Hulsey, Andrew H.

Moe, Robert

Young, Howard

English

ScholarWorks@UARK

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of ScienceVolume 6 Article 121953Effects of Certain Cotton Insecticides on theMourning DoveHoward YoungUniversity of Arkansas, FayettevilleAndrew H. HulseyUniversity of Arkansas, FayettevilleRobert MoeUniversity of Arkansas, FayettevilleFollow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaasPart of the Other Plant Sciences CommonsThis article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able toread, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking priorpermission from the publisher or the author.This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academyof Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu, ccmiddle@uark.edu.Recommended CitationYoung, Howard; Hulsey, Andrew H.; and Moe, Robert (1953) "Effects of Certain Cotton Insecticides on the Mourning Dove," Journalof the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 6 , Article 12.Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol6/iss1/12EFFECTS OF CEHTAIN COTTON INSECTICIDES ON THE MOURNING DOVEHOWARD YOUNG, ANDREW HULSEY, and ROBERT MOEUniversity of ArkansasWith the recent increase in the use of crop insecticides there has devel-oped a realization of the potentially-harmful side effects of widespread use ofthese poisons. There have been many attempts to measure the effects of croppoisons on wildlife (3), (4), (8). The first papers were concerned primarilywith DDT, the first synthetic organic insecticide to find extensive use. Thedevelopment of newer poisons has brought need for more research, and the effectsof chlordane, aldrin, and toxaphene recently have been studied by Post (6), (7).The techniques in early studies consisted mainly of field-population countson two comparable areas. Censuses were taken regularly on an area before andafter poison applications and the results were compared with those from censusestaken on a control area to determine the depressing effect on wildlife popu-lations.In the present paper consideration is given to poisons commonly used oncotton in Arkansas--calcium arsenate, benzene hexachloride containing DDT,toxaphene, dieldrin, and aldrin. According to Barnes and Lincoln (1), the firstthree have been most frequently utilized in Arkansas in recent years. The useof chlordane has almost ceased, and dieldrin and aldrin are used primarily assubstitute poisons during shortages of the others.Some 35 Mourning Doves, Zenaidura macroura, were captured. This species isa common farm-area bird in Arkansas, and a ground- feeding type which might beexpected to come in contact with poison residues from crop dustings. Althoughnot extensively hunted in Arkansas, it is an important game bird.Most of the doves were gathered by Mr. Harold Alexander of the ArkansasGame and Fish Commission, who instituted the problem and maintained adminis-trative supervision. Additional doves were trapped on the University of Ar-kansas campus. The study was supported in part by funds derived from ArkansasPi ttman-Robertson Project 24 - R, Mourning Dove Investigations in Arkansas, andwas designated as a special phase of this state-wide study. The University ofArkansas College of Agriculture Extension Service furnished the poisons.Techniques . The doves were kept in 8' x 8' x 8' outdoor cages made of 1-inch mesh chicken wire. Three cages were used, one for the temporary housing ofbirds and one each for poison- testing and control. The recommended dosage peracre (for control of cotton pests) for each poison was determined (1), and aprorated amount was computed for the floor area of the poison cage. The com-mercial poison powders used in dusting programs were mixed thoroughly with thefood, which was then scattered evenly about the floor of the poison- testingcage. A three-day food supply, determined by measuring average daily consump-tion by individually-caged doves, was used. When birds became illfrom poisonthey apparently decreased their consumption, and food was frequently present inexcess in the poison cage. It disappeared rapidly in the control cage. Uneatenfood was removed at the end of each test. The cages were exposed to the effectsof rain, sun, and wind to simulate field conditions, although one side wassheltered by a wall. A small portion of each cage was shaded by boards andperches were provided. The floors were dirt and ample water was furnished. Thebirds not exposed to poison maintained good health under these conditions.The small number of doves made itnecessary to use some individuals to testmore than one poison, and to shift some poison-exposed birds to the control cagefor later tests. The possible effects of this procedure are discussed later.The doves were observed daily to determine mortality and weighed about everythird day to determine effects of the poison. As much as possible, birds wereevenly divided according to sex and weight between the test and control cages.All birds but one (No. 33) were adult. Loss of weight exceeding the averageweight loss by the control birds for the same period was considered to be evi-dence of a deleterious effect of poison. Weights were rounded to the nearestResearch Paper No. 1071 Journal Series. University of Arkansas.43Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 6 [1953], Art. 12Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 195344 ARKANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCEgram, and because the time of day when the birds were weighed varied, no con-clusions were drawn except in cases of extreme change. Control birds andpoison-exposed birds were weighed at the same time of day.Results. Data from each test are presented in a table bearing a like num-ber:Test la. Five doves were exposed to a normal dosage of calcium arsenate(prorated from the amount which is routinely used in the dusting of cotton) onMay 16, 1951. On May 19 they were given food without poison, and on May 22 theywere given food to which double the usual amount of poison had been added.(Similar techniques were used in the other tests.) None of the birds died, andas a group they had regained their original weight on June 1, when the test wasterminated. As rainfall was extremely heavy during the testing period, it wasbelieved that considerable poison had been washed away; the experiment wasrepeated in July.Test Ib. On July 9, 8 doves were exposed to the normal dosage of calciumarsenate. It was necessary to use 4 birds which previously had been exposed tobenzene hexachloride. The dosage was repeated on July 12 and doubled on July15. Thus, the birds were given only poisoned food from July 9 to July 18,inclusive. Poison-free food was added on July 18, food with a double dose ofcalcium arsenate on July 23, and then poison- free food until July 31. One bird,previously exposed to benzene hexachloride, died on July 21. All the otherssurvived for the extire period of the test. There was considerable variation inweight loss; as a group the birds had lost 22 per cent of their original weightat the end of the experiment, contrasted with a 4 per cent average weight lossamong the controls.Test 2. Six doves including 4 previously exposed to calcium arsenate, wereexposed to toxaphene on June 1. One bird died on June 7, another on June 11, athird on June 17; the others survived and had an average body weight of 89 percent of their original weight at the end of the experiment on June 18.Test 3. On June 18, 9 doves of which 2 previously had been exposed to bothcalcium arsenate and toxaphene, were exposed to benzene hexachloride. Two birdsdied; one on July 1, the other on July 2. The survivors showed an averageweight loss of only 2 per cent on July 9, when the test was concluded.Test 4. On July 31, 10 doves, including 7 previously exposed to otherpoisons, were exposed to dieldrin. Only one bird survived to August 10, and ithad lost 32 per cent of its original body weight.Test 5. On August 10, 9 doves, none of them previously exposed to poison,were given food mixed with aldrin. The last survivor died on August 17.Test 6. The obvious toxicity of dieldrin and aldrin made additional studyadvisable. In Test 6 the poison cage was furnished with two dishes of food, onepoisoned with aldrin and one unpoisoned. The birds were able to choose freelybetween the two. Poisoned and unpoisoned water also was offered. Four birdswere used in this test, which was initiated on September 16. Two survived toSeptember 28, when the test was terminated.Test 7. On September 28, dieldrin was offered to 5 doves, the techniquesbeing those used in test 6, except that the location of the dishes was changeddaily. All but one bird had died by October 2, but the survivor, which wasgiven only poison-free food after October 1, was released in good condition onOctober 10.Discussion. The study was handicapped by the fact that doves were gatheredat various periods and were in short supply at all times, which necessitatedshifting birds to test more than one poison. However, in any one test, birdswith histories of poison exposure suffered no heavier mortality than birds ex-posed for the first time. In the control cage, doves previously given poisonthrived as well as those permanently used for controls. The only exceptionswere in the aldrin and dieldrin tests, when it was necessary to use as controlssome birds which had been extensively exposed and which were in poor condition.In these cases, however, the differences in loss of weight and survival betweenthe test cage and control cage were so obvious that no difficulty in interpre-tation arose.The experiments exposed the doves to more severe poison hazards than theywould normally be expected to encounter in the field. The poisoning technique44Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 6 [1953], Art. 12http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol6/iss1/12EFFECT OF INSECTICIDES IN MOURNING DOVES45simulated a situation in which all the poison sprayed over a field settled onthe food particles and where all the birds fed permanently only in poisonedareas. Thus, it appears that the routine use of calcium arsenate, toxaphene, orof benzene hexachloride ordinarily would not have deleterious effects on wildmourning dove populations. It should be noted that the field studies of Kozlick(5), Cottam and Higgins (3), Hotchkiss and Pough (4), and Stickel (8) failed todemonstrate heavy mortality among birds or other wildlife following light DDTpoisoning of areas. When DDT is used a concentration of about 5 pounds peracre appears to be necessary to cause significant avian mortality. In thepresent tests, a simulated concentration of 8.5 pounds per acre was used forcalcium arsenate, and 12.5 pounds per acre for the other poisons. These figuresrefer to the routine dosage, and pro-rated amounts were computed for the floorarea of the test cage. Post (6) found considerable evidence of avian popu-lation depression following the use of chlordane and toxaphene, although themourning dove was not among the species observed. He failed to find heavy avianmortality following the use of aldrin for grasshopper control (7).There is, of course, a specific variation in vulnerability to the differentpoisons. The method of application also has its effect; Coburn and Treichler(2) found that DDT in oil emulsion was much more lethal to the bobwhite, Colinusv irginianus , than was the crystalline form. Dusting is the routine method ofapplying poisons to the cotton areas; furthermore, the small amounts of poisonand food used in the present study precluded the use of oil emulsions, so thisphase of the problem was not investigated.In the tests on the mourning dove, evidence for resistance to poison wasfound in the fact that some birds exposed to the poisons and then removed to thecontrol cage survived for long periods of time and suffered no apparent longrange effects (Nos. 26, 31, and 32). The tenacity of some birds under persist-ent poisoning was notable, one dove (No. 9) dropping to 57 per cent of itsoriginal weight before eventually succumbing to the combined effects of benzenehexachloride, calcium arsenate, and dieldrin.The possible injurious effects on reproductive activity, were not studied.All birds which died were autopsied, and a gross examination of the internalorgans was made. The conditions of the gonads were highly variable, but nostriking abnormalities were observed in any parts of the viscera.The known toxicity of aldrin and dieldrin for vertebrates (1) was verifiedin the case of the mourning dove. From the results of Test 6 and Test 7 itappears that some mortality among birds may be expected when these poisons areused in insect control programs. Although they now serve in Arkansas as substi-tute insecticides, careful study of their possible side effects should be madebefore they are distributed widely. These poisons are being extensively adver-tised.Summary. Mourning doves were exposed in separate tests to varying dosagesof calcium arsenate, benzene hexachloride, toxaphene, dieldrin, and aldrin,under simulated field conditions. Results indicate that routine field appli-cations of calcium arsenate, toxaphene, and benzene hexachloride do not con-stitute a serious danger to wildmourning dove populations. Aldrin and dieldrinproved to be extremely toxic, and apparently could not be detected by the birds.As they are not heavily employed in Arkansas, they probably do not have a sig-nificant effect on wild dove populations.References1. Barnes, G. , and Lincoln, C. 1952 Cotton insect control. Ext. Serv. , Coll. of Agri., Univ.of Arkansas, Leaflet 52 (Rev.), one page; 1952.2. Coburn, D. R., and Treichler, R. Experiments on toxicity of DDT to wildlife, volume 10,number 3, J. Wildl. Man., pages 208-216; 1946.3. Cottam, C., and Higgins, E. DDt: its effect on fish and wildlife. U.S.D.I., F. & W.Cir. 11, 14 pages; 1946.4. Hotchkiss, N., and Pough, R. H. Effect on forest birds of DDT used for Gypsy moth controlin Pennsylvania, volume 10, number 3, J. Wildl. Man., pages 202-207; 1946.5. Kozlick, F. M. The effects of DDT on birds, volume 8, number 4, Passenger Pigeon, pages99-103; 1946.6. Post, G. Effects of toxaphene and chlordane on certain game birds, volume 15, number 4J. Wildl. Man., pages 381-386; 1951.7. Post, G. A study of aldrin insecticide: its effects on birds and other wildlife, volume15, number 9, Wyoming Wildlife, pages 4-9, 32-36; 1951.8. Stickel, L. F. Wood mouse and box turtle populations in an area treated annually with DDTfor five years, volume 15, number 2, J. Wildl. Man., pages 161-164; 1951. 45Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 6 [1953], Art. 12Published by Arkansas Academy of Sci nce, 195346Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 6 [1953], Art. 12http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol6/iss1/12

Effects of Certain Cotton Insecticides on the Mourning Dove

UARK (University of Arkansas )

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 6 Article 12 1953 Effects of Certain Cotton Insecticides on the Mourning Dove Howard Young University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Andrew H. Hulsey University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Robert Moe University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas  Part of the Other Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Young, Howard; Hulsey, Andrew H.; and Moe, Robert (1953) "Effects of Certain Cotton Insecticides on the Mourning Dove," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 6 , Article 12. Available at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol6/iss1/12 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact scholar@uark.edu. EFFECTS OF CEHTAIN COTTON INSECTICIDES ON THE MOURNING DOVEHOWARD YOUNG, ANDREW HULSEY, and ROBERT MOEUniversity of ArkansasWith the recent increase in the use of crop insecticides there has devel-oped a realization of the potentially-harmful side effects of widespread use ofthese poisons. There have been many attempts to measure the effects of croppoisons on wildlife (3), (4), (8). The first papers were concerned primarilywith DDT, the first synthetic organic insecticide to find extensive use. Thedevelopment of newer poisons has brought need for more research, and the effectsof chlordane, aldrin, and toxaphene recently have been studied by Post (6), (7).The techniques in early studies consisted mainly of field-population countson two comparable areas. Censuses were taken regularly on an area before andafter poison applications and the results were compared with those from censusestaken on a control area to determine the depressing effect on wildlife popu-lations.In the present paper consideration is given to poisons commonly used oncotton in Arkansas--calcium arsenate, benzene hexachloride containing DDT,toxaphene, dieldrin, and aldrin. According to Barnes and Lincoln (1), the firstthree have been most frequently utilized in Arkansas in recent years. The useof chlordane has almost ceased, and dieldrin and aldrin are used primarily assubstitute poisons during shortages of the others.Some 35 Mourning Doves, Zenaidura macroura, were captured. This species isa common farm-area bird in Arkansas, and a ground- feeding type which might beexpected to come in contact with poison residues from crop dustings. Althoughnot extensively hunted in Arkansas, it is an important game bird.Most of the doves were gathered by Mr. Harold Alexander of the ArkansasGame and Fish Commission, who instituted the problem and maintained adminis-trative supervision. Additional doves were trapped on the University of Ar-kansas campus. The study was supported in part by funds derived from ArkansasPi ttman-Robertson Project 24-R, Mourning Dove Investigations in Arkansas, andwas designated as a special phase of this state-wide study. The University ofArkansas College of Agriculture Extension Service furnished the poisons.Techniques . The doves were kept in 8' x 8' x 8' outdoor cages made of 1-inch mesh chicken wire. Three cages were used, one for the temporary housing ofbirds and one each for poison- testing and control. The recommended dosage peracre (for control of cotton pests) for each poison was determined (1), and aprorated amount was computed for the floor area of the poison cage. The com-mercial poison powders used in dusting programs were mixed thoroughly with thefood, which was then scattered evenly about the floor of the poison- testingcage. A three-day food supply, determined by measuring average daily consump-tion by individually-caged doves, was used. When birds became illfrom poisonthey apparently decreased their consumption, and food was frequently present inexcess in the poison cage. It disappeared rapidly in the control cage. Uneatenfood was removed at the end of each test. The cages were exposed to the effectsof rain, sun, and wind to simulate field conditions, although one side wassheltered by a wall. A small portion of each cage was shaded by boards andperches were provided. The floors were dirt and ample water was furnished. Thebirds not exposed to poison maintained good health under these conditions.The small number of doves made itnecessary to use some individuals to testmore than one poison, and to shift some poison-exposed birds to the control cagefor later tests. The possible effects of this procedure are discussed later.The doves were observed daily to determine mortality and weighed about everythird day to determine effects of the poison. As much as possible, birds wereevenly divided according to sex and weight between the test and control cages.All birds but one (No. 33) were adult. Loss of weight exceeding the averageweight loss by the control birds for the same period was considered to be evi-dence of a deleterious effect of poison. Weights were rounded to the nearestResearch Paper No. 1071 Journal Series. University of Arkansas.43Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 6 [1953], Art. 12Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 195344 ARKANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCEgram, and because the time of day when the birds were weighed varied, no con-clusions were drawn except in cases of extreme change. Control birds andpoison-exposed birds were weighed at the same time of day.Results. Data from each test are presented in a table bearing a like num-ber:Test la. Five doves were exposed to a normal dosage of calcium arsenate(prorated from the amount which is routinely used in the dusting of cotton) onMay 16, 1951. On May 19 they were given food without poison, and on May 22 theywere given food to which double the usual amount of poison had been added.(Similar techniques were used in the other tests.) None of the birds died, andas a group they had regained their original weight on June 1, when the test wasterminated. As rainfall was extremely heavy during the testing period, it wasbelieved that considerable poison had been washed away; the experiment wasrepeated in July.Test Ib. On July 9, 8 doves were exposed to the normal dosage of calciumarsenate. It was necessary to use 4 birds which previously had been exposed tobenzene hexachloride. The dosage was repeated on July 12 and doubled on July15. Thus, the birds were given only poisoned food from July 9 to July 18,inclusive. Poison-free food was added on July 18, food with a double dose ofcalcium arsenate on July 23, and then poison- free food until July 31. One bird,previously exposed to benzene hexachloride, died on July 21. All the otherssurvived for the extire period of the test. There was considerable variation inweight loss; as a group the birds had lost 22 per cent of their original weightat the end of the experiment, contrasted with a 4 per cent average weight lossamong the controls.Test 2. Six doves including 4 previously exposed to calcium arsenate, wereexposed to toxaphene on June 1. One bird died on June 7, another on June 11, athird on June 17; the others survived and had an average body weight of 89 percent of their original weight at the end of the experiment on June 18.Test 3. On June 18, 9 doves of which 2 previously had been exposed to bothcalcium arsenate and toxaphene, were exposed to benzene hexachloride. Two birdsdied; one on July 1, the other on July 2. The survivors showed an averageweight loss of only 2 per cent on July 9, when the test was concluded.Test 4. On July 31, 10 doves, including 7 previously exposed to otherpoisons, were exposed to dieldrin. Only one bird survived to August 10, and ithad lost 32 per cent of its original body weight.Test 5. On August 10, 9 doves, none of them previously exposed to poison,were given food mixed with aldrin. The last survivor died on August 17.Test 6. The obvious toxicity of dieldrin and aldrin made additional studyadvisable. In Test 6 the poison cage was furnished with two dishes of food, onepoisoned with aldrin and one unpoisoned. The birds were able to choose freelybetween the two. Poisoned and unpoisoned water also was offered. Four birdswere used in this test, which was initiated on September 16. Two survived toSeptember 28, when the test was terminated.Test 7. On September 28, dieldrin was offered to 5 doves, the techniquesbeing those used in test 6, except that the location of the dishes was changeddaily. All but one bird had died by October 2, but the survivor, which wasgiven only poison-free food after October 1, was released in good condition onOctober 10.Discussion. The study was handicapped by the fact that doves were gatheredat various periods and were in short supply at all times, which necessitatedshifting birds to test more than one poison. However, in any one test, birdswith histories of poison exposure suffered no heavier mortality than birds ex-posed for the first time. In the control cage, doves previously given poisonthrived as well as those permanently used for controls. The only exceptionswere in the aldrin and dieldrin tests, when it was necessary to use as controlssome birds which had been extensively exposed and which were in poor condition.In these cases, however, the differences in loss of weight and survival betweenthe test cage and control cage were so obvious that no difficulty in interpre-tation arose.The experiments exposed the doves to more severe poison hazards than theywould normally be expected to encounter in the field. The poisoning technique44Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 6 [1953], Art. 12https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol6/iss1/12EFFECT OF INSECTICIDES IN MOURNING DOVES45simulated a situation in which all the poison sprayed over a field settled onthe food particles and where all the birds fed permanently only in poisonedareas. Thus, it appears that the routine use of calcium arsenate, toxaphene, orof benzene hexachloride ordinarily would not have deleterious effects on wildmourning dove populations. It should be noted that the field studies of Kozlick(5), Cottam and Higgins (3), Hotchkiss and Pough (4), and Stickel (8) failed todemonstrate heavy mortality among birds or other wildlife following light DDTpoisoning of areas. When DDT is used a concentration of about 5 pounds peracre appears to be necessary to cause significant avian mortality. In thepresent tests, a simulated concentration of 8.5 pounds per acre was used forcalcium arsenate, and 12.5 pounds per acre for the other poisons. These figuresrefer to the routine dosage, and pro-rated amounts were computed for the floorarea of the test cage. Post (6) found considerable evidence of avian popu-lation depression following the use of chlordane and toxaphene, although themourning dove was not among the species observed. He failed to find heavy avianmortality following the use of aldrin for grasshopper control (7).There is, of course, a specific variation in vulnerability to the differentpoisons. The method of application also has its effect; Coburn and Treichler(2) found that DDT in oil emulsion was much more lethal to the bobwhite, Colinusv irginianus , than was the crystalline form. Dusting is the routine method ofapplying poisons to the cotton areas; furthermore, the small amounts of poisonand food used in the present study precluded the use of oil emulsions, so thisphase of the problem was not investigated.In the tests on the mourning dove, evidence for resistance to poison wasfound in the fact that some birds exposed to the poisons and then removed to thecontrol cage survived for long periods of time and suffered no apparent longrange effects (Nos. 26, 31, and 32). The tenacity of some birds under persist-ent poisoning was notable, one dove (No. 9) dropping to 57 per cent of itsoriginal weight before eventually succumbing to the combined effects of benzenehexachloride, calcium arsenate, and dieldrin.The possible injurious effects on reproductive activity, were not studied.All birds which died were autopsied, and a gross examination of the internalorgans was made. The conditions of the gonads were highly variable, but nostriking abnormalities were observed in any parts of the viscera.The known toxicity of aldrin and dieldrin for vertebrates (1) was verifiedin the case of the mourning dove. From the results of Test 6 and Test 7 itappears that some mortality among birds may be expected when these poisons areused in insect control programs. Although they now serve in Arkansas as substi-tute insecticides, careful study of their possible side effects should be madebefore they are distributed widely. These poisons are being extensively adver-tised.Summary. Mourning doves were exposed in separate tests to varying dosagesof calcium arsenate, benzene hexachloride, toxaphene, dieldrin, and aldrin,under simulated field conditions. Results indicate that routine field appli-cations of calcium arsenate, toxaphene, and benzene hexachloride do not con-stitute a serious danger to wildmourning dove populations. Aldrin and dieldrinproved to be extremely toxic, and apparently could not be detected by the birds.As they are not heavily employed in Arkansas, they probably do not have a sig-nificant effect on wild dove populations.References1. Barnes, G. , and Lincoln, C. 1952 Cotton insect control. Ext. Serv. , Coll. of Agri., Univ.of Arkansas, Leaflet 52 (Rev.), one page; 1952.2. Coburn, D. R., and Treichler, R. Experiments on toxicity of DDT to wildlife, volume 10,number 3, J. Wildl. Man., pages 208-216; 1946.3. Cottam, C., and Higgins, E. DDt: its effect on fish and wildlife. U.S.D.I., F. & W.Cir. 11, 14 pages; 1946.4. Hotchkiss, N., and Pough, R. H. Effect on forest birds of DDT used for Gypsy moth controlin Pennsylvania, volume 10, number 3, J. Wildl. Man., pages 202-207; 1946.5. Kozlick, F. M. The effects of DDT on birds, volume 8, number 4, Passenger Pigeon, pages99-103; 1946.6. Post, G. Effects of toxaphene and chlordane on certain game birds, volume 15, number 4J. Wildl. Man., pages 381-386; 1951.7. Post, G. A study of aldrin insecticide: its effects on birds and other wildlife, volume15, number 9, Wyoming Wildlife, pages 4-9, 32-36; 1951.8. Stickel, L. F. Wood mouse and box turtle populations in an area treated annually with DDTfor five years, volume 15, number 2, J. Wildl. Man., pages 161-164; 1951. 45Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 6 [1953], Art. 12Published by Arkansas Academy of Sci nce, 195346Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 6 [1953], Art. 12https://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol6/iss1/12

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Effects of Certain Cotton Insecticides on the Mourning Dove

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