prtg. Office, Washington, D. C.Washburn, A. AA. and Tuohy, J. H. 1949. The changing pictureof tularemia transmission in Arkansas. South. AAed. J. 42:60-62.Yeatter, Ralph E. and Thompson, David H. 1952. Tularemia,weather, and rabbit populations. Bull. Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey25:Article 6:345-382.44Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 21 [1967], Art. 11https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol21/iss1/11

Tularemia in the Wildlife of Arkansas

ScholarWorks@UARK

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of ScienceVolume 21 Article 111967Tularemia in the Wildlife of ArkansasLeo J. PaulissenUniversity of Arkansas, FayettevilleE. Reece CoreyUniversity of Arkansas, FayettevilleDelbert SwartzUniversity of Arkansas, FayettevilleFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaasPart of the Animal Diseases CommonsThis article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able toread, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking priorpermission from the publisher or the author.This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academyof Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu.Recommended CitationPaulissen, Leo J.; Corey, E. Reece; and Swartz, Delbert (1967) "Tularemia in the Wildlife of Arkansas," Journal of the Arkansas Academyof Science: Vol. 21 , Article 11.Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol21/iss1/1139Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol.21, 1967TULAREMIA IN THE WILDLIFE OF ARKANSASLeo J. Paulissen, R. Reece Corey* and Delbert Swartz**University of Arkansas, Fayetteville•>\sI•*PresentMarylaDeceas.tINTRODUCTIONTularemia is generally considered to be a disease of rabbits andhares from which, through handling, humans contract the infection. Thisconsideration has been fostered by reports, such as by Francis (11), andby particular statistics, such as for Illinois (17), which implicate rabbitsin well over 90% of human infections. Despite this general conceptionof its being a disease of rabbits and hares, tularemia is also known toaffect many other animals and birds, at least 40 different species havebeen reported to be naturally infected (see 3, 12, 13). Also, despitethe high incidence of human cases from contacts with infected rabbitsin Illinois and elsewhere, in some areas, like Arkansas, human diseaseis more often contracted by bites of vectors like ticks (16), 63% beingreported for the Ozark region of western Arkansas and Missouri (1,9).The contrasting sources of human infections in Illinoisand Arkansas areof particular interest because of the high incidence of tularemia in thesetwo states. In the period from 1924-49 Illinois led all states with 3051human cases while Arkansas was second with 1613 cases (17). Whenthe total population of the two states is compared, 7,897,241 for Illinoisand 1,949,387 for Arkansas, according to the 1940 census (15), Arkan-sas emerges with the highest per capita human case rate of all theStates. Tularemia in Arkansas has been the subject of several reports(1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13) but none of these have involved a comprehensivesurvey of the disease in the wildlifeof the state, although Calhoun et al.in 1956 reported findings for several animal species. An opportunityto make such a survey became possible along with a continuing taxo-nomic, distributional study of mammalian species in Arkansas beingconducted by members of the Department of Zoology of the Universityof Arkansas (14). This report records the testing of tissues from morethan 1500 animals with the isolation of Pasteurella tularensis from eightof them and the finding of a high antibody titer in the serum of aninth. Tests on 24 birds and 28 snakes were negative.MATERIALS AND METHODSThe methods used for the collection and preparation of the tissuesamples were the same as reported previously (8).The tissue samples were plated upon a meat infusion agar, afterFrancis (10), containing 5% blood, 1% glucose, 0.1% cystine (oraddress: Anne Arundel Community College, Severna Park,nd** ed April, 1966.39Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 21 [1967], Art. 11Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 196740•'i\1•Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedingscysteine hydrochloride) adjusted to pH 7.3, and autoclaved. In theirreport of this medium Brigham and Rettger (2) recommended drying ofthe surface of the agar before using, a procedure we followed. Allplates were incubated at 37°C and were examined 2, 4, and 10 daysafter inoculation. Suspicious colonies were subcultured and if showingtypical morphology upon staining by Gram's method, the organismswere checked by slide agglutination with specific antisera.Standard tube agglutination tests were conducted on sera fromanimals using a commercially prepared antigen of P. tularensis, (Lederle).RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe results obtained on animal tissues are shown in Table I. Itcan be seen that in two instances, tularemia organisms were isolatedfrom Didelphis marsupialis, the opossum,- once each from Glaucomysvolans, the flying squirrel; Sciurus niger, the fox squirrel; Mus musculus,the house mouse; and Sigmodon hispidus, the cotton rat; and twice fromOdocoileus virginianus, the white-tailed deer. Of these six species,isolates from G. volans, and S. niger, the squirrels, are a new findingsand not previously reported, although both of these species belong tothe general groups of animals which are commonly infected. The find-ing of tularemia in deer is not surprising either, having been reportedbefore (4), but also because they are subject to heavy tick infestation.In this regard, tick infection with P. tularensis may be relatively highin Arkansas judging from the comparatively high incidence of humaninfections resulting from tick bite (1, 9). In Table II it is seen that noP. tularensis organisms were isolated from 24 specimens of 1 1 differentkinds of birds nor from 18 specimens of 6 kinds of snakes. In Table IIIit is seen that of the agglutination tests conducted on sera from 54animals and 10 snakes, only one serum, that of D. marsupialis, showeda significant titer, 1:1280. Such a high titer suggests the oppossum hadhad a recent exposure to the organisms, such as might have beenacquired from eating a dead infected rabbit. The low titer of 1 :40 forF. domestica, a house cat, is probably not of much significance. Thepercentage of positive sera is somewhat lower than the 17.2% foundby McKeever et al. (13) for 2004 mammals from Florida and Georgiathey tested. This difference could be due to the relatively small sampleherein tested. Of those McKeever et al. reported, the opossum wasamong the animals species most frequently found to have agglutinins.Others included the raccoon, the striped skunk, and the gray fox. Sinceonly a few specimens of these animals were examined in the presentstudy, there were apparently not enough to uncover a positive. How-ever, Calhoun et al. (7) reported finding agglutinins in sera of racoonsand opossums in their Arkansas material. Since these various animalsare common in the state, they may also be important in the totalpicture of tularemia in Arkansas. It is interesting that tularemia wasnot detected in any of the more than 200 rabbits examined, but then,McKeever et al. (13) also found that only one of 188 rabbits tested foragglutinins was positive.40Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 21 [1967], Art. 11http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol21/iss1/11r41Tularemia in Arkansas'.? WildlifeTable IPasteurella tularensis Isolated by Direct Cultureof Blood and Tissue SamplesI MAMMALSNo. positive/No, testedDidelphis marsupialis the opossum (2)1/64Blarina brevicauda short-tailed shrew 0/6I Cryptotis parva little short-tailed shrew 0/1Lasiurus borealis red bat 0/5Geomys bursarius pocket gopher 0/17Giaucomys volans flying squirrel (3)/ 13Sciurus carolinensis southern gray squirrel 0/10Sciurus niger fox squirrel (2)/51Mus musculus house mouse (4)/170Rattus norvegicus rat 0/14>Microtus pinetorum pine vole 0/24Oryzomys palustris Texas rice rat 0/6Peromyscus gossypinus Rhoads cotton rat 0/43Peromyscus leucopus white footed mouse 0/213Peromyscus maniculatus Ozark white footed mouse 0/8\Peromyscus nuttali southern golden mousePeromyscus sp.0/260/16iReithrodontomys fulvescens golden harvest mouseSigmodon hispidus Texas cotton rat0/2321/227Sylvilagus aquaticus swamp rabbitSylvilagus floridanus cottontail rabbitSylvilagus sp.0/44>0/1920/2• Urocyon cinereoargenteus gray foxVulpes fulva red fox0/140/9Canis familiaries dog 0/2I Procyon lotor raccoonMephitis mephitis skunkFelis domestica house cat0/250/180/8Odocoileus virginianus white-tailed deer 2/70—».w*.nyi u s niT -T uea a z /vindicate pools and number of individuals comprising each.41Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 21 [1967], Art. 11Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 196742)¦Arkansas Academy of Science ProceedingsTable IIPasteurella tularensis Isolated by Direct Cultureof Blood and Tissue SamplesBIRDS AND REPTILESNo. positive/No, testedBIRDS:Buteo jamaicensis red-tailed hawk 0/1Cathartes aura turkey vulture 0/5Coccyzus americanus yellow-billed cuckoo 0/3Cyanocitta cristata blue-jay 0/1Dendroica pinus pine warbler 0/1Falco sparverius sparrow hawk 0/1Helmintheros vermivorus worm-eating warbler 0/1Lanius ludovicianus loggerhead shrike 0/8Quiscalus quiscula common grackle 0/1Vireo olivaceous red-eyed vireo 0/1Zonotrichia albicollis white-throated sparrow 0/1REPTILES:Agkistrodon mokasen copperheadAgkistrodon piscivorus water moccasinColumber constrictor racer0/20/80/2Coluber flagellum coachwhipLampropeltis getulus king snakeNatrix sipedon water snake0/20/20/2Table IIIMammal and Reptile Sera Tested for Pasteurella tularensis AgglutininsNo. positive/ TiterNo. testedMAMMALS.-Didelphis marsupialis the opossumFelis domestica house cat1/20 1:1280ti t 1/3 1:40Mephitis mephitis skunk 0/5Odocoileus virginianus white-tailed deer 0/1Procyon lotor raccoon 0/4Sylvilagus floridanus cottontail rabbit 0/4Sylvilagus aquaticus swamp rabbit 0/4Sylvilagus sp. 0/2Urocyon cinereoargenteus gray fox 0/1REPTILES:Agkistrodon mokasen copperhead 0/2Agkistrodon piscivorus water moccasin 0/3Coluber constrictor racer 0/2Coluber flagellum coachwhip 0/1Natrix rhombifera diamond-backed water shake 0/1Natrix sipedon water snake 0/142Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 21 [1967], Art. 11http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol21/iss1/1143Tularemia in Arkansas' 8 WildlifeREFERENCES1. Bost, Roger B., Percefull, S. C. and Leming, Howell E. 1948.Tularemia in the Ozarks region. J. Amer. Med. Assn. 137:352-354.2. Brigham, George D. and Rettger, Leo F. 1935. A systematic studyof the Pasteurella genus and certain closely related organisms.J. Inf. Dis. 56:225-227.3. Burroughs, A. L, Holdenried, R., Longanecker, D. S. and Meyer,K. F. 1945. A field study of latent tularemia in rodents with aI list of all known naturally infected vertebrates. J. Inf. Dis. 76:115-119.14. Burrows, William. 1963. Textbook of Microbiology. 18th Edition.W. B. Sounders Company, Philadelphia.5. Calhoun, Ernest L. 1954. Natural occurrence of tularemia in thelone-star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Linn.), and in dogs inArkansas. Amer. J. Trop. Med. and Hyg. 3:360-366.6. Calhoun, Ernest L. and Alford, High I., Jr. 1955. Incidence oftularemia and Rocky Mountain spotted fever among common ticksof Arkansas. Amer. J. Trop. Med. and Hyg. 4:310-317.7. Calhoun, Ernest L., Mohr, Carl O. and Alford, Hugh I., Jr. 1956.Dogs and other mammals as hosts of tularemia and of vector ticksin Arkansas. Amer. J. Hyg. 63:127-135.8. Corey, R. Reece, Paulissen, Leo J. and Swartz, Delbert. 1964.Prevalence of Brucellae in wildlife of Arkansas. WildlifeDis. 36:1-8.)9. Corwin, W. C. and Stubbs, S. P. 1952. Further studies of tularemiain the Ozarks. J. Amer. Med. Assn. 149:343-345.¦10. Francis, Edward. 1923. The amino-acid cystine in the cultivationof Bacterium tularense. Pub. Hlth. Rep. 38:1396-1404¦ 11. Francis, Edward. 1937. Sources of infection and seasonal inci-dence of tularemia in man. Pub. Hlth. Rep. 52:103-113.112. Jellison, W. L. and Parker, R. R. 1945. Rodents, rabbits andtularemia in North America: some zoological and epidemiologicalconsiderations. Amer. J. Trop. Med. 25:349-362.113. McKeever, Sturgis; Schubert, Joseph H., Moody, Max D., Gorman,George W. and Chapman, John F. 1958. Natural occurrence oftularemia in marsupials, carnivores, lagomorphs, and large rodentsin southwestern Georgia and northwestern Florida. J. Inf. Dis.103:120-136.14. Sealander, John A., Jr. 1956. A provisional check-list and keyto the mammals of ArkansasNat. 56:257-296.(with annotations). Amer. Midland43Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 21 [1967], Art. 11Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 196744151617Arkansas Academy of Science ProceedingsUnited States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.1943. Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940. Vol. II.Population. U. S. Govt. Prtg. Office, Washington, D. C.Washburn, A. AA. and Tuohy, J. H. 1949. The changing pictureof tularemia transmission in Arkansas. South. AAed. J. 42:60-62.Yeatter, Ralph E. and Thompson, David H. 1952. Tularemia,weather, and rabbit populations. Bull. Illinois Nat. Hist. Survey25:Article 6:345-382.44Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 21 [1967], Art. 11http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol21/iss1/11

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Tularemia in the Wildlife of Arkansas

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