Erwin, Edmond F.

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Journal of the Arkansas Academy of ScienceVolume 7 Article 271955Objective and Projective Measures of WithdrawalBehaviorEdmond F. ErwinUniversity of Arkansas for Medical ScienceFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaasPart of the Personality and Social Contexts Commons, and the Social Psychology CommonsThis article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able toread, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking priorpermission from the publisher or the author.This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academyof Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu.Recommended CitationErwin, Edmond F. (1955) "Objective and Projective Measures of Withdrawal Behavior," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science:Vol. 7 , Article 27.Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol7/iss1/27103OBJECTIVE AND PROJECTIVE MEASURESOF WITHDRAWAL BEHAVIOREDMOND F. ERWINUniversity of ArkansasSchool of Med icineCurrent approaches to the appraisal and investigation of personality can beclassified into subjective, objective, and projective methods. These three ap-proaches can be distinguished for purposes of exposition, even though Rapaport(14) and Wechsler (18) have stressed the"projective hypothesis" in dealing withmaterial obtained by measures which are classed usually as psychometric. A moreuseful way of regarding the three approaches is to emphasize the type of be-havior--opinion, overt, or implicit--which each one yields. Both in clinicalpractice and in fundamental research, the appraisal and investigation of totalpersonality demand a composite plan of attack evaluating opinion, overt, and im-plicit behavior in a complementary fashion.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMOne specific manifestation of themore global personality structure—namely,withdrawal tendencies in human relationships--was selected for investigation.Opinion, overt, and implicit behavior attributed to this particular factor wereelicited and evaluated. The following measures of withdrawal behavior were se-lected for study:(1) The Picture Arrangement Subtest scores from the Wechsler-Bellevue In-telligence Scale, Form I.(2) The Picture Arrangement Subtest scores from the Wechsler-Bellevue In-telligence Scale, Form II.(3) Factor S scores from the Builford-Martin Inventory of Factors STDCR.(4) Human, or H Scores, and Human detail, or Hd Scores, from the RorschachTechnique.(5) Quantitative measures from a Rating Scale.Rappaport (14) and Wechsler (18) emphasize the interpretation of PictureArrangement Scores as an indication of social intelligence, or social alertness,or ability to deal with social situations. Ifan individual is lacking in theability to get along in social situations, he will be uncomfortable in them andwill tend to withdraw from them. Guilford (5) states that if a person receives ahigh score on the S. factor--social introversion--it indicates that he is shy andseclusive. In regard to H and Hd responses on the Rorscach, Rappaport (14) says:"...These responses are generally considered to reflect the presence of interestin human beings... Itappears that interest in, and/or free contact with, otherpersons results in a wealth of observations and experiences relative to humanform, postures, and expressions; the lack of such interest or contact results ina lack of such observations. "In order to pursue this study it was necessary to obtain scores on themeasures listed above from a number of individuals whose behavior manifestedmarked withdrawal tendencies. It was decided to use schizophrenic and neuroticindividuals because in such individuals' behavior, impressive evidence of with-drawal tendencies frequently is found. On the basis of reported studies (2, 3,4,6, 10, 11, 13, 16) no consistent differences between normal, neurotic, and schizo-phrenic groups on Picture Arrangement scores would be anticipated. The reportedstudies (7, 8, 17) on intellectual deterioration in schizophrenia and the neu-roses are conflicting. Therefore, differences in total test scores between normals,on the one hand, and schizophrenics and neurotics, on the other, would not bee*pected solely on the basis of diagnosis. Likewise, reported studies (1, 12, 15)°n the use of the Rorschach with clinical groups would not lead to the expectancy°f differences in the factors under investigation.The aims of this investigation were to test the following hypotheses:(1) Individuals who are rated as withdrawn receive lower scores on thePicture Arrangement Subtests of the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence scalethan individuals who are rated as outgoing.103Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 7 [1955], Art. 27Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1955ARKANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE104«'I(2) Individuals who are rated as withdrawn receive lower H and Hd scores onthe Rorschach technique than individuals who are rated as outgoing.(3) Individuals who are rated as withdrawn receive higher scores on FactorS of the Guilford-Martin Inventory of Factors STDCR than individualswho are rated as outgoing.SUBJECTS AND PROCEDURESubjects who manifested withdrawal behavior were selected and appraised,along with a group of individuals characterized by absence of withdrawal tenden-cies. Schizophrenic and psychoneurotic patients--30 of each--in a Mental HygieneClinic were selected as the withdrawn groups. Thirty normal subjects were se-lected as the outgoing or control group. A Rating Scale on which the subject'stypical behavior was checked against behavioral descriptions for each of sixcharacteristics (such as seclusiveness, shyness, detachment) was the instrumentfor selection of the subjects. Agreement among the independent ratings of a psy-chiatrist and two psychologists was required for selection of each subject. Allsubjects were American-born, white, male veterans of World War II,and the groupswere matched for age, intelligence, and educational level. The age range wasfrom 20 to 45 years. The IQ range was from normal to superior.The tests were administered to each subject in two sessions about a weekapart. The method outlined by Klopfer and Kelley (9) was used in administeringand scoring the Rorschach tests.RESULTSThe statistical results served four purposes: (1) determining differencesbetween the means of the outgoing group and each of the withdrawn groups on thevarious measures and testing the significance of the differences by use of the"t" test, (2) analyzing the total variance into that among and within the threegroups, and testing the significance of the ratio of these two variances by meansof the F test, (3) determining differences among the groups after the effects ofintelligence and education are accounted for, and (4) finding the optimum combi-nation of measures to predict withdrawal behavior.The general conclusion derived from an analysis of the data was that thehypotheses were supported. The specific conclusions were as follows:(1) The mean of the scores for each of the withdrawn groups (neurotics andschizophrenics) was significantly lower than the mean of the scores forthe outgoing group (normals) on the Picture Arrangement Subtests of theWechsler-Bellevue, Form Iand Form II.(2) The mean of the scores for one of the withdrawn groups (neurotics) wassignificantly lower than the mean of the scores for the outgoing groupon both H and Hd factors of the Rorschach Technique. The mean of thescores for the other withdrawn group (schizophrenics) was significantlylower than the mean of the scores for the outgoing group on the Hdfactor of the Rorschach Technique, and lower on the H factor, but notsignificantly so.(3) The mean of the scores for each of the withdrawn groups was significant-ly higher than the mean of the scores of the outgoing group on the Sinventory, which is in the expected direction.(4) When the effect of education and intelligence on the differences amongthe three groups is accounted for, significant differences among thegroups remain on all measures and in the direction expected for thewithdrawn groups.(5) Neither of the two withdrawn groups was significantly different fromthe outgoing group in respect to the number of individuals who gave noH responses or to the number who gave no Hd responses.(6) The relationships between actual scores on the Rating Scale and scoreson the Rating Scale predicted from the other measures were higher foreach of the two withdrawn groups than for the outgoing group, and high-er for the total group than for any of the three groups.(7) For the total group a team consisting of Picture Arrangement Scoresfrom the Wechsler-Bellevue, Form II,and the S Inventory, gave almost104Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 7 [1955], Art. 27http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol7/iss1/27OBJECTIVE AND PROJECTIVE MEASURES 105as good prediction of scores on the Rating Scale as did the team con-sisting of all measures.The results of the study indicate that psychological test results vary withcertain aspects of personality functioning. Furthermore, if the Picture Arrange-ment Subtests of the Wechsler-Bellevue Scales are measurers of intelligence,then this study shows that intellectual functioning varies with certain aspectsof personality functioning. The study, then, lends evidence in support of somecommonly accepted theoretical formulations. The results of the study offer aneffective measure of withdrawal to the clinician.SUMMARYThis study deals with various objective and projective measures describedby different authors as measures of withdrawal behavior. The measures used were:(1) The Picture Arrangement Subtest of the Wechsler-Bellevue Scale, Forms IandII,(2) S Inventory, which consisted of the Factor S items of the Guilford-MartinInventory of Factors STDCR and other similar items, (3) the Rorschach Technique,of which only H and Hd scores were considered. In addition, a Rating Scale de-signed to measure withdrawal tendencies, or lack of such tendencies, was included.The subjects included 30 schizophrenics, 30 psychoneurotics, and 30 normals.Three independent ratings and anecdotal material on each subject were used as abasis for inclusion in the study.Statistical analysis of the test data provided evidence that:(1) The Picture Arrangement Scores on both forms of the Wechsler-BellevueScale, and the scores on the S Inventory, distinguished withdrawn sub-jects in both abnormal groups.(2) The scores on the H and Hd factors distinguished withdrawn subjects inthe neurotic group.(3) The scores on the Hd factor only distinguished withdrawn subjects inthe schizophrenic group.(4) Scores on Picture Arrangement from the Wechsler-Bellevue, Form II, andthe S Inventory gave almost as good prediction of scores on the RatingScale as did the consideration of all the measures.REFERENCES1. Beck, S. J. "Personality Structure inSchizophrenia: A Rorschach Investigationin Eighty-one Patients and Sixty-four Controls." Nervous and Mental DiseaseMonograph, 63, pp. IX-88 (1938).2. Brecher, S. "The Value of Diagnostic Signs for Schizophrenia on the Wechsler-Bellevue Adult Intelligence Test." Psychiatric Quarter ly Supp lement , 10pp. 58-64 (1946).3. Garfield, S. L. "APreliminary Appraisal ofWechsler-Bellevue Scatter Patternsin Schizophrenia." Journal of Consulting Psychology , i2pp. 32-36 (1949).4. Gilliland, A. R. , Wittman, P., and Goldman, M. "Patterns and Scatter of Mental Abilities in Various Psychoses." Journal of General Psychology , 29, pp251-260 (1943).5. Guilford, J. P. Personality Factors STDCR. Los Angeles: The Sheridan Press(1940).6. Harper, A. E "Differential Patterns inSchizophrenia on the Wechsler-BellevueIntelligence Test." Unpublished PhD. Dissertation, Teachers College, Colum-bia University (1948).7. Hunt, J. McV. , and Cofer, C.N. "Psychological Deficit." Personality andBehavior Disorders. (Hunt, J. McV. Ed.) New York: The Ronald Press (1944).8. Kendig, I., and Richmond, W. V. Psychological Studies in Dementia Praecox.Ann Arbor: Edwards Bros. (1940).9. Klopfer, B., and Kelley, D. The Rorschach Technique. Yonkers-on-Hudson: TheWorld Book Co. (1946).10. Lewinski, R. J. "The Psychometric Pattern: I.Anxiety Neurosis." Journal ofClinical Psychology, 1, pp. 214-221 (1945).105Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 7 [1955], Art. 27Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1955106ARKANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE1112131415161718I;iMagaret, A. "Parallels in the Behavior of Schizophrenics, Paretics, and Pre-Senile Non-psychotics. " Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 37, pn511-528 (1942).Miale, F. R., and Harrower-Erickson, M. R. "Personality Structure in thePsychoneuroses. " Rorschach Research Exchange, 6, pp. 71-74 (1940).Rabin, A. I."Test-Score Patterns in Schizophrenia and Non-psychotic States."Journal of Psychology, 12, pp. 91-100 (1941).Rapaport, D. Diagnostic Psychological Testing. Chicago: The Year Book Pub-lishers (1946).Rickers-Ovsiankina, M. "Rorschach Test as Applied to Normal and Schizophrenic Subjects. "British Journal of Medical Psychology, 17, pp. 227-257(1938).Schafer, R., and Rapaport D. "The Scatter: InDiagnostic Intelligence Test-ing." Character and Personality, 12, pp. 275-284 (1944).Schlosser, J. A., and Cantor, R. E. "A Comparison of Wechsler's Deteriora-tion Ratio in Psychoneurosis and Schizophrenia." Journal of Consulting Psy-chology, 13, pp. 108-110 (1949).Wechsler, D. The Measurement of Adult Intelligence. Baltimore: The Williamsand Wilkins Co. (1944).106Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 7 [1955], Art. 27http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol7/iss1/27

Objective and Projective Measures of Withdrawal Behavior

UARK (University of Arkansas )

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 7 Article 27 1955 Objective and Projective Measures of Withdrawal Behavior Edmond F. Erwin University of Arkansas for Medical Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas  Part of the Personality and Social Contexts Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Erwin, Edmond F. (1955) "Objective and Projective Measures of Withdrawal Behavior," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 7 , Article 27. Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol7/iss1/27 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. 103OBJECTIVE AND PROJECTIVE MEASURESOF WITHDRAWAL BEHAVIOREDMOND F. ERWINUniversity of ArkansasSchool of Med icineCurrent approaches to the appraisal and investigation of personality can beclassified into subjective, objective, and projective methods. These three ap-proaches can be distinguished for purposes of exposition, even though Rapaport(14) and Wechsler (18) have stressed the"projective hypothesis" in dealing withmaterial obtained by measures which are classed usually as psychometric. A moreuseful way of regarding the three approaches is to emphasize the type of be-havior--opinion, overt, or implicit--which each one yields. Both in clinicalpractice and in fundamental research, the appraisal and investigation of totalpersonality demand a composite plan of attack evaluating opinion, overt, and im-plicit behavior in a complementary fashion.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMOne specific manifestation of themore global personality structure—namely,withdrawal tendencies in human relationships--was selected for investigation.Opinion, overt, and implicit behavior attributed to this particular factor wereelicited and evaluated. The following measures of withdrawal behavior were se-lected for study:(1) The Picture Arrangement Subtest scores from the Wechsler-Bellevue In-telligence Scale, Form I.(2) The Picture Arrangement Subtest scores from the Wechsler-Bellevue In-telligence Scale, Form II.(3) Factor S scores from the Builford-Martin Inventory of Factors STDCR.(4) Human, or H Scores, and Human detail, or Hd Scores, from the RorschachTechnique.(5) Quantitative measures from a Rating Scale.Rappaport (14) and Wechsler (18) emphasize the interpretation of PictureArrangement Scores as an indication of social intelligence, or social alertness,or ability to deal with social situations. Ifan individual is lacking in theability to get along in social situations, he will be uncomfortable in them andwill tend to withdraw from them. Guilford (5) states that if a person receives ahigh score on the S. factor--social introversion--it indicates that he is shy andseclusive. In regard to H and Hd responses on the Rorscach, Rappaport (14) says:"...These responses are generally considered to reflect the presence of interestin human beings... Itappears that interest in, and/or free contact with, otherpersons results in a wealth of observations and experiences relative to humanform, postures, and expressions; the lack of such interest or contact results ina lack of such observations."In order to pursue this study it was necessary to obtain scores on themeasures listed above from a number of individuals whose behavior manifestedmarked withdrawal tendencies. It was decided to use schizophrenic and neuroticindividuals because in such individuals' behavior, impressive evidence of with-drawal tendencies frequently is found. On the basis of reported studies (2, 3,4,6, 10, 11, 13, 16) no consistent differences between normal, neurotic, and schizo-phrenic groups on Picture Arrangement scores would be anticipated. The reportedstudies (7, 8, 17) on intellectual deterioration in schizophrenia and the neu-roses are conflicting. Therefore, differences in total test scores between normals,on the one hand, and schizophrenics and neurotics, on the other, would not bee*pected solely on the basis of diagnosis. Likewise, reported studies (1, 12, 15)°n the use of the Rorschach with clinical groups would not lead to the expectancy°f differences in the factors under investigation.The aims of this investigation were to test the following hypotheses:(1) Individuals who are rated as withdrawn receive lower scores on thePicture Arrangement Subtests of the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence scalethan individuals who are rated as outgoing.103Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 7 [1955], Art. 27Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1955ARKANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE104«'I(2) Individuals who are rated as withdrawn receive lower H and Hd scores onthe Rorschach technique than individuals who are rated as outgoing.(3) Individuals who are rated as withdrawn receive higher scores on FactorS of the Guilford-Martin Inventory of Factors STDCR than individualswho are rated as outgoing.SUBJECTS AND PROCEDURESubjects who manifested withdrawal behavior were selected and appraised,along with a group of individuals characterized by absence of withdrawal tenden-cies. Schizophrenic and psychoneurotic patients--30 of each--in a Mental HygieneClinic were selected as the withdrawn groups. Thirty normal subjects were se-lected as the outgoing or control group. A Rating Scale on which the subject'stypical behavior was checked against behavioral descriptions for each of sixcharacteristics (such as seclusiveness, shyness, detachment) was the instrumentfor selection of the subjects. Agreement among the independent ratings of a psy-chiatrist and two psychologists was required for selection of each subject. Allsubjects were American-born, white, male veterans of World War II,and the groupswere matched for age, intelligence, and educational level. The age range wasfrom 20 to 45 years. The IQ range was from normal to superior.The tests were administered to each subject in two sessions about a weekapart. The method outlined by Klopfer and Kelley (9) was used in administeringand scoring the Rorschach tests.RESULTSThe statistical results served four purposes: (1) determining differencesbetween the means of the outgoing group and each of the withdrawn groups on thevarious measures and testing the significance of the differences by use of the"t" test, (2) analyzing the total variance into that among and within the threegroups, and testing the significance of the ratio of these two variances by meansof the F test, (3) determining differences among the groups after the effects ofintelligence and education are accounted for, and (4) finding the optimum combi-nation of measures to predict withdrawal behavior.The general conclusion derived from an analysis of the data was that thehypotheses were supported. The specific conclusions were as follows:(1) The mean of the scores for each of the withdrawn groups (neurotics andschizophrenics) was significantly lower than the mean of the scores forthe outgoing group (normals) on the Picture Arrangement Subtests of theWechsler-Bellevue, Form Iand Form II.(2) The mean of the scores for one of the withdrawn groups (neurotics) wassignificantly lower than the mean of the scores for the outgoing groupon both H and Hd factors of the Rorschach Technique. The mean of thescores for the other withdrawn group (schizophrenics) was significantlylower than the mean of the scores for the outgoing group on the Hdfactor of the Rorschach Technique, and lower on the H factor, but notsignificantly so.(3) The mean of the scores for each of the withdrawn groups was significant-ly higher than the mean of the scores of the outgoing group on the Sinventory, which is in the expected direction.(4) When the effect of education and intelligence on the differences amongthe three groups is accounted for, significant differences among thegroups remain on all measures and in the direction expected for thewithdrawn groups.(5) Neither of the two withdrawn groups was significantly different fromthe outgoing group in respect to the number of individuals who gave noH responses or to the number who gave no Hd responses.(6) The relationships between actual scores on the Rating Scale and scoreson the Rating Scale predicted from the other measures were higher foreach of the two withdrawn groups than for the outgoing group, and high-er for the total group than for any of the three groups.(7) For the total group a team consisting of Picture Arrangement Scoresfrom the Wechsler-Bellevue, Form II,and the S Inventory, gave almost104Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 7 [1955], Art. 27https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol7/iss1/27OBJECTIVE AND PROJECTIVE MEASURES 105as good prediction of scores on the Rating Scale as did the team con-sisting of all measures.The results of the study indicate that psychological test results vary withcertain aspects of personality functioning. Furthermore, if the Picture Arrange-ment Subtests of the Wechsler-Bellevue Scales are measurers of intelligence,then this study shows that intellectual functioning varies with certain aspectsof personality functioning. The study, then, lends evidence in support of somecommonly accepted theoretical formulations. The results of the study offer aneffective measure of withdrawal to the clinician.SUMMARYThis study deals with various objective and projective measures describedby different authors as measures of withdrawal behavior. The measures used were:(1) The Picture Arrangement Subtest of the Wechsler-Bellevue Scale, Forms IandII,(2) S Inventory, which consisted of the Factor S items of the Guilford-MartinInventory of Factors STDCR and other similar items, (3) the Rorschach Technique,of which only H and Hd scores were considered. In addition, a Rating Scale de-signed to measure withdrawal tendencies, or lack of such tendencies, was included.The subjects included 30 schizophrenics, 30 psychoneurotics, and 30 normals.Three independent ratings and anecdotal material on each subject were used as abasis for inclusion in the study.Statistical analysis of the test data provided evidence that:(1) The Picture Arrangement Scores on both forms of the Wechsler-BellevueScale, and the scores on the S Inventory, distinguished withdrawn sub-jects in both abnormal groups.(2) The scores on the H and Hd factors distinguished withdrawn subjects inthe neurotic group.(3) The scores on the Hd factor only distinguished withdrawn subjects inthe schizophrenic group.(4) Scores on Picture Arrangement from the Wechsler-Bellevue, Form II, andthe S Inventory gave almost as good prediction of scores on the RatingScale as did the consideration of all the measures.REFERENCES1. Beck, S. J. "Personality Structure inSchizophrenia: A Rorschach Investigationin Eighty-one Patients and Sixty-four Controls." Nervous and Mental DiseaseMonograph, 63, pp. IX-88 (1938).2. Brecher, S. "The Value of Diagnostic Signs for Schizophrenia on the Wechsler-Bellevue Adult Intelligence Test." Psychiatric Quarter ly Supp lement , 10pp. 58-64 (1946).3. Garfield, S. L. "APreliminary Appraisal ofWechsler-Bellevue Scatter Patternsin Schizophrenia." Journal of Consulting Psychology , i2pp. 32-36 (1949).4. Gilliland, A. R. , Wittman, P., and Goldman, M. "Patterns and Scatter of Mental Abilities in Various Psychoses." Journal of General Psychology , 29, pp251-260 (1943).5. Guilford, J. P. Personality Factors STDCR. Los Angeles: The Sheridan Press(1940).6. Harper, A. E "Differential Patterns inSchizophrenia on the Wechsler-BellevueIntelligence Test."Unpublished PhD. Dissertation, Teachers College, Colum-bia University (1948).7. Hunt, J. McV. , and Cofer, C.N. "Psychological Deficit." Personality andBehavior Disorders. (Hunt, J. McV. Ed.) New York: The Ronald Press (1944).8. Kendig, I., and Richmond, W. V. Psychological Studies in Dementia Praecox.Ann Arbor: Edwards Bros. (1940).9. Klopfer, B., and Kelley, D. The Rorschach Technique. Yonkers-on-Hudson: TheWorld Book Co. (1946).10. Lewinski, R. J. "The Psychometric Pattern: I.Anxiety Neurosis." Journal ofClinical Psychology, 1, pp. 214-221 (1945).105Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 7 [1955], Art. 27Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1955106ARKANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE1112131415161718I;iMagaret, A. "Parallels in the Behavior of Schizophrenics, Paretics, and Pre-Senile Non-psychotics."Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 37, pn511-528 (1942).Miale, F. R., and Harrower-Erickson, M. R. "Personality Structure in thePsychoneuroses."Rorschach Research Exchange, 6, pp. 71-74 (1940).Rabin, A. I."Test-Score Patterns in Schizophrenia and Non-psychotic States."Journal of Psychology, 12, pp. 91-100 (1941).Rapaport, D. Diagnostic Psychological Testing. Chicago: The Year Book Pub-lishers (1946).Rickers-Ovsiankina, M. "Rorschach Test as Applied to Normal and Schizophrenic Subjects."British Journal of Medical Psychology, 17, pp. 227-257(1938).Schafer, R., and Rapaport D. "The Scatter: InDiagnostic Intelligence Test-ing."Character and Personality, 12, pp. 275-284 (1944).Schlosser, J. A., and Cantor, R. E. "A Comparison of Wechsler's Deteriora-tion Ratio in Psychoneurosis and Schizophrenia." Journal of Consulting Psy-chology, 13, pp. 108-110 (1949).Wechsler, D. The Measurement of Adult Intelligence. Baltimore: The Williamsand Wilkins Co. (1944).106Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 7 [1955], Art. 27https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol7/iss1/27

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Objective and Projective Measures of Withdrawal Behavior

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