Brown, Arthur V.

Todd, C. Stan

English

UARK (University of Arkansas )

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 41 Article 28 1987 Status Review of the Threatened Ozark Cavefish (Amblyopsis rosae) Arthur V. Brown University of Arkansas, Fayetteville C. Stan Todd University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas  Part of the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Brown, Arthur V. and Todd, C. Stan (1987) "Status Review of the Threatened Ozark Cavefish (Amblyopsis rosae)," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 41 , Article 28. Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol41/iss1/28 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. IArkansas Academy of Sciencetions made from April through June. A second species, R. fenestra Ross was collected twice north ofBatesville during May of 1986. Ross (1944)described this species from Ozarkian region of southern Illinois and stated that it was only known in Illinois.Iappreciate the loan of specimens from the IllinoisNatural History Survey by John Unzicker and the correspondence with George Harp,Arkansas State University. This study was made possible by a faculty research grant from Arkansas College.VERYL BOARD, Health and Sciences Program. Arkansas College, Batesville, Arkansas 72501.STATUS REVIEW OF THE THREATENED OZARK CAVEFISH (Amblyopsis rosae)The Ozark cavefish, Amblyopsis rosae (Eigenmann), is a small, white, blind fish that is specially adapted for livingin Ozark Highlands caveecosystems. Itis one of the most cave-adapted vertebrates known (Poulson, Amer. Midi.Natur., 70[2]:257-290, 1963). This degree of specializa-tion, which includes limited reproductive effort, severely restricts its ability to recover from even moderate population declines.The range ofA. rosae is limited to limestone solution caverns in the Springfield Plateau of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri. After search-ing 180 potential habitat sites during the period 1980-1983, Willis and Brown (Amer. Midi.Natur., 114:311-317, 1985) reported having seen cavefishin five caves inMissouri, four inArkansas, and three in Oklahoma. Sightings by others during this period added locations inMissouri (FantasticCaverns) and Oklahoma (Cave Springs Ranch Cave).Historically the Ozark cavefish occurred in at least 24 caves innine counties. Unconfirmed reports would extend its previous occurrence to52 caves in 14 counties. The report by Willis and Brown (Amer. Midi.Natur., 114:311-317, 1985) of demes in 14 caves in six counties indicatedsubstantial losses of former range, particularly in southwestern Missouri.Destruction of cave habitat is the primary cause of the decline of cavefish populations, although collecting, disturbance by spelunkers, andlimited reproduction are also responsible. Several caves which formerly contained Ozark cavefish have been sealed shut by landowners, floodedby reservoirs, or dried up by lowered water tables (Willis, M.S. Thesis, University ofArkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 1984). Optimum cavefish habitatconsists ofcaves occupied by large colonies of gray bats (Myotis grisescens). Of the 14 cave habitats reported by Willis and Brown (Amer. Midi.Natur., 114:311-317, 1985) to contain fish, fivestill contain bat colonies, while six others contain guano from past use by bats. Therefore A. rosaeappears to be dependent on a species which is itself endangered.This study was initiated to review the status ofthe Ozark cavefish by checking the previously-known populations and searching for additionalones. Caves were searched using bright lights by two people (three in Caves Springs Cave, Benton County, Arkansas) moving slowly upstreamcounting cavefish as they were encountered. Inlarger pools, the surveys were continued using facemasks and snorkels. Efforts were taken to minimize1980-1983 survey 1985-1987 surveyLocation no. of max. no. of no. of max. no. ofand Cave Name visits cavefish visits cavefishArkansas, Benton Co.Cave Springs Cave 5 100 1 122Logan Cave 10 12 2 32Mule Hole Sink 3 4 2 0Civil War Cave 5 4 15Rootville Cave 4 0 1Nursery Pond 0 0 6 5James Ditto Cave 0 0 3 2Bear Hollow 4 0 6 0Dickerson Cave 10 3 0Leslie Cave 10 10Hickory Creek 2 0Arkansas, Washington Co.Mineral Springs 10 10zero Mountain o o i Table,Status q{Qzark cavefish in the Springfield Plateau duringOklahoma, Delaware co. 1980-1983 and during 1986Twin Cave 6 5 4 3Jail cave 7 3 3 3—— 'Engelbrecht Cave 2 1 10Engelbrecht Spring 0 0Mitchell #1,2,3 2 0 10Mitchell New sink 0 0January-stansbury 2 0 2 0Missouri, Green Co.Fantastic Caverns 7 2 3 0New sink 0 0 10Missouri, Jasper Co.Sarcoxie Cave 2 3 0 0Kellhaufer's Cave 14 14Wilson's cave 6 4 10Missouri, Lawrence Co.Turnback Creek Cave 5 1 3 1Missouri, Newton Co.Ben Lassiter Cave 6 4 3 2Elm Spring 10 3 0Missouri, McDonald Co.Henson Cave 10 3 0Proceedings Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 41, 1987 9999Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 41 [1987], Art. 28Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1987100Proceedings Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 41, 1987General Notesdisturbance to the cave system. Searches were discontinued from March 15 through September 15 incaves known to contain gray bats, and atother times when endangered bats were seen.Of the 14 caves reported by Willis and Brown (Amer. Midi.Natur., 114:311-317, 1985) to contain cavefish, fish were sighted in eight (Table1). These were Logan Cave, Cave Springs Cave, and Civil War Cave in Arkansas; Ben Lassiter Cave, Turnback Creek Cave, and Kellhaufer'sCave inMissouri; and Twin Cave and Jail Cave in Oklahoma. However, two of the caves could not be adequately surveyed. Sarcoxie Cave andKellhaufer's Cave, Jasper County, Missouri, were flooded by heavy rains. The owners of Kellhaufer's Cave reported seeing four fish in the caveJune 30, 1986. Failure to sight fish inFantastic Caverns in three visits is significant because a large area can be searched during each visit.Three new Ozark cavefish populations were found in Benton County, Arkansas. A single fish was observed inRootville Cave January 17,1986. Henry James and Scott Ditto, amateur cavers, excavated a narrow passageway into a small cave near Gentry, Arkansas. Our visits to thecave on January 29, 1987 confirmed their reports of an A.rosae population. An unintentional excavation of a water-filled cave on the east bankof Beaver Reservoir by Arkansas Game and Fish Commission personnel revealed the third additional location for Ozark cavefish in Arkansas.During the 1983 survey (Willis and Brown, Amer. Midi. Natur., 114:311-317, 1985), Mule Hole Sink, Benton Co., Arkansas, contained asmall pool at the bottom which contained cavefish. During the present study the pool did not exist. Mule Hole Sink is probably connected to CaveSprings Cave which is 2 kilometers to the south, and has easier access. Wilson's Cave in Jasper County, Missouri, consists of only a small poolin the twilight zone that is accessible to humans. During this study the pool contained several bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and a large snappingturtle (Chelydra serpentina). Presence of these predators probably is related to lack of sightings of cavefish at this location.The larger number of fish seen in Logan Cave in 1986 (Table 1) was probably due to use of facemasks and snorkels in the larger pools.Many ofthe fish could not have been seen from the surface because of their position beneath undercut areas of the cave walls. Apparently, greaternumbers of fish can be seen in the caves between December and March compared withother times of the year.Many ofthe caves continue to be abused by frequent visits by cavers, as evidenced by debris left in the caves, writingon the walls, etc. Strictlimitationof this traffic must be achieved to ensure continued survival of this interesting species.This study was funded by a grant (85-10) from the Arkansas Nongame Preservation Committee. We appreciate the assistance of Jay Stewart,Grizz Maher, BillPuckette, Mark Schram, and Jim Meinecke with cave exploration and surveys.ARTHUR V. BROWN, and C. STAN TODD, Department of Zoology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701.THE EFFECT OF CITY EFFLUENT ON THE DIVERSITYCF AQUATICMACROINVERTEBRATES OF SUGAR CREEK, CLAY COUNTY, ARKANSASSugar Creek is a small stream that originates on Crowley's Ridge in Clay County, Arkansas. Itflows through Piggott and receives surfacerunoff from the community. South of Piggott, it has been channelized and drains into Big Slough Ditch, within the St. Francis River watershed.The purpose of the study was to determine what effect, ifany, the surface runoff from Piggott had on the aquatic macroinvertebrate communityof Sugar Creek.Only three previous studies have been published with respect to biota of streams on Crowley's Ridge. Cather and Harp (1975) comparedthe aquatic macroinvertebrates of an Ozark stream to those ofa deltaic stream that originates on Crowley's Ridge in Greene County, approximately60 km southeast of this study area. Beadles (1970) noted effluent effects on fishes of Lost Creek, and Fulmer and Harp (1977) surveyed the fishesof streams occurring on the Ridge, three of which are in Clay County.Sugar Creek is a second order stream within the study area. The main channel has a mean width of approximately 12 m and a maximumdepth of 3 m at flood stage. The stream has a substrate of sand, gravel, silt and organic mud and the banks are steep and often eroded. Vegetationalong the banks includes oak, willow,elm, hickory, sycamore, sweet gum, hackberry and tulip poplar. The soil type in the northern part of thestudy area is Collins silt loam. This loam is moderately well drained and found on upland drainageways and level areas next to Crowley's Ridge.Falaya silt loam was found south of Piggott along the creek. This loam is poorly drained and found on the flood plains of upland drainagewaysand level areas near the Ridge. Both soil types are primarily a mixture of brown silt loam and mottled brown silt loam. Both are low inorganicmatter and strongly acid. They are often geographically associated (Soil Conservation Service, 1978).For collection purposes, two stations were established on Sugar Creek. Station Iwas located at the northern edge of the city limits in theSE'/i S3, T20N, R8E. Station IIwas located downstream, at the southern city limits, in the SW!4 Sll, T20N, R8E. Collections were made fora timed period of45 minutes from each station every two weeks from 31 August-9 November 1985. Collections were made witha fine mesh aquatic"D"net. Anattempt was made to sample all microhabitats. Specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol. After identification, all specimens werecatalogued and housed in the Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Collection of the Arkansas State University Museum of Zoology (ASUMZ).Simpson Diversity, Simpson Dominance, Shannon-Wiener Diversity, H'max and Evenness values were calculated using the AQUATICECOLOGY-PC disc of Oakleaf Systems, Decorah, IA.Simpson's Index of Diversity corresponds to the number of randomly selected pairs ofindividuals that must be drawn from a community inorder to have an even chance of obtaining a pair withboth individuals of the same species.It therefore expresses the dominance of or concentration of abundance into the one or two commonest species of the community (Poole, 1974).Conversely, the Shannon- Wiener Diversity Index expresses the relative eveness of the abundances ofall the species. Further, itis relatively indepen-dent of sample size (Poole, 1974). H'max is a calculated theoretical maximum diversity (Wilhm and Dorris, 1968). The base 2 logarithm was selectedfor calculating diversity indices, as it is the most commonly utilized log (Cox, 1985).A total of 927 specimens of aquatic macroinvertebrates was collected (Table 1). Station Ishowed the greatest species richness with 44 taxa,24 of which were found only at Station I.Station IIhad 24 taxa, withfour taxa found only at that station. Stations Iand IIhad 20 taxa incommon.Of the 44 taxa collected, 42 were generalists, or species found in many different habitats. Two exceptions to this were Hydrometra hungerfordi,a rarely collected species that prefers clean water streams (Harp, 1985), and Calopteryx maculata, which is characteristically found insmall shadedstreams in forested areas (Walker, 1953). These two species were collected at Station I.100Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 41 [1987], Art. 28https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol41/iss1/28

Status Review of the Threatened Ozark Cavefish (Amblyopsis rosae)

ScholarWorks@UARK

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of ScienceVolume 41 Article 281987Status Review of the Threatened Ozark Cavefish(Amblyopsis rosae)Arthur V. BrownUniversity of Arkansas, FayettevilleC. Stan ToddUniversity of Arkansas, FayettevilleFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaasPart of the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology CommonsThis article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able toread, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking priorpermission from the publisher or the author.This General Note is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the ArkansasAcademy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu.Recommended CitationBrown, Arthur V. and Todd, C. Stan (1987) "Status Review of the Threatened Ozark Cavefish (Amblyopsis rosae)," Journal of theArkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 41 , Article 28.Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol41/iss1/28IArkansas Academy of Sciencetions made from April through June. A second species, R. fenestra Ross was collected twice north ofBatesville during May of 1986. Ross (1944)described this species from Ozarkian region of southern Illinois and stated that it was only known in Illinois.Iappreciate the loan of specimens from the IllinoisNatural History Survey by John Unzicker and the correspondence with George Harp,Arkansas State University. This study was made possible by a faculty research grant from Arkansas College.VERYL BOARD, Health and Sciences Program. Arkansas College, Batesville, Arkansas 72501.STATUS REVIEW OF THE THREATENED OZARK CAVEFISH (Amblyopsis rosae)The Ozark cavefish, Amblyopsis rosae (Eigenmann), is a small, white, blind fish that is specially adapted for livingin Ozark Highlands caveecosystems. Itis one of the most cave-adapted vertebrates known (Poulson, Amer. Midi.Natur., 70[2]:257-290, 1963). This degree of specializa-tion, which includes limited reproductive effort, severely restricts its ability to recover from even moderate population declines.The range ofA. rosae is limited to limestone solution caverns in the Springfield Plateau of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri. After search-ing 180 potential habitat sites during the period 1980-1983, Willis and Brown (Amer. Midi.Natur., 114:311-317, 1985) reported having seen cavefishin five caves inMissouri, four inArkansas, and three in Oklahoma. Sightings by others during this period added locations inMissouri (FantasticCaverns) and Oklahoma (Cave Springs Ranch Cave).Historically the Ozark cavefish occurred in at least 24 caves innine counties. Unconfirmed reports would extend its previous occurrence to52 caves in 14 counties. The report by Willis and Brown (Amer. Midi.Natur., 114:311-317, 1985) of demes in 14 caves in six counties indicatedsubstantial losses of former range, particularly in southwestern Missouri.Destruction of cave habitat is the primary cause of the decline of cavefish populations, although collecting, disturbance by spelunkers, andlimited reproduction are also responsible. Several caves which formerly contained Ozark cavefish have been sealed shut by landowners, floodedby reservoirs, or dried up by lowered water tables (Willis, M.S. Thesis, University ofArkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 1984). Optimum cavefish habitatconsists ofcaves occupied by large colonies of gray bats (Myotis grisescens). Of the 14 cave habitats reported by Willis and Brown (Amer. Midi.Natur., 114:311-317, 1985) to contain fish, fivestill contain bat colonies, while six others contain guano from past use by bats. Therefore A. rosaeappears to be dependent on a species which is itself endangered.This study was initiated to review the status ofthe Ozark cavefish by checking the previously-known populations and searching for additionalones. Caves were searched using bright lights by two people (three in Caves Springs Cave, Benton County, Arkansas) moving slowly upstreamcounting cavefish as they were encountered. Inlarger pools, the surveys were continued using facemasks and snorkels. Efforts were taken to minimize1980-1983 survey 1985-1987 surveyLocation no. of max. no. of no. of max. no. ofand Cave Name visits cavefish visits cavefishArkansas, Benton Co.Cave Springs Cave 5 100 1 122Logan Cave 10 12 2 32Mule Hole Sink 3 4 2 0Civil War Cave 5 4 15Rootville Cave 4 0 1Nursery Pond 0 0 6 5James Ditto Cave 0 0 3 2Bear Hollow 4 0 6 0Dickerson Cave 10 3 0Leslie Cave 10 10Hickory Creek 2 0Arkansas, Washington Co.Mineral Springs 10 10zero Mountain o o i Table , Status q{Qzark cavefish in the Springfield Plateau duringOklahoma, Delaware co. 1980-1983 and during 1986Twin Cave 6 5 4 3Jail cave 7 3 3 3——'Engelbrecht Cave 2 1 10Engelbrecht Spring 0 0Mitchell #1,2,3 2 0 10Mitchell New sink 0 0January-stansbury 2 0 2 0Missouri, Green Co.Fantastic Caverns 7 2 3 0New sink 0 0 10Missouri, Jasper Co.Sarcoxie Cave 2 3 0 0Kellhaufer's Cave 14 14Wilson's cave 6 4 10Missouri, Lawrence Co.Turnback Creek Cave 5 1 3 1Missouri, Newton Co.Ben Lassiter Cave 6 4 3 2Elm Spring 10 3 0Missouri, McDonald Co.Henson Cave 10 3 0Proceedings Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 41, 1987 9999Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 41 [1987], Art. 28Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 1987100Proceedings Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 41, 1987General Notesdisturbance to the cave system. Searches were discontinued from March 15 through September 15 incaves known to contain gray bats, and atother times when endangered bats were seen.Of the 14 caves reported by Willis and Brown (Amer. Midi.Natur., 114:311-317, 1985) to contain cavefish, fish were sighted in eight (Table1). These were Logan Cave, Cave Springs Cave, and Civil War Cave in Arkansas; Ben Lassiter Cave, Turnback Creek Cave, and Kellhaufer'sCave inMissouri; and Twin Cave and Jail Cave in Oklahoma. However, two of the caves could not be adequately surveyed. Sarcoxie Cave andKellhaufer's Cave, Jasper County, Missouri, were flooded by heavy rains. The owners of Kellhaufer's Cave reported seeing four fish in the caveJune 30, 1986. Failure to sight fish inFantastic Caverns in three visits is significant because a large area can be searched during each visit.Three new Ozark cavefish populations were found in Benton County, Arkansas. A single fish was observed inRootville Cave January 17,1986. Henry James and Scott Ditto, amateur cavers, excavated a narrow passageway into a small cave near Gentry, Arkansas. Our visits to thecave on January 29, 1987 confirmed their reports of an A.rosae population. An unintentional excavation of a water-filled cave on the east bankof Beaver Reservoir by Arkansas Game and Fish Commission personnel revealed the third additional location for Ozark cavefish in Arkansas.During the 1983 survey (Willis and Brown, Amer. Midi. Natur., 114:311-317, 1985), Mule Hole Sink, Benton Co., Arkansas, contained asmall pool at the bottom which contained cavefish. During the present study the pool did not exist. Mule Hole Sink is probably connected to CaveSprings Cave which is 2 kilometers to the south, and has easier access. Wilson's Cave in Jasper County, Missouri, consists of only a small poolin the twilight zone that is accessible to humans. During this study the pool contained several bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and a large snappingturtle (Chelydra serpentina). Presence of these predators probably is related to lack of sightings of cavefish at this location.The larger number of fish seen in Logan Cave in 1986 (Table 1) was probably due to use of facemasks and snorkels in the larger pools.Many ofthe fish could not have been seen from the surface because of their position beneath undercut areas of the cave walls. Apparently, greaternumbers of fish can be seen in the caves between December and March compared withother times of the year.Many ofthe caves continue to be abused by frequent visits by cavers, as evidenced by debris left in the caves, writingon the walls, etc. Strictlimitationof this traffic must be achieved to ensure continued survival of this interesting species.This study was funded by a grant (85-10) from the Arkansas Nongame Preservation Committee. We appreciate the assistance of Jay Stewart,Grizz Maher, BillPuckette, Mark Schram, and Jim Meinecke with cave exploration and surveys.ARTHUR V. BROWN, and C. STAN TODD, Department of Zoology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701.THE EFFECT OF CITY EFFLUENT ON THE DIVERSITYCF AQUATICMACROINVERTEBRATES OF SUGAR CREEK, CLAY COUNTY, ARKANSASSugar Creek is a small stream that originates on Crowley's Ridge in Clay County, Arkansas. Itflows through Piggott and receives surfacerunoff from the community. South of Piggott, it has been channelized and drains into Big Slough Ditch, within the St. Francis River watershed.The purpose of the study was to determine what effect, ifany, the surface runoff from Piggott had on the aquatic macroinvertebrate communityof Sugar Creek.Only three previous studies have been published with respect to biota of streams on Crowley's Ridge. Cather and Harp (1975) comparedthe aquatic macroinvertebrates of an Ozark stream to those ofa deltaic stream that originates on Crowley's Ridge in Greene County, approximately60 km southeast of this study area. Beadles (1970) noted effluent effects on fishes of Lost Creek, and Fulmer and Harp (1977) surveyed the fishesof streams occurring on the Ridge, three of which are in Clay County.Sugar Creek is a second order stream within the study area. The main channel has a mean width of approximately 12 m and a maximumdepth of 3 m at flood stage. The stream has a substrate of sand, gravel, silt and organic mud and the banks are steep and often eroded. Vegetationalong the banks includes oak, willow,elm, hickory, sycamore, sweet gum, hackberry and tulip poplar. The soil type in the northern part of thestudy area is Collins silt loam. This loam is moderately well drained and found on upland drainageways and level areas next to Crowley's Ridge.Falaya silt loam was found south of Piggott along the creek. This loam is poorly drained and found on the flood plains of upland drainagewaysand level areas near the Ridge. Both soil types are primarily a mixture of brown silt loam and mottled brown silt loam. Both are low inorganicmatter and strongly acid. They are often geographically associated (Soil Conservation Service, 1978).For collection purposes, two stations were established on Sugar Creek. Station Iwas located at the northern edge of the city limits in theSE'/i S3, T20N, R8E. Station IIwas located downstream, at the southern city limits, in the SW!4 Sll, T20N, R8E. Collections were made fora timed period of45 minutes from each station every two weeks from 31 August-9 November 1985. Collections were made witha fine mesh aquatic"D"net. Anattempt was made to sample all microhabitats. Specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol. After identification, all specimens werecatalogued and housed in the Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Collection of the Arkansas State University Museum of Zoology (ASUMZ).Simpson Diversity, Simpson Dominance, Shannon-Wiener Diversity, H'max and Evenness values were calculated using the AQUATICECOLOGY-PC disc of Oakleaf Systems, Decorah, IA.Simpson's Index of Diversity corresponds to the number of randomly selected pairs ofindividuals that must be drawn from a community inorder to have an even chance of obtaining a pair withboth individuals of the same species.It therefore expresses the dominance of or concentration of abundance into the one or two commonest species of the community (Poole, 1974).Conversely, the Shannon- Wiener Diversity Index expresses the relative eveness of the abundances ofall the species. Further, itis relatively indepen-dent of sample size (Poole, 1974). H'max is a calculated theoretical maximum diversity (Wilhm and Dorris, 1968). The base 2 logarithm was selectedfor calculating diversity indices, as it is the most commonly utilized log (Cox, 1985).A total of 927 specimens of aquatic macroinvertebrates was collected (Table 1). Station Ishowed the greatest species richness with 44 taxa,24 of which were found only at Station I.Station IIhad 24 taxa, withfour taxa found only at that station. Stations Iand IIhad 20 taxa incommon.Of the 44 taxa collected, 42 were generalists, or species found in many different habitats. Two exceptions to this were Hydrometra hungerfordi,a rarely collected species that prefers clean water streams (Harp, 1985), and Calopteryx maculata, which is characteristically found insmall shadedstreams in forested areas (Walker, 1953). These two species were collected at Station I.100Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 41 [1987], Art. 28http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol41/iss1/28

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Status Review of the Threatened Ozark Cavefish (Amblyopsis rosae)

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