Duncan, Thomas O.

Myers, Milton R., Jr.

English

ScholarWorks@UARK

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of ScienceVolume 32 Article 291978Longevity of White Bass in Beaver Reservoir,ArkansasThomas O. DuncanU. S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceMilton R. Myers Jr.U. S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaasPart of the Population Biology CommonsThis article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able toread, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking priorpermission from the publisher or the author.This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the ArkansasAcademy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu.Recommended CitationDuncan, Thomas O. and Myers, Milton R. Jr. (1978) "Longevity of White Bass in Beaver Reservoir, Arkansas," Journal of the ArkansasAcademy of Science: Vol. 32 , Article 29.Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol32/iss1/29Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol.XXXII,1978 87GENERAL NOTESTHE PRESENCE OF AN UNUSUAL EOS1NOPHILIC STAINING SUBSTANCE IN THE BLOOD OF SNAKESTelford (J. Florida Acad. Sci.. .14:78-80, 1971) reported that certain Giemsa-stained blood smears from the lacertid. Takydromosmchydromnides. collected from Japan, had a peculiar staining reaction. Rather than the usual light bluish-gray background seen on such prepara-lions. some smears had a reddish appearance. This reaction could be easily detected bymacroscopic examination of the stained smear. Micro-scopically, this odd background material appeared tobe precipitated between the blood cells and ranged in color from a lightpink to a brick red.Allblood smears with this reaction came from 41 female lizards that, with three exceptions, had developed yolk follicles to some degree. Telfordconcluded that the reddish precipitate resulted from lipidmaterials mobilized during vitellogenesis. Ayalaand Spain (Copeia. 197.S: 138-141. 1975)confirmed and furthered these observations with Anoli.i auratus from South America. Complete correlation was seen between the appearance ofihe reddish-staining reaction onblood smears and oogenesis of autopsied female lizards. It was suggested that use of such a blood smear tech-nique would allow the followingof reproductive cycles in reptiles without permanent removal of animals from the environment. Ayala and Spainspeculated that the precipitated material was probably lipoprotein that is found in reptileblood during yolk deposition. This conclusion was basedon the data of Dessauer and Fox (Amer. J. Physiol., 197:360-366, 1959) from studies of plasma constituents of ribbon snakes undergoing oogene-sis. The latter investigators were, however, unaware of Ihe reddish-staining reaction of blood smears from oogenic reptiles with Romanowskyblood stains. To our knowledge, this highlyeosinophilic material has not been isolated or chemically identified.Ina survey forblood parasites of 100 snakes collected fromLonoke County. Arkansas, inMay and June of 1975, seven animals had this red-dish staining reaction. Blood for smears was obtained either by decapitation or tailclipping and stained with Wright's using an Ames Hematekautomatic staining machine. Positive blood specimens were found from three Natrix erythrogaster (yellow-bellied water snake), one Natrixrhnmhifera (diamond-back water snake), one Natrix grahami (Graham's water snake), one Thamnophis proximus (western ribbon snake), andone FAaphe nh.inlela (black rat snake). As far as we can ascertain, this reaction has not been reported from any ophidians or other reptiles fromNorth America. Unfortunately, the E. obsoleta (a female) was the only snake withpositive blood smears that was sexed. It was kept in captivityand gender was determined at autopsy a year later. The reddish-staining reaction was discovered after the six other positive snakes had been dis-carded. Therefore, any relationship between the presence of the reddish substance and oogenesis insnakes isnot yet established. Inthis regard, itshould be noted that, with the exception of the black rat snake, all of the snakes in this report are live-bearers as opposed to the previous reportswith egg-laying lizards.The staining reaction on the blood smears of the seven snakes ranged from a lightbackground to an intense, bright red. Acomparison can bemade between a smear withthe normal very light,transparent stained plasma (Fig. 1A)and a smear with the most intense staining reaction of theprecipitated material (Fig. IB). Not previously noted is that the eosinophilic substance seems to accumulate more around the erythrocytes thanthe white cells. Since the nature of this reddish-staining material has been onlyconjecture, it would seem in order to isolate and chemically iden-tify this unusual substance that has been previously associated wiih the plasma ofoogenic lizards only. The finding of this material in such largeand readily available ophidians such as water snakes wouldmake obtaining reasonable quantities of this substance feasible for future studies.Figure 1. Blood smears stained with Wright's from Natrix rhombifera (A)with the usual transparent, lightlybasophilic background and Natnxgrahami(B) containing the eosinophilic-staining substance between the cells. Oilimmersion (x]300).BF.SJ. DALY.Department ofMicrobiologyand Immunology. 11niversitv ofArkansas forMedical Sciences. Little Rock. Arkansas 7221)1 andRLFSH. CALHOUN.Little Rock Zoological Gardens. LittleRock. Arkansas 72201.LONGEVITY OF WHITE BASS INBF.AVER RESERVOIR. ARKANSASKAmark and recapture study to determine the movements of white bass. Morone chrysops (Rafinesque). inBeaver Reservoir, Arkansas, waslucted during the winters of 1967-68 and 1968-69. The recapture of four of these tagged white bass in 1974-76 produced new longevilv recordshis latitude. The oldest white bass previously recorded from southern United States waters (Center HillReservoir. Tennessee) was ;in8-year-Webb and Moss. Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish. Coram. 2KI967):343-357. 1968). Beaver and Center HillReservoirs are at87Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 32 [1978], Art. 29Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1978!iIi88 Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings/ Vol.XXXII,1978about the same latitude. Other localities where white bass 8 or more years old have been reported are: Oneida Lake, New York, 10 years(Forney and Taylor, N.Y.Fish Game J. 10:194-200, 1963); Spirit Lake, Iowa, 9years (Sigler, Agric.Exp. Stn. Iowa State Coll. Res. Bull366:236-244, 1949); and Shafer Lake, Indiana, 8years (Riggs, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ.Michigan 224 p., 1953).Three fish were 3-year-olds at the time of tagging; therefore one was an 8-year-old when recaptured in 1974, and two were 9years old whenrecaptured in1975. Total lengths at tagging were 315, 350, and 354 mm respectively. The last two fish listed establish a longevity record for whilebass in the southern United States. One fish, 248 mm long was a 1-year-old when marked inNovember, 1968 and was over 8 years old when re-captured in1976. Based on the angler's recapture report, the fish was 501 mm long and had gained about 900 g. Its weight at tagging was estimatedfrom the average weight ofseveral fish of the same length ina 1969 gillnet sample. This fish established a record for the length of time (7.6 years) awhite bass has carried a tag.T. O. DUNCAN. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Arkadelphia. Arkansas 71923 and MILTONR. MYERS. JR.. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,Fayetteville. Arkansas 72701.EFFECT OF LIMESTONE ON SPRING WEED POPULATIONS INA FERTILIZED COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS SOD*In1968 anitrogen-potassium fertilizer experiment was initiated at the MainArkansas AgriculturalExperiment Station to study the effects ofthese fertilizers on the yieldand winter hardiness of Coastal Bermudagrass (Cynadon dactylon L.).Various research investigations have been con-ducted on this site dealing with the effect of fertilizer treatments on the yield and chemical composition of the forage, on the chemistry and acidityof the soil (Allured, 1976; Nagel, 1977), and on weed population and species. Allured et al. (1974) studied the effect of varying rates of Nand Kfertilizer on weed populations and species in1973 and found that total week count was affected only by the highest rate ofN (672 kg/ha) and thaithese treatments contained less than half as many weeds as did the N treatments of 0and 336 kg/ha. They observed that the average number ofweed species on treatments receiving the highest Nrate was onlyabout 60% as high as those with the two lower N rates. Also, as K rates increasedto 168 kg/ha, weed species also increased but decreased as higherK rates (336 and 672 kg/ha) were applied.Meijden (1974) reported that ragwort {Senecio jacobaea L.)populations increased as exchangeable calcium increased. Beard (1973), whorecognized the influence ofsoil fertilityon weed populations, stated that certain turfspecialists have recommended allowing acidic conditions toexist in turfgrass soils to control weeds. Buchanan et al. (1975) reported that certain weeds such as common chickweed {Stellaria media [L.|Cyrillo)redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). and common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) were sensitive to low soil pH. The GeigyWeed Tables state that henbit {Lamiumamplexicaule L.) thrives in fertile soils when pH is between 6and 7 (1968).Fifteen fertilizer treatments were applied to a Coastal Bermudagrass sod on a Pembroke silt loam at the Main Experiment Station, Univer-sity of Arkansas, Fayetteville, for the years 1968-1976. Nitrogen rates of0, 336, and 672 kg/ha and K rates of0, 84, 168, 336, and 672 kg/ha wereapplied annually.The experimental design was 3X5 factorial arrangement ina randomized complete block. There were four replications. Nitro-gen, as NII4N0,. was applied inthree equal applications after the first three harvests; and K,as KCI,was applied in two equal applications eachseason. Abroadcast application of superphosphate was applied uniformly as needed to supply the phosphorus needs of the plants. InMayof 1974.the 2.45 by 6.10 meter plots were split, and finely ground calcitic limestone was applied randomly to one half of each plot at the rates of 2.5, 5.0and 7.5 MT/ha to the no-N, 336N and 672N treatments, respectively. InMay 1976, each of these three N treatments was relimed at the rate of2.4and 6MT/ha, respectively.The number of weeds and the species were counted 14-15 March 1977, before the bermudagrass emerged, withinan area one meter square,randomly selected from the center of each plot. The data collected were subjected to an analysis of variance to determine the nature of the rela-tionship between the soil amendments and total weed population.The mid-March weed counts showed that henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.)plants accounted for80% of the total weed population. Otherweed species, in decreasing order of abundance, were little barley (Hordeum pusiliumNutt.) at 10%, chickweed at 5%, dandelion at 4%, andwild garlic (Alliumvineale L.). mint (Labeate spp) and other weeds at less than 0.5% each.The average density ofall weeds amounted to 8.7/m1. Neither the N, the K,nor the NXKinteraction affected weed counts. However, boththe limestone and the limestone X nitrogen interaction affected the weed population at the 1% level of significance (Table 1). None of the otherlimestone X fertilizer interactions were significant. The limestone had no effect on the weed population in the no-N treatments, but as N rates in-creased, weed counts significantly declined in unlimed plots and significantly increased inthe limed plots. Visual observation indicated that therewas no amendment X weed species interaction; i.e., the ratio of the several weed species remained constant on the variously limed and fertilizedtreatments. The limed, high-N treatment had almost four times as many weeds as itsunlimed counterpart.Throughout this experiment the soil of the treatments receiving the highest Nrate became progressively more acid. By the time these weedcounts were made, this surface soil had a pH in the mid to high 3's. This extreme soil acidity may have been the factor that suppressed weedgrowth. When the weed counts were taken, the experimental site had a striking checkerboard appearance caused by the bright purple flowers ofthe henbit inthe subplots of the N fertilized treatments which had been limed.While the high N rates on the unlimed treatments affected the weed population inmuch the same manner as reported by Allured et al.(1974) the effect of N fertilization on weed populations of the limed treatments in1977 was markedly different. There was no limestone variable inAllured's 1974 experiment.•Published withthe approval of the Director of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station.Table 1. Effect of long-term annual nitrogen applications, and 1974 and '76 limestone applications, on early spring weed populations in a CoastalBermudagrass sod. Weeds/m 1.annual N rates, kg/haON 336N 672N aveno limestone 7.9c* 5.5d 4.Id 5.8blimed in 1974 &'76 7.7c 11.5b 15.3a 11.5a'Values in the average column and in the interaction table not followed by the same letter are significantly different at the 5% levelof probability88Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 32 [1978], Art. 29http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol32/iss1/29

Longevity of White Bass in Beaver Reservoir, Arkansas

UARK (University of Arkansas )

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 32 Article 29 1978 Longevity of White Bass in Beaver Reservoir, Arkansas Thomas O. Duncan U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Milton R. Myers Jr. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas  Part of the Population Biology Commons Recommended Citation Duncan, Thomas O. and Myers, Milton R. Jr. (1978) "Longevity of White Bass in Beaver Reservoir, Arkansas," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 32 , Article 29. Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol32/iss1/29 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol.XXXII,1978 87GENERAL NOTESTHE PRESENCE OF AN UNUSUAL EOS1NOPHILIC STAINING SUBSTANCE IN THE BLOOD OF SNAKESTelford (J. Florida Acad. Sci.. .14:78-80, 1971) reported that certain Giemsa-stained blood smears from the lacertid. Takydromosmchydromnides. collected from Japan, had a peculiar staining reaction. Rather than the usual light bluish-gray background seen on such prepara-lions. some smears had a reddish appearance. This reaction could be easily detected bymacroscopic examination of the stained smear. Micro-scopically, this odd background material appeared tobe precipitated between the blood cells and ranged in color from a lightpink to a brick red.Allblood smears with this reaction came from 41 female lizards that, with three exceptions, had developed yolk follicles to some degree. Telfordconcluded that the reddish precipitate resulted from lipidmaterials mobilized during vitellogenesis. Ayalaand Spain (Copeia. 197.S: 138-141. 1975)confirmed and furthered these observations with Anoli.i auratus from South America. Complete correlation was seen between the appearance ofihe reddish-staining reaction onblood smears and oogenesis of autopsied female lizards. It was suggested that use of such a blood smear tech-nique would allow the followingof reproductive cycles in reptiles without permanent removal of animals from the environment. Ayala and Spainspeculated that the precipitated material was probably lipoprotein that is found in reptileblood during yolk deposition. This conclusion was basedon the data of Dessauer and Fox (Amer. J. Physiol., 197:360-366, 1959) from studies of plasma constituents of ribbon snakes undergoing oogene-sis. The latter investigators were, however, unaware of Ihe reddish-staining reaction of blood smears from oogenic reptiles with Romanowskyblood stains. To our knowledge, this highlyeosinophilic material has not been isolated or chemically identified.Ina survey forblood parasites of 100 snakes collected fromLonoke County. Arkansas, inMay and June of 1975, seven animals had this red-dish staining reaction. Blood for smears was obtained either by decapitation or tailclipping and stained with Wright's using an Ames Hematekautomatic staining machine. Positive blood specimens were found from three Natrix erythrogaster (yellow-bellied water snake), one Natrixrhnmhifera (diamond-back water snake), one Natrix grahami (Graham's water snake), one Thamnophis proximus (western ribbon snake), andone FAaphe nh.inlela (black rat snake). As far as we can ascertain, this reaction has not been reported from any ophidians or other reptiles fromNorth America. Unfortunately, the E. obsoleta (a female) was the only snake withpositive blood smears that was sexed. It was kept in captivityand gender was determined at autopsy a year later. The reddish-staining reaction was discovered after the six other positive snakes had been dis-carded. Therefore, any relationship between the presence of the reddish substance and oogenesis insnakes isnot yet established. Inthis regard, itshould be noted that, with the exception of the black rat snake, all of the snakes in this report are live-bearers as opposed to the previous reportswith egg-laying lizards.The staining reaction on the blood smears of the seven snakes ranged from a lightbackground to an intense, bright red. Acomparison can bemade between a smear withthe normal very light,transparent stained plasma (Fig. 1A)and a smear with the most intense staining reaction of theprecipitated material (Fig. IB). Not previously noted is that the eosinophilic substance seems to accumulate more around the erythrocytes thanthe white cells. Since the nature of this reddish-staining material has been onlyconjecture, it would seem in order to isolate and chemically iden-tify this unusual substance that has been previously associated wiih the plasma ofoogenic lizards only. The finding of this material in such largeand readily available ophidians such as water snakes wouldmake obtaining reasonable quantities of this substance feasible for future studies.Figure 1. Blood smears stained with Wright's from Natrix rhombifera (A)with the usual transparent, lightlybasophilic background and Natnxgrahami(B) containing the eosinophilic-staining substance between the cells. Oilimmersion (x]300).BF.SJ. DALY.Department ofMicrobiologyand Immunology. 11niversitv ofArkansas forMedical Sciences. Little Rock. Arkansas 7221)1 andRLFSH. CALHOUN.Little Rock Zoological Gardens. LittleRock. Arkansas 72201.LONGEVITY OF WHITE BASS INBF.AVER RESERVOIR. ARKANSASKAmark and recapture study to determine the movements of white bass. Morone chrysops (Rafinesque). inBeaver Reservoir, Arkansas, waslucted during the winters of 1967-68 and 1968-69. The recapture of four of these tagged white bass in 1974-76 produced new longevilv recordshis latitude. The oldest white bass previously recorded from southern United States waters (Center HillReservoir. Tennessee) was ;in8-year-Webb and Moss. Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish. Coram. 2KI967):343-357. 1968). Beaver and Center HillReservoirs are at87Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 32 [1978], Art. 29Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1978!iIi88 Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings/ Vol.XXXII,1978about the same latitude. Other localities where white bass 8 or more years old have been reported are: Oneida Lake, New York, 10 years(Forney and Taylor, N.Y.Fish Game J. 10:194-200, 1963); Spirit Lake, Iowa, 9years (Sigler, Agric.Exp. Stn. Iowa State Coll. Res. Bull366:236-244, 1949); and Shafer Lake, Indiana, 8years (Riggs, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ.Michigan 224 p., 1953).Three fish were 3-year-olds at the time of tagging; therefore one was an 8-year-old when recaptured in 1974, and two were 9years old whenrecaptured in1975. Total lengths at tagging were 315, 350, and 354 mm respectively. The last two fish listed establish a longevity record for whilebass in the southern United States. One fish, 248 mm long was a 1-year-old when marked inNovember, 1968 and was over 8 years old when re-captured in1976. Based on the angler's recapture report, the fish was 501 mm long and had gained about 900 g. Its weight at tagging was estimatedfrom the average weight ofseveral fish of the same length ina 1969 gillnet sample. This fish established a record for the length of time (7.6 years) awhite bass has carried a tag.T. O. DUNCAN. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Arkadelphia. Arkansas 71923 and MILTONR. MYERS. JR.. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,Fayetteville. Arkansas 72701.EFFECT OF LIMESTONE ON SPRING WEED POPULATIONS INA FERTILIZED COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS SOD*In1968 anitrogen-potassium fertilizer experiment was initiated at the MainArkansas AgriculturalExperiment Station to study the effects ofthese fertilizers on the yieldand winter hardiness of Coastal Bermudagrass (Cynadon dactylon L.).Various research investigations have been con-ducted on this site dealing with the effect of fertilizer treatments on the yield and chemical composition of the forage, on the chemistry and acidityof the soil (Allured, 1976; Nagel, 1977), and on weed population and species. Allured et al. (1974) studied the effect of varying rates of Nand Kfertilizer on weed populations and species in1973 and found that total week count was affected only by the highest rate ofN (672 kg/ha) and thaithese treatments contained less than half as many weeds as did the N treatments of 0and 336 kg/ha. They observed that the average number ofweed species on treatments receiving the highest Nrate was onlyabout 60% as high as those with the two lower N rates. Also, as K rates increasedto 168 kg/ha, weed species also increased but decreased as higherK rates (336 and 672 kg/ha) were applied.Meijden (1974) reported that ragwort {Senecio jacobaea L.)populations increased as exchangeable calcium increased. Beard (1973), whorecognized the influence ofsoil fertilityon weed populations, stated that certain turfspecialists have recommended allowing acidic conditions toexist in turfgrass soils to control weeds. Buchanan et al. (1975) reported that certain weeds such as common chickweed {Stellaria media [L.|Cyrillo)redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). and common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) were sensitive to low soil pH. The GeigyWeed Tables state that henbit {Lamiumamplexicaule L.) thrives in fertile soils when pH is between 6and 7 (1968).Fifteen fertilizer treatments were applied to a Coastal Bermudagrass sod on a Pembroke silt loam at the Main Experiment Station, Univer-sity of Arkansas, Fayetteville, for the years 1968-1976. Nitrogen rates of0, 336, and 672 kg/ha and K rates of0, 84, 168, 336, and 672 kg/ha wereapplied annually.The experimental design was 3X5 factorial arrangement ina randomized complete block. There were four replications. Nitro-gen, as NII4N0,. was applied inthree equal applications after the first three harvests; and K,as KCI,was applied in two equal applications eachseason. Abroadcast application of superphosphate was applied uniformly as needed to supply the phosphorus needs of the plants. InMayof 1974.the 2.45 by 6.10 meter plots were split, and finely ground calcitic limestone was applied randomly to one half of each plot at the rates of 2.5, 5.0and 7.5 MT/ha to the no-N, 336N and 672N treatments, respectively. InMay 1976, each of these three N treatments was relimed at the rate of2.4and 6MT/ha, respectively.The number of weeds and the species were counted 14-15 March 1977, before the bermudagrass emerged, withinan area one meter square,randomly selected from the center of each plot. The data collected were subjected to an analysis of variance to determine the nature of the rela-tionship between the soil amendments and total weed population.The mid-March weed counts showed that henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.)plants accounted for80% of the total weed population. Otherweed species, in decreasing order of abundance, were little barley (Hordeum pusiliumNutt.) at 10%, chickweed at 5%, dandelion at 4%, andwild garlic (Alliumvineale L.). mint (Labeate spp) and other weeds at less than 0.5% each.The average density ofall weeds amounted to 8.7/m1. Neither the N, the K,nor the NXKinteraction affected weed counts. However, boththe limestone and the limestone X nitrogen interaction affected the weed population at the 1% level of significance (Table 1). None of the otherlimestone X fertilizer interactions were significant. The limestone had no effect on the weed population in the no-N treatments, but as N rates in-creased, weed counts significantly declined in unlimed plots and significantly increased inthe limed plots. Visual observation indicated that therewas no amendment X weed species interaction; i.e., the ratio of the several weed species remained constant on the variously limed and fertilizedtreatments. The limed, high-N treatment had almost four times as many weeds as itsunlimed counterpart.Throughout this experiment the soil of the treatments receiving the highest Nrate became progressively more acid. By the time these weedcounts were made, this surface soil had a pH in the mid to high 3's. This extreme soil acidity may have been the factor that suppressed weedgrowth. When the weed counts were taken, the experimental site had a striking checkerboard appearance caused by the bright purple flowers ofthe henbit inthe subplots of the N fertilized treatments which had been limed.While the high N rates on the unlimed treatments affected the weed population inmuch the same manner as reported by Allured et al.(1974) the effect of N fertilization on weed populations of the limed treatments in1977 was markedly different. There was no limestone variable inAllured's 1974 experiment.•Published withthe approval of the Director of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station.Table 1. Effect of long-term annual nitrogen applications, and 1974 and '76 limestone applications, on early spring weed populations in a CoastalBermudagrass sod. Weeds/m 1.annual N rates, kg/haON 336N 672N aveno limestone 7.9c* 5.5d 4.Id 5.8blimed in 1974 &'76 7.7c 11.5b 15.3a 11.5a'Values in the average column and in the interaction table not followed by the same letter are significantly different at the 5% levelof probability88Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 32 [1978], Art. 29https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol32/iss1/29

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Longevity of White Bass in Beaver Reservoir, Arkansas

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