Cole, Stijn

Das, Kaushik

De Boeck, Steven

Fustero, Xavier

Gaitán, Vicens

Halat, Milenko

Hillberg, Emil

Leelaruji, Rujiroj

Llopis, Regina

Madureira, André

Moreira, Carlos

Promel, Francois

Seca, Luis

Sørensen, Poul Ejnar

Trovato, Vincenzo

Turunen, Jukka

Van Hertem, Dirk

Vanfretti, Luigi

Vieyra, Rodrigo Andres Moreno

Zamarreño, Luis María

Online Research Database In Technology

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Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 18, 2017WP6 Defence plans and restorationSørensen, Poul Ejnar; Das, Kaushik; Llopis, Regina ; Gaitán, Vicens; Halat, Milenko ; Fustero, Xavier;Zamarreño, Luis María ; Van Hertem, Dirk; De Boeck, Steven; Hillberg, Emil ; Turunen, Jukka ; Vanfretti,Luigi; Leelaruji, Rujiroj ; Trovato, Vincenzo ; Vieyra, Rodrigo Andres Moreno ; Moreira, Carlos;Madureira, André ; Seca, Luis ; Cole, Stijn; Promel, FrancoisPublication date:2014Link back to DTU OrbitCitation (APA):Sørensen, P. E., Das, K., Llopis, R., Gaitán, V., Halat, M., Fustero, X., ... Promel, F. (2014). WP6 Defence plansand restoration Technical University of Denmark (DTU). [Sound/Visual production (digital)]. Disseminationworkshop towards TSOs, researchers & software developers, Paris, France, 22/08/2014WP6 Defence plans and restoration Poul Sørensen and Kaushik Das, Technical University of Denmark Regina Llopis, Vicens Gaitán, Milenko Halat, Xavier Fustero and Luis María Zamarreño, AIA Dirk Van Hertem and Steven De Boeck, KU Leuven Emil Hillberg and Jukka Turunen, Statnett Luigi Vanfretti and Rujiroj Leelaruji, KTH Vincenzo Trovato and Rodrigo Andres Moreno Vieyra, Imperial College Carlos Moreira, André Madureira and Luis Seca, INESC Porto Stijn Cole and Francois Promel, Tractebel Engineering 2014-08-22 1 Defence plans and restoration ENTSO-E definition 2014-08-22 2 Defence plans and restoration Workplan defense / restoration • Defense plans – Weak points in existing plans (AIA) – Role of renewable generation plants (DTU) – Pan-European coordination (KU Leuven) – Use of PMUs (Statnett / KTH) – Use of distributed energy resources (Imperial Col.) • Restoration – Coordinated restoration (AIA) – Use of renewable generation plants (INESC)  2014-08-22 3 Defence plans and restoration TSO Country Survey Visit ELIA Belgium IPTO Greece National Grid UK Statnett Norway REN Portugal RTE France TSO survey 2014-08-22 4 Defence plans and restoration 0 5 10 15 20 A.1- Rotor Angle instability A.2- Frequency Instability A.3- Voltage Instability A.4-Other  21 22 23 24 25 26 D.1- Response Based D.2- Event Based General survey results Numbers of Special Protection Systems • Voltage Stability is the main concern, but there is a considerable number of “other” instabilities • Most SPS triggering are response-based • Defense plans are mainly oriented to face sudden phenomena  0 5 10 15 20 25 30 E.1- Defence plan against sudden phenomena E.2- Shortage plan for foreseeable phenomena 2014-08-22 5 Defence plans and restoration Survey conclusions • No TSOs are currently using PMU’s in defence plans, but  – most of the TSOs have PMUs installed for detecting oscillations in the grid, and  – some of them are planning to utilize this information more in the defence plans in the future, and – some of the TSOs use PMU information in post-mortem analysis of grid events. • Switching of renewables according to the currently required grid protection settings can cause severe power imbalances.  – This calls for coordination between TSOs and DSOs concerning protection settings. 2014-08-22 Defence plans and restoration 6 Survey conclusions • Under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) is a key element in the defence plans, but  – the expected volume of load shedding is often not met in the case of a real event causing more steps of the UFLS to be activated.  – This is primarily because the distributed generation is not taken properly into account. • Rate of Change of Frequency (RoCoF) relays: – Some TSOs use RoCoF relays for islanding protection of in the network.  – RoCoF relays are also used for unit protection of conventional thermal generators and distributed embedded generators (in DSO networks).  – The RoCoF protection settings vary between 0.125Hz/s and 0.5Hz/s depending on the TSO.  2014-08-22 Defence plans and restoration 7 Survey conclusions • Renewable energy is used by some TSOs in the emergency frequency control and voltage control.  • Demand side response is only used sparsely in the emergency frequency control.  – Some TSOs are considering to use this option more.  • HVDC interconnectors are used in defence plans, but it must always be agreed in the specific situation, so the activation is manual.  2014-08-22 Defence plans and restoration 8 Renewables in defence plans 2014-08-22 Defence plans and restoration 9 Motivation Example of disturbance on 4th November, 2006 at UCTE  6.5 GW wind 182.7 GW total 8.6 GW wind 62.3 GW total 29.1 GW total Renewables in defence plans 10 2014-08-22 Frequency Recordings after the split Output of wind turbines in North East Zone Motivation Example of disturbance on 4th November, 2006 at UCTE  Defence plans and restoration Renewables in defence plans • In Wind Integration Workshop. London 22-24 October 2013      • Wind turbine capabilities • Defence plans – Frequency stability – Voltage stability 2014-08-22 11 Defence plans and restoration • Overfrequency support by Wind Power Plant (WPP) – Relevant option since WTs can make down regulation reserves available • Fast active power control capability – Overfrequency protection not optimal • WTs reconnected too early 4 November • Low intertia: Risk of tripping of ROCOF based relays of conventional generators • Underfrequency support by WPP – Conventional primary control (droop control): P ~ ∆f is expensive approach because WTs usually already operate at max possible – Advanced control – Inertial control  (P ~ df/dt) or temporary primary control possible • Voltage support by WPP – Variable speed wind turbines: converters can temporarily be overloaded to provided additional reactive power Wind Power during Emergency 2014-08-22 12 Defence plans and restoration Pan-European coordination • The transition to: – liberalized European electricity market  – higher penetration of renewables   increase the international flows and loading of the power system    The system is operated closer to it’s limits • At the same time: more controllable devices are (or will be) installed in the European Continental Power System (HVDC, PST,...) • Survey results coordinated control actions:  – Up till now PFCs (power factor correctors) only used for changing the transfer capacity for spot markets (day ahead and intra day) – Some TSO’s have reduction schemes on the HVDC connectors  – In real time only bilateral operation agreements (coordination between two TSO’s) 2014-08-22 13 Defence plans and restoration Pan-European coordination • In IEEE Powertech. Grenoble, 16 - 20 June 2013       • The goal of the control methodology is to minimize cost to get the system back into a stable state • Main cost is the amount of load that needs to be shed   2014-08-22 14 Defence plans and restoration Pan-European coordination The Cloverfield test system Simplified representation Low generation costs High generation costs Loss of generation Bilateral HVDC Coordinated HVDC 2014-08-22 15 Defence plans and restoration Pan-European coordination Secure and unsecure space HVDC setpoint influence 2014-08-22 16 Defence plans and restoration Pan-European coordination • Approach: – Based on optimal power flow – Cost of lost load is higher than cost of any generation   • Results Bilateral Coordinated No HVDC control 2014-08-22 17 Defence plans and restoration Pan-European coordination • The impact on costs 2014-08-22 18 Defence plans and restoration PMUs in Defence Plans • PMUs provide high accuracy time-synchronized information of the power grid variables in different areas of the system, and can thus be used to observe oscillations, voltage levels, and frequencies at different areas • The main goal of the WP6.4 (PMUs in defence plans) is to make advances in detection and prevention of instabilities using PMU infromation  – The focus is on voltage stability but other types of instability phenomena are also considered  2014-08-22 19 Defence plans and restoration PMU – Voltage stability • KTH: The implementation of the test system (Nordic 32 system) for real-time simulation is completed  • Voltage Instability scenario: • Three-phase solid fault on Line 4032-4044,  for 0.1 sec and cleared by opening the line.  2014-08-22 20 Defence plans and restoration PMU – Angular stability • Goal: methodology for automated Out Of Step (OOS) relay tuning using wide-area measurements • Approach: Minimize untimely tripping and tripping failure 2014-08-22 21 XRLine Inner zone Outer zoneStable SwingUnstable SwingActivationTrippingTimerDefence plans and restoration Out-of-step relay tuning • Basic idea: compare “target trip matrix” with “achieved trip matrix” Target trip matrix Achieved trip matrix Evaluation 2014-08-22 22 Defence plans and restoration Hybrid control of thermostatic loads We propose a hybrid controller that addresses the observed shortcomings and meets the above performance criteria. Thus, we illustrate its effectiveness by using simulations in a system model.  0 5 10 1549.449.549.649.749.849.95050.1 Frequency Evolution - Initial Stage of the Transient PeriodTime   [s]Frequency   [Hz]  Deterministic ControlHybrid ControlStochastic ControlNo Control2014-08-22 23 Defence plans and restoration 1. The controller of each device identifies the frequency deviation Δf (Hz),evaluates its rate of change, and updates the temperature limits according to:2. By increasing the threshold temperatures, the devices collectively spendmore time in the off state, reducing their aggregate power consumption.3. By monitoring the rate of change of frequency, the control enables a rapidresponse.4. Moreover, a drastic reduction of the synchronization and a delayed paybackis obtained due to the inclusion of a randomized disengagement strategy,which is triggered when:5. Each appliance selects a random temperature Trand within the uniformdistribution [Tmin, Tmax] and thus when the device in the on state reaches thattemperature it automatically changes its status.Hybrid control strategymaxDD max DD rocT (t,f ) T K f (t) K d( f (t)) dt    minDD min DD rocT (t,f ) T K f (t) K d( f (t)) dt    r tollt t and f (t) f  Use of renewables in restoration • Both on-shore and offshore WF were modeled with the capability of participating in primary frequency control services, contributing to mainland primary frequency regulation • HVDC connected offshore WF: • frequency changes in the mainland grid are proportionally converted into DC voltage changes, through a droop control approach implemented at the onshore HVDC station • these DC voltage changes are converted by the offshore HVDC station into frequency changes, exploiting another droop control approach • Regarding the provision of reactive power / voltage control, the HVDC-VSC is assumed to be capable to provide such functionality, behaving  in a similar way to a STATCOM 2014-08-22 24 Defence plans and restoration Coordinated restoration • Afternoon demo: HELM Software and simulation tools for restoration 2014-08-22 Defence plans and restoration 25 FTP server AGORAFAST DTSPublish operational stateSimulate and publish blackout stateCompute restoration planSimulate plan actions, publish state with applied actionsRecognize carried out actionsAutomatic blackout detectionSnapshotsAction list123456Thank you    Questions? 2014-08-22 Defence plans and restoration 26 

WP6 Defence plans and restoration

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WP6 Defence plans and restoration

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