This paper discusses briefly the concept, overview, characteristics, the needs and effectiveness of problem-based learning (PBL) approach in teaching and learning in technical vocational education and training (TVET). Based on the literature review, the paper concludes that, problem-based learning is an essential tool for instructing learners in technical and vocational trades. Keywords: Problem-based learning, teaching and learning and technical vocational education and training

Abdul Hamid, Mohd. Zolkifli

Ahmad, Adnan

Maigari, Sada Adamu

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Institutional Repository

The Need for and Importance of Problem-Based Learning in Teaching and Learning in Technical Vocational Education and Training.  Sada Adamu Maigari, Mohd Zolkifli Bin Abdul Hamid and Adnan Bin Ahmad  Faculty of Education, Universiti Technologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.    ABSTRACT This paper discusses briefly the concept, overview, characteristics, the needs and effectiveness of problem-based learning (PBL) approach in teaching and learning in technical vocational education and training (TVET). Based on the literature review, the paper concludes that, problem-based learning is an essential tool for instructing learners in technical and vocational trades. Keywords: Problem-based learning, teaching and learning and technical vocational education and training.   1.1      INTRODUCTION The effectiveness of all education system depends largely on the quality of teaching and learning in the classroom, workshops, laboratories and other places where education takes place Lucas, Spencer, and Claxton (2012)  Moreover, for effective teaching and learning to take place, skilful teachers need to use the variety methods and techniques at their disposal. There is a wide 2   diversity in teaching methods and techniques, no one method can be regarded as the best for every teaching situation (Baba, 2007) & (Okorie, 1979). The decision to apply one method or another depends on a number of factors, including the teacher, the learner and the environment. It is the responsibility of the teacher to assess the situation and decide on which method or methods to use in order to accomplish the instructional objectives. The success or failure of teaching and learning depends on the inventiveness, approach and method employed by the teacher. This could also depend on an intelligent analysis of the educational purpose, the learners in the class, the curriculum content and the type of subject matter being taught. Research by Okoye (2010) Ogwu (2007), Ogwo and Oranu (2006) separately reported that no single teaching method can be said to be the most appropriate in teaching technical and vocational subjects. Petrina (2004) also has the opinion that, goals cannot be achieved by a single teaching method, nor can anyone teaching method accommodate all learning styles at once; for example, demonstrations or projects are suitable for meeting some goals but not effective for meeting others. However, in technical vocational education and training (TVET), most instruction is work-oriented (Nwachukwu, 2006). For this to be achieved, learners must be exposed to active teaching approaches such as problem-based learning (PBL). The participation of learners in instruction in any technical and vocational trades must be active and direct. Direct participation exists where the learner is physically involved in the academic and practical activities in that trade. The learner must be particularly affected and exhibit positive perceptions and behaviours that indicate the attainment of the desired goals.  Accordingly, the  PBL approach influence the effectiveness of teaching and the ease of learning in TVET (Okoye, 2010). Based on this awareness, the paper discusses briefly:-  1 The concept and overviews of PBL. 2 The characteristics of the PBL approach in teaching and 3   learning in TVET. 3 The need for PBL in TVET teaching and learning. 4 The effectiveness of PBL in TVET teaching and learning.  2.1    THE CONCEPT AND OVERVIEW OF PBL   PBL has been defined by different writers. For the purpose of this paper, a few such definitions are cited. Savery (2006) who defined PBL as an instructional (and curricular) learner-centred approach that empowers learners to conduct research, integrate theory and practice, and apply knowledge and skills to develop a viable solution to a defined problem. PBL is an approach to instruction that prepares learners for real-world experience and causes them to learn how to research (Myers, 2008). Mergendoller, Maxwell, and Bellisimo (2006) explained that, PBL provide a more challenging, motivating and enjoyable approach to education. Furthermore, PBL is a subset of the problem-centred learning approach which is easily identifiable by the use of typically ill-structured problems which lead to ownership of the learning environment (Greening, 1998). Bansal and Kumar (2010) referred to the PBL package as an innovative, interesting and corroborated classroom transaction activities.   PBL has certain definite features as outlined by (Myers, 2008), Boud and Feletti (1997). It is a learner-centred learning process; learners collaboratively construct their own learning goals and knowledge base i. It is a small-group process ii. It is led by a facilitator rather than a teacher iii. Problems are set as a starting-point for learning and used as a tool for learners to build upon shared prior knowledge   4   3.1    THE NEED FOR PBL IN TVET TEACHING AND                LEARNING   Increasingly, learners who are being taught using traditional methods appear to be disconnected from their studies (Eubanks, 2006). The characteristics of the millennium generation include „digital literacy, experiential and engaging learning, interactivity and collaboration, immediacy and connectivity‟ (Barnes, Marateo, & Ferris, 2007). Education can no longer be exclusively based on the teacher “disseminating information/knowledge through lectures and PowerPoint slides” (Sherer & Shea, 2011). Shift away from the teacher-centred learning paradigm means moving to a more learner-centred constructivist paradigm of education. The learner now needs to focus on understanding, constructing knowledge, discovering and active engagement whereby they view the teacher or lecturer as a mentor or guide (Mergendoller et al., 2006).  Learning is not done in isolation; learners learn by doing (Skiba & Barton, 2006). They prefer to work in groups and they embrace collaborative learning (Skiba & Barton, 2006). They actively participate in the learning process, but more importantly, they are looking for direction, mentoring, guidance, feedback and good communication channels (McCrindle, 2006). PBL incorporates this approach by offering a holistic approach to teaching and learning and may well provide for greater flexibility in teaching design. The focus of educators should be on engagement and discussion, allowing learners to contemplate the material put forward, as well as to comment and question. PBL allows educators to do just that. Industry is telling the education sector they need graduates who are job ready, who are able to be productive immediately and who have a good understanding of the business they are about to be employed in. Industry also wants graduates who can be productive in the workplace from day one, so there is a clear need for PBL in the TVET sector to ensure that the needs of industry are fulfilled (Mossuto, 2009). 5    4.1  EFFECTIVENESS OF PBL IN TECHING AND LEARNING IN TVET   The PBL approach has proven to be effective in the teaching and learning of technical and vocational trades. PBL has been claimed to encourage deep learning in learners (Cowan, 2001); (Coles, 1985) & (Newble & Clarke, 1986).  PBL leads to the increased use of meaningful “deep” approaches by learners in relating to the material and the decreased use of reproductive “shallow” approaches. PBL also offers opportunities for learners to learn in teams, develop presentation skills, learn negotiation abilities and develop research skills and many other abilities (Cowan, 2001). Furthermore, in an environment of an increased number of learners decreased resources and overextended teachers, PBL is seen as an alternative approach to teaching a larger number of learners using less face- to- face contact (Cowan, 2001). Robbs and Meredith (1994) list a number of advantages that are associated with PBL modes of learning as an alternative to traditional methods:  An increased retention of information;  The development of an integrated (rather than discipline-bound) knowledge base;  An encouragement towards lifelong learning;  A greater exposure to expert experience and at an earlier stage in the curriculum;  An increased learner-teacher liaison; and  An increase in overall motivation. According to Force (2010) and Gravells (2010), PBL is the most effective active learning method known to make a positive 6   impact on the learners‟ experience. PBL is particularly effective in supporting learning, helping learners to move from surface learning to deep and profound understanding. This approach is generic and be applicable to all technical and vocational trades. 5         CONCLUSION             Using the PBL approach in teaching and learning in TVET will accelerate the learners‟ high level skills in communication and information retrieval that, in turn enable individuals to gain and apply new knowledge and skills as needed. Adapting PBL as teaching approach, will help learners to develop the ability to arrive at informed judgments by effectively defining problems, gathering and evaluating information related to those problems, and developing solutions; the ability to function in a global community; adaptability; ease with diversity; motivation and persistence (for example being a self-starter); ethical and civil behaviour; creativity and resourcefulness; technical competence; and the ability to work with others, especially in team settings. Lastly, learners will demonstrate the ability to deploy all of the previous skills to address specific problems in complex, real-world settings, in which the development of workable solutions is required. Given this set of opportunities from using the PBL approach in teaching and learning in TVET and the apparent success of the PBL approach at producing graduates with these characteristics, it is hoped that the use of PBL in TVET teaching and learning will continue to receive support.  References Baba, Nasir M. (2007). Basc Principles and methods of Teaching. 51-60.  Bansal, Vikram, & Kumar, Raj. (2010). ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING NEW METHOD OF LEARNING:-A CASE STUDY OF TEACH-NEXT.  Barnes, Kassandra, Marateo, Raymond, & Ferris, S. (2007). Teaching and learning with the net generation: Innovate. Boud, David, & Feletti, Grahame. (1997). Changing problem-based learning: 7   Introduction to the second edition. The challenge of problem-based learning, 1-14.  Coles, Colin R. (1985). Differences between conventional and problem‐based curricula in their students' approaches to studying. Medical education, 19(4), 308-309.  Cowan, John. (2001). Maggi Savin-Baden 2000. Problem-Based Learning in Higher Education: Untold Stories. Higher Education, 42(1), 139-140.  Eubanks, Steve. (2006). Millennials–Themes in Current Literature. Retrieved July, 23, 2010.  Force, Careers Profession Task. (2010). Towards a strong careers profession. Department for Education, London.  Gravells, Ann. (2010). Delivering employability skills in the lifelong learning sector: SAGE. Greening, Tony. (1998). Scaffolding for success in problem-based learning. Medical Education Online, 3.  Lucas, Bill, Spencer, Ellen, & Claxton, Guy. (2012). How to teach vocational education.  McCrindle, Mark. (2006). New generations at work: Attracting, recruiting, retaining and training Generation Y: The ABC of XYZ. Mergendoller, John R, Maxwell, Nan L, & Bellisimo, Yolanda. (2006). The effectiveness of problem-based instruction: A comparative study of instructional methods and student characteristics. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-based Learning, 1(2), 5.  Mossuto, Mark. (2009). Problem-Based Learning: Student Engagement, Learning and Contextualized Problem-Solving. Occasional Paper. National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER).  Myers, Steven C. (2008). Problem Based Learning in an Applied Econometric Curriculum. Paper presented at the Poster Session, Teaching Ideas and Projects, Allied Social Science Association Meetings, New Orleans. Newble, DI, & Clarke, RM. (1986). The approaches to learning of students in a traditional and in an innovative problem‐based medical school. Medical education, 20(4), 267-273.  Nwachukwu, Chris Ezechiyere. (2006). Designing Appropriate Methodology in Vocational and Technical Education for Nigeria., 141-142.  Ogwo, BA, & Oranu, RN. (2006). Methodology in Formal and Non-formal Technical/Vocational Education. 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The need for and importance of problem based learning in teaching and learning in TVET

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