Newton, Scott H.

Robison, Walter R.

English

UARK (University of Arkansas )

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 35 Article 29 1981 Economics of Rainbow Trout Production in Arkansas Walter R. Robison University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Scott H. Newton University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas  Part of the Agricultural Economics Commons, and the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons Recommended Citation Robison, Walter R. and Newton, Scott H. (1981) "Economics of Rainbow Trout Production in Arkansas," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 35 , Article 29. Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol35/iss1/29 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. 90 Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol.XXXV,1981LITERATURE CITEDCOLLINS, C. M. 1978. Catfish cage culture, fingerlings to food fish.Kerr Foundation, Inc.Poteau, OK.22pp.COLLINS, R.A. 1971. Cage culture of catfish in reservoir lakes.Proc. S. E. Assoc. Game and Fish Comra. 24:489-4%.KILAMBI,R. V.,J. ADAMS,A.V. BROWN and W. WICKIZER.1977. Effects of stocking density and cage size on growth, feedconversion, and production of rainbow trout and channel catfish.Prog. Fish-Cult. 39:62-66.KONIKOFF, M. and W. M. LEWIS 1974. Variation in weight ofcage reared channel catfish. Prog. Fish-Cult. 36:138-144.LEWIS, W. M. 1969. Progress report on the feasibility of feedingchannel catfish incages. Farm Pond Harvest. 3:4-9.NEWTON, S.H. and A.J. MERKOWSKY. 1976. Using light to at-tract insects forcaged catfish. Ark.Farm Res. J. 25:8.NEWTON, S. H.and J.C. DEAN1978. Evaluation of two rations fedto caged channel catfish. Ark.Farm Res. J. 27:6.NEWTON, S. H., W. R. ROBISON and C. J. HASKINS. 1980. Eval-uation ofa full-fatsoybean ration for channel catfish productionin cages. Ark.Acad. of Sci. 34:84-85.NEWTON, S. H. 1980. Status of cage culture in Arkansas. Aquacul-ture magazine. 7:32-36.SCHMITTOU,H. R.1969. The culture of channel catfish, Ictaluruspunctatus (Rafinesque), incages suspended inponds. Proc. S. I-.Assoc. Game and Fish Comm. 23:226-244.'Published withthe appro val ofthe Director ofthe Arkansas Agriculture Experiment Station.SCOTT H.NEWTON and WALTERR. ROBISON, Department ofAgriculture, University ofArkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff,Arkansas 71601ECONOMICS OF RAINBOW TROUT PRODUCTION INARKANSAS'The major area of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) production inArkansas is the northwest section of the state. This region is noted for itskarst topography with associated underground rivers and springs having ideal water supplies and temperatures for trout production. With in-creased trout usage for both recreational purposes and personal consumption, northwest Arkansas trout producers presently cannot meetdemands. Bycontrast, the delta areas ofArkansas have copious amounts of shallow, easily obtainable water and readily available production sitesthat are being used seasonally for producing farm raised channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Collins (1972) and Newton et al. (1977) reportedthat trout may be reared incages and ponds insouthern Arkansas when water temperatures remain below 21° C. This condition occurs season-ally,usually November through April.The objectives of this study were to further refine pond production methods and to consider the economic potentials of winter trout rearinginthe southern portion of the state.Fish averaging 119 g each were obtained from a northwest Arkansas commercial producer inNovember, 1979. Fish were conditioned fromraceways to ponds and cages for three weeks before commencing the study. One portion of the experiment consisted ofstocking 150 trout ineachof three 0.9 cubic meter cages anchored ina 1.6 ha stock pond. The second part consisted of stocking two 0. 1ha ponds each with 500 fish. Bothtrials were conducted simultaneously at the University ofArkansas at Pine Bluff Research Station from 18 November 1979 through 1 April1980.Allfish were fed a 36% protein commercial floating trout ration. Caged fish were fed five days a week, while pond fish were fed every day.The caged fish were fed on fewer days than the pond fish because they were set up ona different feeding schedule from the pond fish. Feedingrates were adjusted according to water temperature (Klontz, 1978) and were calculated as a percentage of body weight which was estimated bi-monthly (based on an assumed growthrate of 1.7:1 feed conversion efficiency (FCE) or 3.74 kg of food fed for1 kgof fish produced).The average total weight harvested per cage was 29.05 kg, a total net gain of 10.64 kg over average initial stocking weight (Table 1). Survivalaveraged 89% for the caged trout. Fish increased from an average individual size of 122 g to 216 g each during the period, fora 79% average gain.This was similar to growth rates obtained inprevious studies in Arkansas (Collins, 1972; Newton et al., 1977). Food conversion efficiency was1.75:1,higher than that of the previous studies.The harvest weight of pond-reared trout was 121.36 kg (1213.6 kg/ha), a net gain of 53.8 kg over initialstocking weight (Table 2). Troutsurvival in ponds averaged 99.5%, which was also similar to that reported earlier by Newton et al. (1977) but higher than survival reported byKilambiet al. (1977) and Collins (1972). Individual trout increased from 136 g to an average of 245 gin the ponds. The FCE of trout produced inponds was 1.65:1. There was a noted difference among fish from the twoponds inboth total net production and FCE. These differences may bepartially explained by variation in water quality between ponds. During the entire period, fish were observed actively feeding in one pond, whileonlysporadically inthe other pond.Water temperature during the study period averaged 10° C and ranged from 3.8 C-15.4 C(Fig. 1).Klontz (1978) noted that food conversionefficiency and activity of trout were favorable until water temperature dropped below 10° C. He reported an optimum temperature level of14.4°C for trout feed consumption. Growth of trout slowed below 8° Cand ceased below 5.6° C. During our study, conditions for growth were favor-able 75% of the study period and were best for trout production 40% of the time. November, December, March, and Aprilwere the best monthsfor trout production.Winter culture of trout appears quite economically promising. Cages stocked with 150 fish yielded a net profit of $17.10 per cage. Profitwouldbe slightly lower iflabor costs were subtracted. Expenses per cage for the growing season were: feed $10.20 ($O.55/kg) and $49.50 forfingerlings ($0.33 ea). Liveweight wholesale price was $2.64 per kg.Iftrout were marketed on aretail market as opposed to wholesale ($4.07/kg).a net profit of$56.70 per cage wouldbe reasonable. Kilambi et al.(1977) found that a stocking rate of 300 fish per cubic meter didnot significantlylimitgrowth ofcaged trout.Pond-reared trout, at a stocking rate of 5000 per hectare and a harvest weight of 1169 kg, would net $433.96 per hectare based upon a live-weightsellingprice of $2.64 a kilogram. Expenses (per hectare) were: feed cost $1061.61 ($O.55/kg), and fingerling cost of $1590.60 ($0.33 ea).Profit margins may be increased byhigher stocking rates. Jenson (1979) found that a stocking density of 8650 fish per hectare was not limitingtogrowthof trout in Alabama ponds.Trout reared along withcatfish inponds during winter, as reported by Reagan and Robinette (1975) and Newton et al. (1977), had a netreturn on a per hectare per year basis which was higher because the two fish crops could be harvested yearly. Polyculture of trout and catfish alsois feasible because nearly 90% of the trout can be captured with onlyone seine haul without harvesting the catfish. This combination reduces the90Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 35 [1981], Art. 29Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1981Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol.XXXV,1981 91extra expenses of multiple seinings and sorting common to most polyculture situations. Any remaining trout not captured during the springharvest would not be totally wasted incatfish production ponds.Rainbow trout can be successfully and economically reared during the winterseason insouthern Arkansas. Profits of$44.00 per 0.9 m1cageand $780.00 per hectare are obtainable. Producers should stock trout weighing at least 113 g to obtain marketable size fish inone growing season.Smaller operations should sell their fish onlocal markets to both obtain higher prices and take advantage of the maximum length of the growingseason. Most trout growth is obtained during November and December and again near the latter part of the season during March and Aprilwhenwater temperatures range between 10-16° C.Table 1. Net production, food conversion efficiency, percent sur-vival,and average weight gained for rainbow trout reared incages.™1 19.18 29.45 11.27 1.65 89 122 216 962 18.64 29.50 10.86 1.70 87 122 224 1021 18.45 28.27 9.87 1.89 91 122 207 85Averages 18.41 29.05 10.64 1.75 89 122 216 95Table 2. Net production, food conversion efficiency, percent sur-vival, and average weight gain for rainbow trout production inAr-kansas ponds.Stocked Harvested Weight FCE Percent IndividualAveragesPond weight weight gain survival Stocked Harvested Cain(kg) (kg) (kg) (g) (g) (g)1 69 113 44 1.93 100 136 227 912 68 130 62 1.37 99 136 264 128| H.rO |AprilFigure 1. Average weekly water temperature ofa 1.6ha pond at 0.5meter depth insoutheast Arkansas during the winter of 1979-80.Sincere appreciation is extended to Calvin J. Haskins for supervising the care and feeding of the trout reared inponds.We would also like to thank Dr.Gaynor Burleigh and Dr. E. L. Torrans who provided critical review of the manuscript.Special thanks go to the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission Joe Hogan State Hatchery biologists for fish transportation.This study was supported by funds provided byUSDA, SEA/CR PL 95-113.LITERATURE CITEDCOLLINS, R. A. 1972. Cage culture of trout inwarm water lakes.Amer. FishFanner 3:4.IENSON, J. 1979. Rainbow trout culture in southern ponds duringwinter, 1977-78. Unpub. Ph.D. Thesis, Auburn Univ., Auburn,Alabama.KILAMBI,R. V.,J. ADAMS,A.V.BROWN and W. WICKIZER.1977. Effects of stocking density and cage size on growth, feedconversion, and production of rainbow trout and channel catfish.Prog. Fish-Cult. 39:62-66.KLONTZ, G. W. 1978. Fish health management: Concepts andmethods ofintensive aquaculture. Vol. 1. Univ.of Idaho Press,pp. 1-120.NEWTON, S. H.,A.J. HANDCOCK and A.J. MERKOWSKY. 1977.Rainbow trout production in southern Arkansas. Ark. FarmRes. J. 26:6.REAGAN, R.E. and H.R.ROBINETTE. 1975. Culture of rainbowtrout in combination with over-wintering channel catfish inMississippi. Proc. Twenty-Ninth Ann. Conf. Southeast Assoc.Game and Fish Comm. 29:99-101.'Published with the approval ofthe Director ofthe Arkansas AgricultureExperiment Station.WALTERR. ROBISON and SCOTT H.NEWTON, Department ofAgriculture, Univ. ofArkansas at Pine Bluff', Pine Bluff.Ark. 71601.THE STATE OF CYTIDINE3,5 CYCLIC MONOPHOSPHATE (CYCLIC CMP) RESEARCHThe status ofcyclicCMP is unclear although the presence ofcyclic CMP radioimmunoreactive material (CRIRM) has been demonstrated ina variety of biological tissues and fluids. Furthermore, marked changes in cyclicCMP and CRIRM have occurred at certain times after partialhepatectomy during liver regeneration. Inaddition, CRIRM is known to increase in cell free systems thought to synthesize the nucleotide fromEnetriphosphate. Several cyclic CMP phosphodiesterases have been demonstrated. Argument about the occurrence of cyclic CMP hasibecause although CRIRMco-chromatographs withboth unlabeled authentic cyclic CMP and 'H-cyclic CMP on a number of TLC systems,Mhas a different Rf from that of 3H-cyclic CMP or unlabeled cyclic CMP on Dowex-1-formate anion exchange chromatography of acidleextracts ofbiological tissue.The discovery of cyclicAMP and the development of the second messenger concept constituted a revolution inbiological thinking (Suther-land, 1972). Incontrast, after almost ten years ofresearch incyclic CMP,it remains uncertain that this nucleotide is a naturally occurring com-pound or that ithas any biological function at all.For example, in1980 the onlypublications in this area were two abstracts on cyclic CMphospo-diesterases (PDE) (Conrad and Bloch, 1980; Helfman et al., 1980), and another communication (Murphy and Stone, 1980) onapparent changes incyclic CMP concentration during liverregeneration. In1981, only two communications have appeared so far; (Wikberg and Wingren, 1981) oneon non-identity ofCRIRM with authentic cyclic CMP and (Scavennec et al., 1981) the other on the occurrence of cyclic CMP in the urine of91Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 35 [1981], Art. 29https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol35/iss1/29

Economics of Rainbow Trout Production in Arkansas

ScholarWorks@UARK

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of ScienceVolume 35 Article 291981Economics of Rainbow Trout Production inArkansasWalter R. RobisonUniversity of Arkansas at Pine BluffScott H. NewtonUniversity of Arkansas at Pine BluffFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaasPart of the Agricultural Economics Commons, and the Aquaculture and Fisheries CommonsThis article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able toread, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking priorpermission from the publisher or the author.This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the ArkansasAcademy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu.Recommended CitationRobison, Walter R. and Newton, Scott H. (1981) "Economics of Rainbow Trout Production in Arkansas," Journal of the ArkansasAcademy of Science: Vol. 35 , Article 29.Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol35/iss1/2990 Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol.XXXV,1981LITERATURE CITEDCOLLINS, C. M. 1978. Catfish cage culture, fingerlings to food fish.Kerr Foundation, Inc.Poteau, OK.22pp.COLLINS, R.A. 1971. Cage culture of catfish in reservoir lakes.Proc. S. E. Assoc. Game and Fish Comra. 24:489-4%.KILAMBI,R. V.,J. ADAMS,A.V. BROWN and W. WICKIZER.1977. Effects of stocking density and cage size on growth, feedconversion, and production of rainbow trout and channel catfish.Prog. Fish-Cult. 39:62-66.KONIKOFF, M. and W. M. LEWIS 1974. Variation in weight ofcage reared channel catfish. Prog. Fish-Cult. 36:138-144.LEWIS, W. M. 1969. Progress report on the feasibility of feedingchannel catfish incages. Farm Pond Harvest. 3:4-9.NEWTON, S.H. and A.J. MERKOWSKY. 1976. Using light to at-tract insects forcaged catfish. Ark.Farm Res. J. 25:8.NEWTON, S. H.and J.C. DEAN1978. Evaluation of two rations fedto caged channel catfish. Ark.Farm Res. J. 27:6.NEWTON, S. H., W. R. ROBISON and C. J. HASKINS. 1980. Eval-uation ofa full-fatsoybean ration for channel catfish productionin cages. Ark.Acad. of Sci. 34:84-85.NEWTON, S. H. 1980. Status of cage culture in Arkansas. Aquacul-ture magazine. 7:32-36.SCHMITTOU,H. R.1969. The culture of channel catfish, Ictaluruspunctatus (Rafinesque), incages suspended inponds. Proc. S. I-.Assoc. Game and Fish Comm. 23:226-244.'Published withthe appro val ofthe Director ofthe Arkansas Agriculture Experiment Station.SCOTT H.NEWTON and WALTERR. ROBISON, Department ofAgriculture, University ofArkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff,Arkansas 71601ECONOMICS OF RAINBOW TROUT PRODUCTION INARKANSAS'The major area of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) production inArkansas is the northwest section of the state. This region is noted for itskarst topography with associated underground rivers and springs having ideal water supplies and temperatures for trout production. With in-creased trout usage for both recreational purposes and personal consumption, northwest Arkansas trout producers presently cannot meetdemands. Bycontrast, the delta areas ofArkansas have copious amounts of shallow, easily obtainable water and readily available production sitesthat are being used seasonally for producing farm raised channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Collins (1972) and Newton et al. (1977) reportedthat trout may be reared incages and ponds insouthern Arkansas when water temperatures remain below 21° C. This condition occurs season-ally,usually November through April.The objectives of this study were to further refine pond production methods and to consider the economic potentials of winter trout rearinginthe southern portion of the state.Fish averaging 119 g each were obtained from a northwest Arkansas commercial producer inNovember, 1979. Fish were conditioned fromraceways to ponds and cages for three weeks before commencing the study. One portion of the experiment consisted ofstocking 150 trout ineachof three 0.9 cubic meter cages anchored ina 1.6 ha stock pond. The second part consisted of stocking two 0. 1ha ponds each with 500 fish. Bothtrials were conducted simultaneously at the University ofArkansas at Pine Bluff Research Station from 18 November 1979 through 1 April1980.Allfish were fed a 36% protein commercial floating trout ration. Caged fish were fed five days a week, while pond fish were fed every day.The caged fish were fed on fewer days than the pond fish because they were set up ona different feeding schedule from the pond fish. Feedingrates were adjusted according to water temperature (Klontz, 1978) and were calculated as a percentage of body weight which was estimated bi-monthly (based on an assumed growthrate of 1.7:1 feed conversion efficiency (FCE) or 3.74 kg of food fed for1 kgof fish produced).The average total weight harvested per cage was 29.05 kg, a total net gain of 10.64 kg over average initial stocking weight (Table 1). Survivalaveraged 89% for the caged trout. Fish increased from an average individual size of 122 g to 216 g each during the period, fora 79% average gain.This was similar to growth rates obtained inprevious studies in Arkansas (Collins, 1972; Newton et al., 1977). Food conversion efficiency was1.75:1,higher than that of the previous studies.The harvest weight of pond-reared trout was 121.36 kg (1213.6 kg/ha), a net gain of 53.8 kg over initialstocking weight (Table 2). Troutsurvival in ponds averaged 99.5%, which was also similar to that reported earlier by Newton et al. (1977) but higher than survival reported byKilambiet al. (1977) and Collins (1972). Individual trout increased from 136 g to an average of 245 gin the ponds. The FCE of trout produced inponds was 1.65:1. There was a noted difference among fish from the twoponds inboth total net production and FCE. These differences may bepartially explained by variation in water quality between ponds. During the entire period, fish were observed actively feeding in one pond, whileonlysporadically inthe other pond.Water temperature during the study period averaged 10° C and ranged from 3.8 C-15.4 C(Fig. 1).Klontz (1978) noted that food conversionefficiency and activity of trout were favorable until water temperature dropped below 10° C. He reported an optimum temperature level of14.4°C for trout feed consumption. Growth of trout slowed below 8° Cand ceased below 5.6° C. During our study, conditions for growth were favor-able 75% of the study period and were best for trout production 40% of the time. November, December, March, and Aprilwere the best monthsfor trout production.Winter culture of trout appears quite economically promising. Cages stocked with 150 fish yielded a net profit of $17.10 per cage. Profitwouldbe slightly lower iflabor costs were subtracted. Expenses per cage for the growing season were: feed $10.20 ($O.55/kg) and $49.50 forfingerlings ($0.33 ea). Liveweight wholesale price was $2.64 per kg.Iftrout were marketed on aretail market as opposed to wholesale ($4.07/kg).a net profit of$56.70 per cage wouldbe reasonable. Kilambi et al.(1977) found that a stocking rate of 300 fish per cubic meter didnot significantlylimitgrowth ofcaged trout.Pond-reared trout, at a stocking rate of 5000 per hectare and a harvest weight of 1169 kg, would net $433.96 per hectare based upon a live-weightsellingprice of $2.64 a kilogram. Expenses (per hectare) were: feed cost $1061.61 ($O.55/kg), and fingerling cost of $1590.60 ($0.33 ea).Profit margins may be increased byhigher stocking rates. Jenson (1979) found that a stocking density of 8650 fish per hectare was not limitingtogrowthof trout in Alabama ponds.Trout reared along withcatfish inponds during winter, as reported by Reagan and Robinette (1975) and Newton et al. (1977), had a netreturn on a per hectare per year basis which was higher because the two fish crops could be harvested yearly. Polyculture of trout and catfish alsois feasible because nearly 90% of the trout can be captured with onlyone seine haul without harvesting the catfish. This combination reduces the90Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 35 [1981], Art. 29Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1981Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol.XXXV,1981 91extra expenses of multiple seinings and sorting common to most polyculture situations. Any remaining trout not captured during the springharvest would not be totally wasted incatfish production ponds.Rainbow trout can be successfully and economically reared during the winterseason insouthern Arkansas. Profits of$44.00 per 0.9 m1cageand $780.00 per hectare are obtainable. Producers should stock trout weighing at least 113 g to obtain marketable size fish inone growing season.Smaller operations should sell their fish onlocal markets to both obtain higher prices and take advantage of the maximum length of the growingseason. Most trout growth is obtained during November and December and again near the latter part of the season during March and Aprilwhenwater temperatures range between 10-16° C.Table 1. Net production, food conversion efficiency, percent sur-vival,and average weight gained for rainbow trout reared incages.™1 19.18 29.45 11.27 1.65 89 122 216 962 18.64 29.50 10.86 1.70 87 122 224 1021 18.45 28.27 9.87 1.89 91 122 207 85Averages 18.41 29.05 10.64 1.75 89 122 216 95Table 2. Net production, food conversion efficiency, percent sur-vival, and average weight gain for rainbow trout production inAr-kansas ponds.Stocked Harvested Weight FCE Percent IndividualAveragesPond weight weight gain survival Stocked Harvested Cain(kg) (kg) (kg) (g) (g) (g)1 69 113 44 1.93 100 136 227 912 68 130 62 1.37 99 136 264 128| H.rO |AprilFigure 1. Average weekly water temperature ofa 1.6ha pond at 0.5meter depth insoutheast Arkansas during the winter of 1979-80.Sincere appreciation is extended to Calvin J. Haskins for supervising the care and feeding of the trout reared inponds.We would also like to thank Dr.Gaynor Burleigh and Dr. E. L. Torrans who provided critical review of the manuscript.Special thanks go to the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission Joe Hogan State Hatchery biologists for fish transportation.This study was supported by funds provided byUSDA, SEA/CR PL 95-113.LITERATURE CITEDCOLLINS, R. A. 1972. Cage culture of trout inwarm water lakes.Amer. FishFanner 3:4.IENSON, J. 1979. Rainbow trout culture in southern ponds duringwinter, 1977-78. Unpub. Ph.D. Thesis, Auburn Univ., Auburn,Alabama.KILAMBI,R. V.,J. ADAMS,A.V.BROWN and W. WICKIZER.1977. Effects of stocking density and cage size on growth, feedconversion, and production of rainbow trout and channel catfish.Prog. Fish-Cult. 39:62-66.KLONTZ, G. W. 1978. Fish health management: Concepts andmethods ofintensive aquaculture. Vol. 1. Univ.of Idaho Press,pp. 1-120.NEWTON, S. H.,A.J. HANDCOCK and A.J. MERKOWSKY. 1977.Rainbow trout production in southern Arkansas. Ark. FarmRes. J. 26:6.REAGAN, R.E. and H.R.ROBINETTE. 1975. Culture of rainbowtrout in combination with over-wintering channel catfish inMississippi. Proc. Twenty-Ninth Ann. Conf. Southeast Assoc.Game and Fish Comm. 29:99-101.'Published with the approval ofthe Director ofthe Arkansas AgricultureExperiment Station.WALTERR. ROBISON and SCOTT H.NEWTON, Department ofAgriculture, Univ. ofArkansas at Pine Bluff', Pine Bluff.Ark. 71601.THE STATE OF CYTIDINE3,5 CYCLIC MONOPHOSPHATE (CYCLIC CMP) RESEARCHThe status ofcyclicCMP is unclear although the presence ofcyclic CMP radioimmunoreactive material (CRIRM) has been demonstrated ina variety of biological tissues and fluids. Furthermore, marked changes in cyclicCMP and CRIRM have occurred at certain times after partialhepatectomy during liver regeneration. Inaddition, CRIRM is known to increase in cell free systems thought to synthesize the nucleotide fromEne triphosphate. Several cyclic CMP phosphodiesterases have been demonstrated. Argument about the occurrence of cyclic CMP hasibecause although CRIRMco-chromatographs withboth unlabeled authentic cyclic CMP and 'H-cyclic CMP on a number of TLC systems,Mhas a different Rf from that of 3H-cyclic CMP or unlabeled cyclic CMP on Dowex-1-formate anion exchange chromatography of acidleextracts ofbiological tissue.The discovery of cyclicAMP and the development of the second messenger concept constituted a revolution inbiological thinking (Suther-land, 1972). Incontrast, after almost ten years ofresearch incyclic CMP,it remains uncertain that this nucleotide is a naturally occurring com-pound or that ithas any biological function at all.For example, in1980 the onlypublications in this area were two abstracts on cyclic CMphospo-diesterases (PDE) (Conrad and Bloch, 1980; Helfman et al., 1980), and another communication (Murphy and Stone, 1980) onapparent changes incyclic CMP concentration during liverregeneration. In1981, only two communications have appeared so far; (Wikberg and Wingren, 1981) oneon non-identity ofCRIRM with authentic cyclic CMP and (Scavennec et al., 1981) the other on the occurrence of cyclic CMP in the urine of91Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 35 [1981], Art. 29http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol35/iss1/29

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Economics of Rainbow Trout Production in Arkansas

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