Lavers, Norman

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Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 34 Article 41 1980 Sage Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus), a New State Record Norman Lavers Arkansas State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas  Part of the Ornithology Commons Recommended Citation Lavers, Norman (1980) "Sage Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus), a New State Record," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 34 , Article 41. Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol34/iss1/41 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. 122 Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol.XXXIV,1980;¦Arkansas Academy of ScienceWEBER, K. and M. OSBORN. 1969. The reliability of molecularweight determinations by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis. J.Biol. Chem. 244:4406-4412.KARL H. LANDBERG, BOB D. JOHNSON and DEWEY H. SIFFORD. Department ofBiological Sciences and Department ofChemistry,Arkansas State University, State University, Arkansas 72467.\SAGE THRASHER (OREOSCOPTES MONTANUS), A NEW STATE RECORDOn 24 November 1979, Cheryl Lavers and Iwere looking forbirds inthe Farville area, about 6 miles NE of Jonesboro, Craighead County, iwhen we discovered a Sage Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus). The bird was rather Mockingbird-like (Mimus polyglottos) inshape, plain gray-brown crown and back, and bright yelloweye with ablack pupil. Other characters differed from a Mockingbird in that itwas smaller and shortertailed and it had a white throat with a black malar stripe. The underparts, witha ground color of warm buff, were densely streaked with blackchevrons arranged inlength-wise rows. There was a white wingbar, and a dark tail withwhite outer corners. The bill was slender, veryslightly de-curved, and dark bluish-black incolor, as were the rather short legs. The birdran along the ground inopen places, or under brush and stayed onornear the ground. Itwas observed catching, decapitating, then swallowing ground crickets (Acheta sp.). We have both observed Sage Thrashersin several western states. Anexamination of standard field guides (Peterson, R. T. 1961. A field guide to western birds. Houghton MifflinCo.,Boston; Robbins, C. S. et al. 1966. Birds of North America. Golden Press, N.Y.)further confirmed our identification. Adescription and slides ofthe bird have been sent to Charles Mills,Curator, the Arkansas Audubon Society, and Dr.Douglas James, Department of Zoology, University ofArkansas at Fayetteville. This is a firstrecorded instance of the Sage Thrasher inArkansas.Inits normal range, the Sage Thrasher breeds in the sagebrush (Artemisia) deserts of western North America, coming as far east as westernOklahoma. Itwinters in the southern part of its range and Mexico,occurring as far east as central and southern Texas, witha small isolated wintercolony in extreme southwestern Louisiana (A.O.U. check-list ofNorth American birds, 1957). The species is seldom recorded as a vagrant. Thefollowingextralimital occurrences to the east of its range have been recorded: Florida, 2;Illinois, 2;Maryland, 1;New York, 2;North Carolina.1;South Dakota, 1.NORMAN LAVERS,DivisionofEnglish, Philosophy, and Languages, Arkansas State University. State University, Arkansas 72467.:SOME EFFECTS OF METHYL GREEN ON EXPRESSION OF DAMAGEINDUCED INGl XENOPUS CELLS BY ULTRAVIOLETLIGHTMethylgreen shows a high degree of specificity forDNA and is a component of many nuclear stains. Kurnick (1952) observed that this basicdye was readily bound by polymerized DNA;two amino groups of the dye binding to twophosphoric acid groups of DNA.Errera (1951) demon-strated that the affinity ofDNA for methyl green is influenced byradiation and other agents which depolymerize DNA,or alter its internal con-figuration, Doudney and Haas (1958) showed that methyl green significantly influenced metabolic activities, such as DNA and RNA synthesis, inEscherichia coli. These results suggested that appropriate experiments, involving methyl green treatments coupled with germicidal UV expo-sures, might aid indescribing the expression and repair of UV-induced lethal and rautational damage inprokaryotic cells. Experiments of thisnature were carried out byinvestigators, such as Witkins (1961), which led to the notion that UV induces lesions inbacterial DNA that either areremoved by repair systems or are converted to permanent structural changes during the first DNA synthetic period following the exposure. Wereport here an extension ofsuch experiments to eukaryotic cells, in which some effects of methyl green on the repair of UV (254 nm(-induceddamage inGl phase Xenopus cells are examined.Routine maintenance of log phase A8W243 Xenopus cultures, incubations, cell synchronizations, irradiations, mitotic index determina-tions, survival determinations (colony counts), and chromosome analysis have been described in detail (Griggs and Bender, 1971; Payne andGriggs, 1977; Griggs and Orr, 1979).The basic dye used, methylgreen, was obtained fromDifco.Figure 1 shows results of a series of mitotic index experiments performed to examine the effects of methyl green on, egression of UVirradiated Gl cells through interphase and the first succeeding mitosis, (Ml).These data described the appropriate time intervals forcollection ofthe sets of mitotic cells analyzed foreffects of methylgreen on UV-induced aberration production (Table 1). Concentrations of the dye in therange 0.0-0.003 g/1 appeared to induce little delay inprogression of the irradiated cells above that induced by the UV alone. The similarity inaverage height and widthof these mitotic peaks indicated that the dye did not significantly reduce the number of irradiated cells that reached G1.The average cell cycle for non-irradiated Xenopus cells was approximately 26 hours (not shown); eight hours Gl, 13 hours S, three hours G2,and two hours Ml.Payne and Griggs (1977) carried out autoradiographic studies which indicated that early Glphase cells, exposed to low dosesof UV (0 - 150 ergs mm" 2 range), are not delayed in their progression through Gl, but experience rather lengthy S phase delays. These facts,coupled withthe data of Figure 1 and Table 1, indicate that chromatid aberration frequencies, resulting from UVexposure ofearly Gl cells, aresignificantly altered by methyl green only when the dye is incontact withthe exposed cells as they pass through early S phase. Some relationshipbetween the aberrant intracellular mechanism, by which methylgreen augments chromatid type aberration production, and DNAsynthesis is sug-gested by the fact that both mechanisms appear to function withpeak efficiency in early S phase.The data of Figure 2 indicate that a methyl green concentration of 0.003 g/ 1has virtually no effect on the expression of UV-induced lethaldamage, nomatter where in the cell cycle the dye is applied. These data suggest that the mechanism which expresses UV-induced aberrationaldamage in Xenopus cells differs significantly from the mechanism which expresses lethal damage, supporting results of previous studies of theoverlap ofUV-induced lethal and aberrational lesions inXenopus cells (Griggs and Orr, 1979; Payne and Griggs, 1977).122Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 34 [1980], Art. 41Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1980

Sage Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus), a New State Record

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Journal of the Arkansas Academy of ScienceVolume 34 Article 411980Sage Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus), a NewState RecordNorman LaversArkansas State UniversityFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaasPart of the Ornithology CommonsThis article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able toread, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking priorpermission from the publisher or the author.This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the ArkansasAcademy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu.Recommended CitationLavers, Norman (1980) "Sage Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus), a New State Record," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol.34 , Article 41.Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol34/iss1/41122 Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol.XXXIV,1980;¦Arkansas Academy of ScienceWEBER, K. and M. OSBORN. 1969. The reliability of molecularweight determinations by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis. J.Biol. Chem. 244:4406-4412.KARL H. LANDBERG, BOB D. JOHNSON and DEWEY H. SIFFORD. Department ofBiological Sciences and Department ofChemistry,Arkansas State University, State University, Arkansas 72467. \SAGE THRASHER (OREOSCOPTES MONTANUS), A NEW STATE RECORDOn 24 November 1979, Cheryl Lavers and Iwere looking forbirds inthe Farville area, about 6 miles NE of Jonesboro, Craighead County, iwhen we discovered a Sage Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus). The bird was rather Mockingbird-like (Mimus polyglottos) inshape, plain gray-brown crown and back, and bright yelloweye with ablack pupil. Other characters differed from a Mockingbird in that itwas smaller and shortertailed and it had a white throat with a black malar stripe. The underparts, witha ground color of warm buff, were densely streaked with blackchevrons arranged inlength-wise rows. There was a white wingbar, and a dark tail withwhite outer corners. The bill was slender, veryslightly de-curved, and dark bluish-black incolor, as were the rather short legs. The birdran along the ground inopen places, or under brush and stayed onornear the ground. Itwas observed catching, decapitating, then swallowing ground crickets (Acheta sp.). We have both observed Sage Thrashersin several western states. Anexamination of standard field guides (Peterson, R. T. 1961. A field guide to western birds. Houghton MifflinCo.,Boston; Robbins, C. S. et al. 1966. Birds of North America. Golden Press, N.Y.)further confirmed our identification. Adescription and slides ofthe bird have been sent to Charles Mills,Curator, the Arkansas Audubon Society, and Dr.Douglas James, Department of Zoology, University ofArkansas at Fayetteville. This is a firstrecorded instance of the Sage Thrasher inArkansas.Inits normal range, the Sage Thrasher breeds in the sagebrush (Artemisia) deserts of western North America, coming as far east as westernOklahoma. Itwinters in the southern part of its range and Mexico,occurring as far east as central and southern Texas, witha small isolated wintercolony in extreme southwestern Louisiana (A.O.U. check-list ofNorth American birds, 1957). The species is seldom recorded as a vagrant. Thefollowingextralimital occurrences to the east of its range have been recorded: Florida, 2;Illinois, 2;Maryland, 1;New York, 2;North Carolina.1;South Dakota, 1.NORMAN LAVERS,DivisionofEnglish, Philosophy, and Languages, Arkansas State University. State University, Arkansas 72467.:SOME EFFECTS OF METHYL GREEN ON EXPRESSION OF DAMAGEINDUCED INGl XENOPUS CELLS BY ULTRAVIOLETLIGHTMethylgreen shows a high degree of specificity forDNA and is a component of many nuclear stains. Kurnick (1952) observed that this basicdye was readily bound by polymerized DNA;two amino groups of the dye binding to twophosphoric acid groups of DNA.Errera (1951) demon-strated that the affinity ofDNA for methyl green is influenced byradiation and other agents which depolymerize DNA,or alter its internal con-figuration, Doudney and Haas (1958) showed that methyl green significantly influenced metabolic activities, such as DNA and RNA synthesis, inEscherichia coli. These results suggested that appropriate experiments, involving methyl green treatments coupled with germicidal UV expo-sures, might aid indescribing the expression and repair of UV-induced lethal and rautational damage inprokaryotic cells. Experiments of thisnature were carried out byinvestigators, such as Witkins (1961), which led to the notion that UV induces lesions inbacterial DNA that either areremoved by repair systems or are converted to permanent structural changes during the first DNA synthetic period following the exposure. Wereport here an extension ofsuch experiments to eukaryotic cells, in which some effects of methyl green on the repair of UV (254 nm(-induceddamage inGl phase Xenopus cells are examined.Routine maintenance of log phase A8W243 Xenopus cultures, incubations, cell synchronizations, irradiations, mitotic index determina-tions, survival determinations (colony counts), and chromosome analysis have been described in detail (Griggs and Bender, 1971; Payne andGriggs, 1977; Griggs and Orr, 1979).The basic dye used, methylgreen, was obtained fromDifco.Figure 1 shows results of a series of mitotic index experiments performed to examine the effects of methyl green on, egression of UVirradiated Gl cells through interphase and the first succeeding mitosis, (Ml).These data described the appropriate time intervals forcollection ofthe sets of mitotic cells analyzed foreffects of methylgreen on UV-induced aberration production (Table 1). Concentrations of the dye in therange 0.0 - 0.003 g/1 appeared to induce little delay inprogression of the irradiated cells above that induced by the UV alone. The similarity inaverage height and widthof these mitotic peaks indicated that the dye did not significantly reduce the number of irradiated cells that reached G1.The average cell cycle for non-irradiated Xenopus cells was approximately 26 hours (not shown); eight hours Gl, 13 hours S, three hours G2,and two hours Ml.Payne and Griggs (1977) carried out autoradiographic studies which indicated that early Glphase cells, exposed to low dosesof UV (0 - 150 ergs mm" 2 range), are not delayed in their progression through Gl, but experience rather lengthy S phase delays. These facts,coupled withthe data of Figure 1 and Table 1, indicate that chromatid aberration frequencies, resulting from UVexposure ofearly Gl cells, aresignificantly altered by methyl green only when the dye is incontact withthe exposed cells as they pass through early S phase. Some relationshipbetween the aberrant intracellular mechanism, by which methylgreen augments chromatid type aberration production, and DNAsynthesis is sug-gested by the fact that both mechanisms appear to function withpeak efficiency in early S phase.The data of Figure 2 indicate that a methyl green concentration of 0.003 g/ 1has virtually no effect on the expression of UV-induced lethaldamage, nomatter where in the cell cycle the dye is applied. These data suggest that the mechanism which expresses UV-induced aberrationaldamage in Xenopus cells differs significantly from the mechanism which expresses lethal damage, supporting results of previous studies of theoverlap ofUV-induced lethal and aberrational lesions inXenopus cells (Griggs and Orr, 1979; Payne and Griggs, 1977).122Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 34 [1980], Art. 41Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1980

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Sage Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus), a New State Record

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