Using the Murphy (1959) system for scoring the degree of dentin exposure, Fourche Maline (Woodland) molars show a greater attrition rate than Caddo (Mississippian) molars. Archeological evidence suggests that this differential in attrition rates is caused by the use of stone grinders for food preparation in the Fourche Maline culture and their absence among the Caddo. Analysis of scratches on the occlusal surface of molars from these samples confirms this hypothesis. Several techniques for observing these scratches and reconstructing the grit sizes and grit particle frequencies responsible for this differential abrasion are evaluated

Powell, Mary L.

Rose, J. C.

Stewart, Judith C.

English

UARK (University of Arkansas )

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 32 Article 26 1978 Methodology for Analysis of Diet Grit Size on Molar Attrition for Fourche Maline and Caddo People Judith C. Stewart University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Mary L. Powell University of Arkansas, Fayetteville J. C. Rose University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas  Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, and the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Stewart, Judith C.; Powell, Mary L.; and Rose, J. C. (1978) "Methodology for Analysis of Diet Grit Size on Molar Attrition for Fourche Maline and Caddo People," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 32 , Article 26. Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol32/iss1/26 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol.XXXII,197881Methodology for Analysis ofDiet Grit Size on MolarAttritionforFourche Maline and Caddo PeopleJUDITH C. STEWART, MARY L. POWELLand J. C. ROSEDepartment of Anthropology, University of ArkansasFayetteville, Arkansas 72701ABSTRACTUsing the Murphy (1959) system for scoring the degree of dentin exposure, FourcheMaline (Woodland) molars show a greater attrition rate than Caddo (Mississippian)molars. Archeological evidence suggests that this differential inattrition rates is caused bythe use of stone grinders for food preparation in the Fourche Maline culture and their ab-sence among the Caddo. Analysis of scratches on the occlusal surface of molars from thesesamples confirms this hypothesis. Several techniques for observing these scratches and re-constructing the grit sizes and grit particle frequencies responsible for this differentialabrasion are evaluated.INTRODUCTIONThe reconstruction of prehistoric diets for some time has been ofinterest toboth arch eulogists and biological anthropologists. One im-portant aspect of this reconstruction is a consideration of the effectsofconsistency of diet and various food processing techniques on therate of dental attrition. For example, Dahlberg (1960) reports therapid dental attrition of Neolithic agriculturalists, and others note adecline in attrition rates as food preparation techniques improve(Armelagos and Rose 1972; Molnar 1971). Walker (1976) demon-strates that the prehistoric inhabitants of Santa Rose Island hadgreater dental attrition rates than the inhabitants of the Californiamainland. This increased rate is attributed to the islanders' maritimeadaption and the sand and gritassociated withseafood.This study is concerned with reconstruction of the dietary consis-tency of the Fourche Maline (ca. 500 B.C.-800 A.D.)and Caddo (ca.800 A.D.-1550 A.D.) cultures of western Arkansas and eastern Okla-homa. Me Williams (1970) states that the Fourche Maline focus (con-sidered Middle Woodland) probably represents a peripheral survivalofa southeastern U.S. Archaic hunting and gathering complex. Bur-ials were interred inmidden areas containing large quantities of fresbwater mussel shells and animal bones, but no evidence of cultigens.Collected plant food was prepared instone grinders commonly foundat Fourche Maline sites. Caddo subsistence patterns include maizeagriculture in addition to the harvesting of wildplants and hunting.Stone grinders are notably absent from Caddo sites, and it is assumedthat wooden mortars were used in foodpreparation (Swanton 1942:131, 134). The use of these wooden mortars would not be expected tocontribute as much grit to the diet, and this should be reflected indental attrition rates. Itis this assumption, that the Caddo did notusestone grinders for foodpreparation, whichis tested inthis study.DENTAL ATTRITIONThe Fourche Maline sample consists of 18 individuals aged be-tween 18 and 30 years from the Sam and Wann sites in eastern Okla-homa. The Caddo sample consists of 22 individuals aged between 18and 30 years from8Caddo sites insouthwestern Arkansas. Attritionrates were determined using the Murphy system (1959) which assignseach tooth anumerical value (1-8) based on the progressive exposureof dentin on the occlusal surface of the molar. This system allowscomputation of the mean attrition stage for each molar as well as theattrition gradient. The attrition gradient is defined as the differencein attrition between the first and second, and the second and thirdmolars as a result ofdifferences ineruption time.The mean attrition scores for the Fourche Maline sample are 6.9,5.4 and 1.9 for the first, second and third mandibular molars respec-tively.The attrition gradient is 1.5 and 3.5. The mean attrition scoresfor the Caddo sample are 2.5, 1.5 and 0.36 for the first, second andthird molars respectively. The attrition gradient is 1.0 and 1.1. TheFourche Maline dental attrition rate is twice that of the Caddosample, appearing to support the assumption that the Caddo didnotuse stone grinders in food preparation. The data, however, onlyestablish that there are differences inattrition rates; it does not pro-vide information on the consistency of the diet. To establish differ-ences in the consistency of the diet, a microscopic analysis of theocclusal surfaces ofmandibular molars was attempted.MATERIALS AND METHODSOptimally, this type of analysis is performed with the scanningelectron microscope as reported by Shkurkin and co-workers (1975).However, this procedure is expensive and isnot feasible for routineanalysis. Consequently, the following techniques were tried inorderto observe the attrition or abrasion pattern ofhuman enamel.Five mandibular molars were selected from both the Roden andMahaffey skeletal collections. The Roden collection represents theCaddo tradition, and the Mahaffey collection represents the FourcheMaline. Both sites are from eastern Oklahoma and exhibit attritionrates comparable to the skeletal series reported above. After clean-ing inasonic cleaner with 95% ethanol for twohours, each tooth wasmounted on a slide with beeswax so that the occlusal surface wouldbe as parallel to the microscope as possible.Aftera number of attempts tomake peels of the occlusal surface(e.g., using various concentrations of acetate and acetone) it wasfound that the best results involved photographing the occlusalenamel surface through a Zeiss universal microscope with reflectednomarski differential interference contrast optics. Four flat areas ofeach tooth were photographed at 160 magnifications, withPanatomicX 35mm filmdeveloped at 100 ASA.The negatives were printed on 8x 10 paper at an enlargement of 10X. Counts and measurements ofthe scratches were taken directly from these prints. Scratch widthswere measured with aneedle point Helios dial caliper to the nearesttenth of a millimeter. Counting procedures utilized a Weibel lineargrid pattern of 15 lines each 4cm long, scribed on an acetate sheetwhich was laid over each photograph. Any scratch intersecting ascribed line was counted.RESULTSGeneral observations of the photographs of the 10 teeth in thesample showed some differences between the two cultures. BothRoden and Mahaffey teeth show a quiltwork pattern of short narrowscratches characteristic of allhuman tooth wear. On the Roden teeththese scratches are overlain by a random pattern of long deepscratches varying infrequency per photograph from none to many.The Mahaffey teeth also contain deep scratches varying from moder-ate tomany onall photographs with much of the quiltpattern beingobliterated.The best photograph of each tooth in the sample was chosen fortotal scratch counts. Allscratches intersecting the 15 lines in the81Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 32 [1978], Art. 26Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 197882 Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXII,1978Weibel grid were tabulated, and mean frequencies per 4cm gridlinewere calculated (Table 1). The mean frequencies and variances werenot significantly different within each culture. However, a meanabrasion frequency for the five Caddo teeth of 9.6 as compared to14.0 for the Fourche Maline molars is significant at the five percentlevelusing a one tailstudent's t statistic.abrasions observable by this technique (verified with standard thinsection abrasives). For the 5 micron and greater range of particlesizes, the Fourche Maline have more than twice the abrasions of theCaddo. This greater number of the larger abrasions in the FourcheMaline sample indicates that at least part of the greater attrition ratecan be explained by an increased frequency of these larger particlesinthe diet.The apparent differences between the patterning of abrasions ascaused by huge particles was then investigated. The widths of the 17largest abrasions were measured forboth samples, which resulted inmean widths (as measured on the prints) of 3.4mm for FourcheMaline and 3.6mm forCaddo. This would suggest that there isno realdifference in particle size between the two cultures. The smallerabrasions (less than lmm in width)are not reliably measured. Thefrequency of large abrasions (at least lmm inwidth) was tabulated foreach tooth (Table 2) using the Weibel grid and averaging the totalgridscores from the four photographs of each tooth. The FourcheMaline teeth have over twice the abrasions (m=25.0) as the Caddoteeth (m=10.3). These differences are significant at the one percentlevel (student's t).Dental attrition of dietary origins results from the abrasions ofcoarse foods such as roughly milled grains. Allpeople also suffer tosome extent from abrasion due to accidentally introduced sand andgrit in the diet. Due to the many similar ecological and culturalconditions for the Fourche Maline and Caddo cultures, this gritcon-tent might be expected to be similar for both groups. However, theuse ofstone manos and metates for grinding grains provides an excel-lent source fornumerous fine particles (not observable in this study)as well as numerous larger particles of silicon to be introduced intothe diet. The rapid attrition of metates from use in grinding grain iseasily observed in archeological specimens. Ifthe assumption is cor-rect that the Caddo utilized wooden mortars forpounding grains thefrequency of large particles inthe diet should be significantly smallerthan the frequency for the Fourche Maline peoples. This initialre-search demonstrates a significantly lower frequency of the largerparticle sizes inthe Caddo diet.Table 1.Mean frequency of abrasions per 4cm Weibel gridlineFOURCHE MALINE CADDOMOLAR MEAN FREQ. MOLAR MEAN FREQ.m40-l 13.3 r2-b 7.7m4 17.9 rl-a 10.8m58h 16.7 rl-b 13.2m2 14.3 rl-c 8.0m40-2 8.0 rl8 8.1mean 14.0 mean 9.6LITERATURE CITEDARMELAGOS, G.I.,and J. C. ROSE. 1972. Factors contributing toantemortem tooth loss inpopulations from prehistoric Nubia.(Abstract) American Journal ofPhysical Anthropology,37:428.DAHLBERG,A.A.1960. The dentition of the first agriculturalists.American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 18:243-256.Table 2.Mean frequency of abrasions larger than lmm for FourcheMaline and Caddo molarsMcWILLIAMS,D. 1970. Physical anthropology of Wann and Sam,two Fourche Maline focus Archaic sites in eastern Oklahoma.Bulletin of the Oklahoma Anthropological Society, 19:101-136.FOURCHE MALINEMOLAR MEANCADDOMOLNAR,S. 1971. Human tooth wear, tooth function and culturalvariability. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 34:175-190.MOLAR MEANm40-l 41.8m4 21.8m58h 22.2m2 18.2m40-2 21.2r2-b 11.0rl-a 21.8rl-b 9.2 MURPHY,T. 1959. Gradients of dentin exposure inhuman molarteeth attrition. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 17:179-186.rl-c 7.8rl8 11.0 POWELL, M.L.1978. Health and disease inaFourche Maline popu-lation from eastern Oklahoma. Paper presented at March 1978Caddo Conference.mean 25.0 mean 10.3SHKURKIN. G. V., A. J. ALMQUIST,A. A.PFEIHOFER, andE. L. STODDARD. 1975. Scanning electron microscopy ofdentition: Methodology and ultrastructural morphology oftooth wear. Journal of Dental Research, 54(2):402-405.DISCUSSIONThe attrition rate data demonstrate that the Fourche Maline suffermore than twice the tooth loss due to abrasion than do the Caddo.This greater attrition rate can be attributed to either a greater fre-quency of particles in the diet and/ or the inclusion of larger particlesin the diet. An examination of the total abrasion counts indicate thatthe Fourche Maline have a slightly greater frequency of observableabrasions, whichindicates anincrease inparticle frequency inthe0.5to 5.0 micron range. Particles of smaller dimensions would not leaveSW ANTON,JOHN R.1942. Source material on the history and eth-nology of the Caddo Indians. Smithsonian Institution Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology, Bulletin 132. 332 pages.WALKER,P. L. 1976. Wear striatJons on the incisors ofCeropithecidmonkeys as an index of diet and habitat preference. AmericanJournal ofPhysical Anthropology, 45:299-307.82Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 32 [1978], Art. 26https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol32/iss1/26

Methodology for Analysis of Diet Grit Size on Molar Attrition for Fourche Maline and Caddo People

ScholarWorks@UARK

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of ScienceVolume 32 Article 261978Methodology for Analysis of Diet Grit Size onMolar Attrition for Fourche Maline and CaddoPeopleJudith C. StewartUniversity of Arkansas, FayettevilleMary L. PowellUniversity of Arkansas, FayettevilleJ. C. RoseUniversity of Arkansas, FayettevilleFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaasPart of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, and the Biological and PhysicalAnthropology CommonsThis article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able toread, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking priorpermission from the publisher or the author.This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academyof Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu.Recommended CitationStewart, Judith C.; Powell, Mary L.; and Rose, J. C. (1978) "Methodology for Analysis of Diet Grit Size on Molar Attrition for FourcheMaline and Caddo People," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 32 , Article 26.Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol32/iss1/26Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol.XXXII,197881Methodology for Analysis ofDiet Grit Size on MolarAttritionforFourche Maline and Caddo PeopleJUDITH C. STEWART, MARY L. POWELLand J. C. ROSEDepartment of Anthropology, University of ArkansasFayetteville, Arkansas 72701ABSTRACTUsing the Murphy (1959) system for scoring the degree of dentin exposure, FourcheMaline (Woodland) molars show a greater attrition rate than Caddo (Mississippian)molars. Archeological evidence suggests that this differential inattrition rates is caused bythe use of stone grinders for food preparation in the Fourche Maline culture and their ab-sence among the Caddo. Analysis of scratches on the occlusal surface of molars from thesesamples confirms this hypothesis. Several techniques for observing these scratches and re-constructing the grit sizes and grit particle frequencies responsible for this differentialabrasion are evaluated.INTRODUCTIONThe reconstruction of prehistoric diets for some time has been ofinterest toboth arch eulogists and biological anthropologists. One im-portant aspect of this reconstruction is a consideration of the effectsofconsistency of diet and various food processing techniques on therate of dental attrition. For example, Dahlberg (1960) reports therapid dental attrition of Neolithic agriculturalists, and others note adecline in attrition rates as food preparation techniques improve(Armelagos and Rose 1972; Molnar 1971). Walker (1976) demon-strates that the prehistoric inhabitants of Santa Rose Island hadgreater dental attrition rates than the inhabitants of the Californiamainland. This increased rate is attributed to the islanders' maritimeadaption and the sand and gritassociated withseafood.This study is concerned with reconstruction of the dietary consis-tency of the Fourche Maline (ca. 500 B.C.-800 A.D.)and Caddo (ca.800 A.D.-1550 A.D.) cultures of western Arkansas and eastern Okla-homa. Me Williams (1970) states that the Fourche Maline focus (con-sidered Middle Woodland) probably represents a peripheral survivalofa southeastern U.S. Archaic hunting and gathering complex. Bur-ials were interred inmidden areas containing large quantities of fresbwater mussel shells and animal bones, but no evidence of cultigens.Collected plant food was prepared instone grinders commonly foundat Fourche Maline sites. Caddo subsistence patterns include maizeagriculture in addition to the harvesting of wildplants and hunting.Stone grinders are notably absent from Caddo sites, and it is assumedthat wooden mortars were used in foodpreparation (Swanton 1942:131, 134). The use of these wooden mortars would not be expected tocontribute as much grit to the diet, and this should be reflected indental attrition rates. Itis this assumption, that the Caddo did notusestone grinders for foodpreparation, whichis tested inthis study.DENTAL ATTRITIONThe Fourche Maline sample consists of 18 individuals aged be-tween 18 and 30 years from the Sam and Wann sites in eastern Okla-homa. The Caddo sample consists of 22 individuals aged between 18and 30 years from8Caddo sites insouthwestern Arkansas. Attritionrates were determined using the Murphy system (1959) which assignseach tooth anumerical value (1-8) based on the progressive exposureof dentin on the occlusal surface of the molar. This system allowscomputation of the mean attrition stage for each molar as well as theattrition gradient. The attrition gradient is defined as the differencein attrition between the first and second, and the second and thirdmolars as a result ofdifferences ineruption time.The mean attrition scores for the Fourche Maline sample are 6.9,5.4 and 1.9 for the first, second and third mandibular molars respec-tively.The attrition gradient is 1.5 and 3.5. The mean attrition scoresfor the Caddo sample are 2.5, 1.5 and 0.36 for the first, second andthird molars respectively. The attrition gradient is 1.0 and 1.1. TheFourche Maline dental attrition rate is twice that of the Caddosample, appearing to support the assumption that the Caddo didnotuse stone grinders in food preparation. The data, however, onlyestablish that there are differences inattrition rates; it does not pro-vide information on the consistency of the diet. To establish differ-ences in the consistency of the diet, a microscopic analysis of theocclusal surfaces ofmandibular molars was attempted.MATERIALS AND METHODSOptimally, this type of analysis is performed with the scanningelectron microscope as reported by Shkurkin and co-workers (1975).However, this procedure is expensive and isnot feasible for routineanalysis. Consequently, the following techniques were tried inorderto observe the attrition or abrasion pattern ofhuman enamel.Five mandibular molars were selected from both the Roden andMahaffey skeletal collections. The Roden collection represents theCaddo tradition, and the Mahaffey collection represents the FourcheMaline. Both sites are from eastern Oklahoma and exhibit attritionrates comparable to the skeletal series reported above. After clean-ing inasonic cleaner with 95% ethanol for twohours, each tooth wasmounted on a slide with beeswax so that the occlusal surface wouldbe as parallel to the microscope as possible.Aftera number of attempts tomake peels of the occlusal surface(e.g., using various concentrations of acetate and acetone) it wasfound that the best results involved photographing the occlusalenamel surface through a Zeiss universal microscope with reflectednomarski differential interference contrast optics. Four flat areas ofeach tooth were photographed at 160 magnifications, withPanatomicX 35mm filmdeveloped at 100 ASA.The negatives were printed on 8x 10 paper at an enlargement of 10X. Counts and measurements ofthe scratches were taken directly from these prints. Scratch widthswere measured with aneedle point Helios dial caliper to the nearesttenth of a millimeter. Counting procedures utilized a Weibel lineargrid pattern of 15 lines each 4cm long, scribed on an acetate sheetwhich was laid over each photograph. Any scratch intersecting ascribed line was counted.RESULTSGeneral observations of the photographs of the 10 teeth in thesample showed some differences between the two cultures. BothRoden and Mahaffey teeth show a quiltwork pattern of short narrowscratches characteristic of allhuman tooth wear. On the Roden teeththese scratches are overlain by a random pattern of long deepscratches varying infrequency per photograph from none to many.The Mahaffey teeth also contain deep scratches varying from moder-ate tomany onall photographs with much of the quiltpattern beingobliterated.The best photograph of each tooth in the sample was chosen fortotal scratch counts. Allscratches intersecting the 15 lines in the81Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 32 [1978], Art. 26Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 197882 Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXII,1978Weibel grid were tabulated, and mean frequencies per 4cm gridlinewere calculated (Table 1). The mean frequencies and variances werenot significantly different within each culture. However, a meanabrasion frequency for the five Caddo teeth of 9.6 as compared to14.0 for the Fourche Maline molars is significant at the five percentlevelusing a one tailstudent's t statistic.abrasions observable by this technique (verified with standard thinsection abrasives). For the 5 micron and greater range of particlesizes, the Fourche Maline have more than twice the abrasions of theCaddo. This greater number of the larger abrasions in the FourcheMaline sample indicates that at least part of the greater attrition ratecan be explained by an increased frequency of these larger particlesinthe diet.The apparent differences between the patterning of abrasions ascaused by huge particles was then investigated. The widths of the 17largest abrasions were measured forboth samples, which resulted inmean widths (as measured on the prints) of 3.4mm for FourcheMaline and 3.6mm forCaddo. This would suggest that there isno realdifference in particle size between the two cultures. The smallerabrasions (less than lmm in width)are not reliably measured. Thefrequency of large abrasions (at least lmm inwidth) was tabulated foreach tooth (Table 2) using the Weibel grid and averaging the totalgridscores from the four photographs of each tooth. The FourcheMaline teeth have over twice the abrasions (m=25.0) as the Caddoteeth (m=10.3). These differences are significant at the one percentlevel (student's t).Dental attrition of dietary origins results from the abrasions ofcoarse foods such as roughly milled grains. Allpeople also suffer tosome extent from abrasion due to accidentally introduced sand andgrit in the diet. Due to the many similar ecological and culturalconditions for the Fourche Maline and Caddo cultures, this gritcon-tent might be expected to be similar for both groups. However, theuse ofstone manos and metates for grinding grains provides an excel-lent source fornumerous fine particles (not observable in this study)as well as numerous larger particles of silicon to be introduced intothe diet. The rapid attrition of metates from use in grinding grain iseasily observed in archeological specimens. Ifthe assumption is cor-rect that the Caddo utilized wooden mortars forpounding grains thefrequency of large particles inthe diet should be significantly smallerthan the frequency for the Fourche Maline peoples. This initialre-search demonstrates a significantly lower frequency of the largerparticle sizes inthe Caddo diet.Table 1.Mean frequency of abrasions per 4cm Weibel gridlineFOURCHE MALINE CADDOMOLAR MEAN FREQ. MOLAR MEAN FREQ.m40-l 13.3 r2-b 7.7m4 17.9 rl-a 10.8m58h 16.7 rl-b 13.2m2 14.3 rl-c 8.0m40-2 8.0 rl8 8.1mean 14.0 mean 9.6LITERATURE CITEDARMELAGOS, G.I.,and J. C. ROSE. 1972. Factors contributing toantemortem tooth loss inpopulations from prehistoric Nubia.(Abstract) American Journal ofPhysical Anthropology,37:428.DAHLBERG,A.A.1960. The dentition of the first agriculturalists.American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 18:243-256.Table 2.Mean frequency of abrasions larger than lmm for FourcheMaline and Caddo molarsMcWILLIAMS,D. 1970. Physical anthropology of Wann and Sam,two Fourche Maline focus Archaic sites in eastern Oklahoma.Bulletin of the Oklahoma Anthropological Society, 19:101-136.FOURCHE MALINEMOLAR MEANCADDOMOLNAR,S. 1971. Human tooth wear, tooth function and culturalvariability. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 34:175-190.MOLAR MEANm40-l 41.8m4 21.8m58h 22.2m2 18.2m40-2 21.2r2-b 11.0rl-a 21.8rl-b 9.2 MURPHY,T. 1959. Gradients of dentin exposure inhuman molarteeth attrition. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 17:179-186.rl-c 7.8rl8 11.0 POWELL, M.L.1978. Health and disease inaFourche Maline popu-lation from eastern Oklahoma. Paper presented at March 1978Caddo Conference.mean 25.0 mean 10.3SHKURKIN. G. V., A. J. ALMQUIST,A. A.PFEIHOFER, andE. L. STODDARD. 1975. Scanning electron microscopy ofdentition: Methodology and ultrastructural morphology oftooth wear. Journal of Dental Research, 54(2):402-405.DISCUSSIONThe attrition rate data demonstrate that the Fourche Maline suffermore than twice the tooth loss due to abrasion than do the Caddo.This greater attrition rate can be attributed to either a greater fre-quency of particles in the diet and/ or the inclusion of larger particlesin the diet. An examination of the total abrasion counts indicate thatthe Fourche Maline have a slightly greater frequency of observableabrasions, whichindicates anincrease inparticle frequency inthe0.5to 5.0 micron range. Particles of smaller dimensions would not leaveSW ANTON,JOHN R.1942. Source material on the history and eth-nology of the Caddo Indians. Smithsonian Institution Bureau ofAmerican Ethnology, Bulletin 132. 332 pages.WALKER,P. L. 1976. Wear striatJons on the incisors ofCeropithecidmonkeys as an index of diet and habitat preference. AmericanJournal ofPhysical Anthropology, 45:299-307.82Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 32 [1978], Art. 26http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol32/iss1/26

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Methodology for Analysis of Diet Grit Size on Molar Attrition for Fourche Maline and Caddo People

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