Crawford, Tommie

Freeze, Mike

English

UARK (University of Arkansas )

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 36 Article 27 1982 Polyculture of Giant Malaysian Prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) Tommie Crawford Arkansas Game and Fish Commission Mike Freeze Arkansas Game and Fish Commission Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas  Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons Recommended Citation Crawford, Tommie and Freeze, Mike (1982) "Polyculture of Giant Malaysian Prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas)," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 36 , Article 27. Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol36/iss1/27 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. 'Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXVI,1982 85General NotesLITERATURE CITEDAMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION, AMERICANWATER WORKS ASSOCIATION, and WATER POLLU-TION CONTROL FEDERATION. 1975. Standard Methods forthe Examination of Water and Waste Water, 14th Addition,American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., 1193p.BOYD, C. E. 1977. Evaluation ofa Water Analysis Kit. J. Environ.Qual., 6:381-384.BOYD, C. E. 1979. Water Quality in Warm Water Fish Ponds.Craftmaster Printers, Inc., Opelika, AL. vii + 359p.HORN, M.E., and D. E. GARNER. 1965. Characterization ofSoilsand Water in the Beaver Reservoir Area, University of Arkan-sas Agri. Exp. Sta. Bull. 702, 51p.SOILCONSERVATION SERVICE and UNIVERSITYOF ARKAN-SAS. 1967. Soil Association Map, State of Arkansas.U. S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. 1962. U. S. Public HealthService Drinking Water Standards, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, D.C.STANLEYL. CHAPMAN,D.LEROYGRAY, Cooperative Extension Service, University ofArkansas, 1201 McAlmont, LittleRock, AR 72203,and DENNIS W. KING, Department ofAgronomy, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701.POLYCULTURE OF GIANTMALAYSIANPRAWNS (MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGI1)AND FATHEADMINNOWS (PIMEPHALES PROMELAS)Since the discovery of the complete life cycle of the Malaysian prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, a promising aquacultural industry hasdeveloped (Ling,1962). Being native to tropical areas ofSoutheast Asia (Ling, 1962), Malaysian prawn culture in the United States has been limitedto Hawaii (Fujimura, 1974), Puerto Rico (Prince and Watters, 1976) and the southern continental United States (Smith et al., 1976; Willis andBerrigan, 1977a; Perry et al., 1981).» Polyculture of freshwater prawns with other aquatic organisms has been undertaken in recent years. Species cultured with prawns includead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), white amur (Ctenopharyngodon idella), common carp (Cyprinuso) (R. J. Baur, pers. comm., Illinois Natural History Survey, Kinmundy) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) (Huner et al., 1980).IIncertaingeographic areas, bait fish culture has emerged as an important industry. Based upon annual monetary farm sales, minnow farminglargest aquacultural industry in the United States, with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) being one of the three most frequentlyed bait fishes (Brown, 1980).Since prawns are already established incertain regions as food, bait, and ornamental organisms (Berrigan et al., 1978), polyculture with fatheadminnows would enable a bait culturist to raise a specialized crop of high value in addition to fathead minnow production.1Polyculture ofprawns and fathead minnows was conducted in two 0.3 ha earthern ponds at the Joe Hogan State Fish Hatchery, Lonoke,isas. Prawn post-larvae from the Anunue Fisheries Research Center inHonolulu, Hawaii, were stocked at densities of 17/m;and 24/m*.ing density of fathead minnows was 30 kg/ha.Feed utilized was a pelleted catfish ration containing 30% protein and 10% fish meal. Feeding rate was initially14% of prawn body weightper day, but was later decreased to 4% of prawn body weight per day.Sampling of prawns was conducted at two week intervals. Sampling included collection by shoreline seining and measuring of rostrum totelson length for prawns captured (Perry et al., 1981).IAtharvest, total weights were obtained forprawns and fathead minnows. Mean lengths and weights were taken for prawns. One hundredduals ofeach, per pond, were measured to obtain mean measurements. Food conversion ratios were calculated by dividing total weight ofis and minnows produced by the total weight of feed places in the ponds.KSurvivalof prawn post-larvae was excellent duringshipment (Table 1). However, after stocking, survival deceased drastically. Complete prawnality occurred in one pond. This mortality may have been caused by insecticide drift from local agriculture and/or mosquito control applica-since the pond's location was inthe proximity of such activities. Survival ofprawns in the second pond was 39% with mortality determined:the result of predation by aquatic insects, wading birds and semi-aquatic snakes and turtles. Aquaria observations also indicated thatibalism could have contributed significantly to prawn mortality.ILarge size variation (2.0 to 20.0 g and 5.7 to 14.0 cm) was noted among prawns at harvest (Table 2) and was probably due to the "bull"phenomenon described by Smith et al. (1976). Prevention of this phenomenon and the resultant harvest of a larger-sized, more uniformmight have been achieved by periodically removing larger prawns (Berrigan et al., 1978).iPrawnproduction was low (371.7 kg/ha) and may have been affected by the stocking density utilized (Willisand Berrigan, 1977b) and thesize of prawns stocked into the ponds (Ling,1969; Willis et al., 1976). Perhaps the factor most inhibitinggrowth ofprawns was the climatened, 95 day growing season.B Fathead minnow production (Table 2) was excellent (373 kg/ha and 443.5 kg/ha). Productionequaled or exceeded average production dataathead minnow producers in Arkansas (Henderson et al., 1978; Freeze and Fiegel, 1980), the largest producer ofbait fish in the United Stateswn, 1980).tNetfeet conversion ratios (Table 2) strongly suggest that natural food organisms were being utilized by both prawns and minnows, in additione commercial pellets. Itis probable that plant materials were ingested by both minnows and prawns (Willisand Berrigan, 1977a; Giudice et980). Inaddition, fecal material might have been utilized by the prawns (Johnanenes and Satoni, 1966; Frankenburg and Smith, 1967). Othersources available to the larger prawns included fathead minnows and smaller prawns. Aquaria observations revealed strong tendencies towardibalism and prawns were observed on numerous occasions to feed upon fathead minnows. The feed used appeared tohave acceptable palatability.t prawns held in aquaria were observed to readily consume the pellets.» Although no replications existed in this study, the indication that Giant Malaysian prawns may be reared with fathead minnows withoutrently affecting minnow production, suggests a possible new use of prawns in the southern United States. However, further evaluation ofal areas are needed before this type ofpolyculture becomes a reality. Stocking densities should be established which would allow maximum85Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 36 [1982], Art. 27Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 198286Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXVI,1982Arkansas Academy of Scienceproduction of both prawns and minnows. Also, further evaluations ofselective prawn harvest is needed to determine the feasibility of this typeof harvest. Considering the relatively high cost ofpurchasing prawn post-larvae, the economics of this type of polyculture should also be closelyexamined.Table 1. Stocking rates utilized in polyculture of Giant MalaysianPrawns and Fathead Minnows.Table 2. Harvest data from polyculture ofGiant Malaysian Prawnsand Fathead Minnows.Mean lotjl Height (kg? perLength (im) Stocked (tq) Hectare10.2 9.1 30.310.2 9.1 30.3Total Number Numbei; Mean-totTI 1 1Fr*""""rP|r""" F.lW.a Hiyow Binton f^Pond Number stocked Per m* WeUHt (q]A 19,000 17 0.0428,500 24 0.04LITERATURE CITEDBERRIGAN, M. E., S. A. WILLIS,and K. R. HALSCOTT. 1978.Evaluation ofdiets used in the larva culture ofMacrobrachiumrosenbergii. Florida Sub-project No. 2-298-R-l. Completionreport to U. S. Dept. Comm., NOAA,NMFS. 36p.BROWN, E. E. 1980. Economic impact of the food, bait, tropical andgoldfish industries in the U.S. A.Paper presented toFish Cult.Sec, Amer. Fish. Soc. March 5-8, 1980. New Orleans, LA.8p.FRANKENBURG, D.,and K.L.SMITH. 1967. Coprophagy inmarineanimals. Limnol. Oceanogr. 12:433-450.FREEZE, M., and D. FIEGEL. 1980. Commercial fishery industrysurvey for Arkansas, July 1,1979 to June 30, 1980. Ark. Sub-project No. 2-304-R-3. Progress report to U.S.Dept. Comm.,NOAA,NMFS. 27p.FUJIMURA, T. 1974. Development ofa prawn culture industry inHawaii. Hawaii Sub-project No. H-14-D. Job completion reportto U. S. Dept. Comm., NOAA,NMFS. 28p.GIUDICE,J. J., D. L. GREY, and J. M. MARTIN.1980. Manualfor bait fish culture in the South. Coop. Extn. Serv., Dept. Agri.,Univ.of Ark., Fayetteville, AR. 49p.HENDERSON, S., D.BRADER, and M.FREEZE. 1978. Commer-cial fishery industry survey for Arkansas, July 1,1977 to June30, 1978. Ark.Sub-project No.2-304-R-l. Report to U.S. Dept.Comm., NOAA, NMFS. 21p.HUNER, J. V., W. G.PERRY, JR., M.M.MILTNER,R. A.BEAN,and J. W. AVAULT,JR. 1980. Apreliminary study into thepolyculture of giant malaysian prawns, Macrobrachiumrosenbergii, and channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, inLouisiana. Proc. La. Acad. Sci. 54: In press.JOHANENES, R. E., and M. SATONI. 1966. Composition andnutritive value of fecal pellets ofa marine crustacean. Limnol.Oceanogr. 11:191-197.LING,S. W. 1962. Studies on the rearing oflarvae and juveniles andculturing of adults of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man).Indo-Pacific Fish Comm., Curr. Affairs Bull. 35:1-11.LING, S. W. 1969. The general biology afid development ofMacrobrachium Rosenbergii (de Man). FAO World Sci. Conf.on Biologyand Cult,of Shrimps and Prawns. FAOFish. Report.57(3):607-619.PERRY, W. G., J. V. HUNER, and J. W. AVAULT.1981. Culturestudies with malaysian prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, inunfed brackish water ponds. Proc. Southeast Assoc. Game andFish Comm. Conf. 34:215-222.PRINCE, V., and K. W. WATTERS. 1976. Studies on the commer-cial rearing of the giant prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (deMan) in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico Sub-project No. 2-246-R. Jobcompletion report toU.S. Dept. Comm., NOAA,NMFS. 27p.SMITH,T. I.J.,P. A.SANDIFER, and W. C. TRIMBLE. 1976. Pondculture ofthe malaysian prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (deMan), in South Carolina. Proc. World Mariculture Soc. 7:625.WILLIS,S. A.,and M.E. BERRIGAN. 1977a. Grow outof the giantmalaysian prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, in earthern pondsin Central Florida. Florida Sub-project No. 2-206-R. Job com-pletion report to U. S. Dept. Comm., NOAA, NMFS. 48p.WILLIS,S. A.,and M. E. BERRIGAN. 1977b. Effects of stockingand density on growth and survival of Macrobrachiumrosenbergii (de Man) in ponds. Proc. Annu. Workshop WorldMariculture Soc. 8:251-264.WILLIS,S. A., R. W. HAGOOD, and G. T. ELIASON. 1976.Effects offour stocking densities and three diets on growth andsurvival of post-larvae Macrobrachium rosenbergii andMarrobrachium acanthanus. Proc. 7th Annual Workshop.World Mariculture Soc. San Diego, CA.TOMMIECRA WFORD and MIKEFREEZE, Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, P.O. Box 178, Lonoke, Arkansas 72086.86Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 36 [1982], Art. 27https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol36/iss1/27

Polyculture of Giant Malaysian Prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas)

ScholarWorks@UARK

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of ScienceVolume 36 Article 271982Polyculture of Giant Malaysian Prawns(Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and FatheadMinnows (Pimephales promelas)Tommie CrawfordArkansas Game and Fish CommissionMike FreezeArkansas Game and Fish CommissionFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaasPart of the Aquaculture and Fisheries CommonsThis article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able toread, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking priorpermission from the publisher or the author.This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the ArkansasAcademy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu.Recommended CitationCrawford, Tommie and Freeze, Mike (1982) "Polyculture of Giant Malaysian Prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and FatheadMinnows (Pimephales promelas)," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 36 , Article 27.Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol36/iss1/27'Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXVI,1982 85General NotesLITERATURE CITEDAMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION, AMERICANWATER WORKS ASSOCIATION, and WATER POLLU-TION CONTROL FEDERATION. 1975. Standard Methods forthe Examination of Water and Waste Water, 14th Addition,American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., 1193p.BOYD, C. E. 1977. Evaluation ofa Water Analysis Kit. J. Environ.Qual., 6:381-384.BOYD, C. E. 1979. Water Quality in Warm Water Fish Ponds.Craftmaster Printers, Inc., Opelika, AL. vii + 359p.HORN, M.E., and D. E. GARNER. 1965. Characterization ofSoilsand Water in the Beaver Reservoir Area, University of Arkan-sas Agri. Exp. Sta. Bull. 702, 51p.SOILCONSERVATION SERVICE and UNIVERSITYOF ARKAN-SAS. 1967. Soil Association Map, State of Arkansas.U. S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. 1962. U. S. Public HealthService Drinking Water Standards, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, D.C.STANLEYL. CHAPMAN,D.LEROYGRAY, Cooperative Extension Service, University ofArkansas, 1201 McAlmont, LittleRock, AR 72203,and DENNIS W. KING, Department ofAgronomy, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701.POLYCULTURE OF GIANTMALAYSIANPRAWNS (MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGI1)AND FATHEADMINNOWS (PIMEPHALES PROMELAS)Since the discovery of the complete life cycle of the Malaysian prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, a promising aquacultural industry hasdeveloped (Ling,1962). Being native to tropical areas ofSoutheast Asia (Ling, 1962), Malaysian prawn culture in the United States has been limitedto Hawaii (Fujimura, 1974), Puerto Rico (Prince and Watters, 1976) and the southern continental United States (Smith et al., 1976; Willis andBerrigan, 1977a; Perry et al., 1981).» Polyculture of freshwater prawns with other aquatic organisms has been undertaken in recent years. Species cultured with prawns includead carp (Aristichthys nobilis), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), white amur (Ctenopharyngodon idella), common carp (Cyprinuso) (R. J. Baur, pers. comm., Illinois Natural History Survey, Kinmundy) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) (Huner et al., 1980).IIncertain geographic areas, bait fish culture has emerged as an important industry. Based upon annual monetary farm sales, minnow farminglargest aquacultural industry in the United States, with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) being one of the three most frequentlyed bait fishes (Brown, 1980).Since prawns are already established incertain regions as food, bait, and ornamental organisms (Berrigan et al., 1978), polyculture with fatheadminnows would enable a bait culturist to raise a specialized crop of high value in addition to fathead minnow production.1Polyculture ofprawns and fathead minnows was conducted in two 0.3 ha earthern ponds at the Joe Hogan State Fish Hatchery, Lonoke,isas. Prawn post-larvae from the Anunue Fisheries Research Center inHonolulu, Hawaii, were stocked at densities of 17/m;and 24/m*.ing density of fathead minnows was 30 kg/ha.Feed utilized was a pelleted catfish ration containing 30% protein and 10% fish meal. Feeding rate was initially14% of prawn body weightper day, but was later decreased to 4% of prawn body weight per day.Sampling of prawns was conducted at two week intervals. Sampling included collection by shoreline seining and measuring of rostrum totelson length for prawns captured (Perry et al., 1981).IAtharvest, total weights were obtained forprawns and fathead minnows. Mean lengths and weights were taken for prawns. One hundredduals ofeach, per pond, were measured to obtain mean measurements. Food conversion ratios were calculated by dividing total weight ofis and minnows produced by the total weight of feed places in the ponds.K Survivalof prawn post-larvae was excellent duringshipment (Table 1). However, after stocking, survival deceased drastically. Complete prawnality occurred in one pond. This mortality may have been caused by insecticide drift from local agriculture and/or mosquito control applica-since the pond's location was inthe proximity of such activities. Survival ofprawns in the second pond was 39% with mortality determined:the result of predation by aquatic insects, wading birds and semi-aquatic snakes and turtles. Aquaria observations also indicated thatibalism could have contributed significantly to prawn mortality.ILarge size variation (2.0 to 20.0 g and 5.7 to 14.0 cm) was noted among prawns at harvest (Table 2) and was probably due to the "bull"phenomenon described by Smith et al. (1976). Prevention of this phenomenon and the resultant harvest of a larger-sized, more uniformmight have been achieved by periodically removing larger prawns (Berrigan et al., 1978).iPrawn production was low (371.7 kg/ha) and may have been affected by the stocking density utilized (Willisand Berrigan, 1977b) and thesize of prawns stocked into the ponds (Ling,1969; Willis et al., 1976). Perhaps the factor most inhibitinggrowth ofprawns was the climatened, 95 day growing season.B Fathead minnow production (Table 2) was excellent (373 kg/ha and 443.5 kg/ha). Production equaled or exceeded average production dataathead minnow producers in Arkansas (Henderson et al., 1978; Freeze and Fiegel, 1980), the largest producer ofbait fish in the United Stateswn, 1980).tNet feet conversion ratios (Table 2) strongly suggest that natural food organisms were being utilized by both prawns and minnows, in additione commercial pellets. Itis probable that plant materials were ingested by both minnows and prawns (Willisand Berrigan, 1977a; Giudice et980). Inaddition, fecal material might have been utilized by the prawns (Johnanenes and Satoni, 1966; Frankenburg and Smith, 1967). Othersources available to the larger prawns included fathead minnows and smaller prawns. Aquaria observations revealed strong tendencies towardibalism and prawns were observed on numerous occasions to feed upon fathead minnows. The feed used appeared tohave acceptable palatability.t prawns held in aquaria were observed to readily consume the pellets.» Although no replications existed in this study, the indication that Giant Malaysian prawns may be reared with fathead minnows withoutrently affecting minnow production, suggests a possible new use of prawns in the southern United States. However, further evaluation ofal areas are needed before this type ofpolyculture becomes a reality. Stocking densities should be established which would allow maximum85Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 36 [1982], Art. 27Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 198286Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, Vol. XXXVI,1982Arkansas Academy of Scienceproduction of both prawns and minnows. Also, further evaluations ofselective prawn harvest is needed to determine the feasibility of this typeof harvest. Considering the relatively high cost ofpurchasing prawn post-larvae, the economics of this type of polyculture should also be closelyexamined.Table 1. Stocking rates utilized in polyculture of Giant MalaysianPrawns and Fathead Minnows.Table 2. Harvest data from polyculture ofGiant Malaysian Prawnsand Fathead Minnows.Mean lotjl Height (kg? perLength (im) Stocked (tq) Hectare10.2 9.1 30.310.2 9.1 30.3Total Number Numbei; Mean-totTI 1 1Fr*""""rP|r""" F.lW.a Hiyow Binton f^Pond Number stocked Per m* WeUHt (q]A 19,000 17 0.0428,500 24 0.04LITERATURE CITEDBERRIGAN, M. E., S. A. WILLIS,and K. R. HALSCOTT. 1978.Evaluation ofdiets used in the larva culture ofMacrobrachiumrosenbergii. Florida Sub-project No. 2-298-R-l. Completionreport to U. S. Dept. Comm., NOAA,NMFS. 36p.BROWN, E. E. 1980. Economic impact of the food, bait, tropical andgoldfish industries in the U.S. A.Paper presented toFish Cult.Sec, Amer. Fish. Soc. March 5-8, 1980. New Orleans, LA.8p.FRANKENBURG, D.,and K.L.SMITH. 1967. Coprophagy inmarineanimals. Limnol. Oceanogr. 12:433-450.FREEZE, M., and D. FIEGEL. 1980. Commercial fishery industrysurvey for Arkansas, July 1,1979 to June 30, 1980. Ark. Sub-project No. 2-304-R-3. Progress report to U.S.Dept. Comm.,NOAA,NMFS. 27p.FUJIMURA, T. 1974. Development ofa prawn culture industry inHawaii. Hawaii Sub-project No. H-14-D. Job completion reportto U. S. Dept. Comm., NOAA,NMFS. 28p.GIUDICE,J. J., D. L. GREY, and J. M. MARTIN.1980. Manualfor bait fish culture in the South. Coop. Extn. Serv., Dept. Agri.,Univ.of Ark., Fayetteville, AR. 49p.HENDERSON, S., D.BRADER, and M.FREEZE. 1978. Commer-cial fishery industry survey for Arkansas, July 1,1977 to June30, 1978. Ark.Sub-project No.2-304-R-l. Report to U.S. Dept.Comm., NOAA, NMFS. 21p.HUNER, J. V., W. G.PERRY, JR., M.M.MILTNER,R. A.BEAN,and J. W. AVAULT,JR. 1980. Apreliminary study into thepolyculture of giant malaysian prawns, Macrobrachiumrosenbergii, and channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, inLouisiana. Proc. La. Acad. Sci. 54: In press.JOHANENES, R. E., and M. SATONI. 1966. Composition andnutritive value of fecal pellets ofa marine crustacean. Limnol.Oceanogr. 11:191-197.LING,S. W. 1962. Studies on the rearing oflarvae and juveniles andculturing of adults of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man).Indo-Pacific Fish Comm., Curr. Affairs Bull. 35:1-11.LING, S. W. 1969. The general biology afid development ofMacrobrachium Rosenbergii (de Man). FAO World Sci. Conf.on Biologyand Cult,of Shrimps and Prawns. FAOFish. Report.57(3):607-619.PERRY, W. G., J. V. HUNER, and J. W. AVAULT.1981. Culturestudies with malaysian prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, inunfed brackish water ponds. Proc. Southeast Assoc. Game andFish Comm. Conf. 34:215-222.PRINCE, V., and K. W. WATTERS. 1976. Studies on the commer-cial rearing of the giant prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (deMan) in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico Sub-project No. 2-246-R. Jobcompletion report toU.S. Dept. Comm., NOAA,NMFS. 27p.SMITH,T. I.J.,P. A.SANDIFER, and W. C. TRIMBLE. 1976. Pondculture ofthe malaysian prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (deMan), in South Carolina. Proc. World Mariculture Soc. 7:625.WILLIS,S. A.,and M.E. BERRIGAN. 1977a. Grow outof the giantmalaysian prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, in earthern pondsin Central Florida. Florida Sub-project No. 2-206-R. Job com-pletion report to U. S. Dept. Comm., NOAA, NMFS. 48p.WILLIS,S. A.,and M. E. BERRIGAN. 1977b. Effects of stockingand density on growth and survival of Macrobrachiumrosenbergii (de Man) in ponds. Proc. Annu. Workshop WorldMariculture Soc. 8:251-264.WILLIS,S. A., R. W. HAGOOD, and G. T. ELIASON. 1976.Effects offour stocking densities and three diets on growth andsurvival of post-larvae Macrobrachium rosenbergii andMarrobrachium acanthanus. Proc. 7th Annual Workshop.World Mariculture Soc. San Diego, CA.TOMMIECRA WFORD and MIKEFREEZE, Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, P.O. Box 178, Lonoke, Arkansas 72086.86Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 36 [1982], Art. 27http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol36/iss1/27

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Polyculture of Giant Malaysian Prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas)

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