Over the years, consolidation settlement has always been associated with effective stress increase. However, in unsaturated soils, volume change behaviour of soils due to wetting is always complex due to changes of the soil when it is inundated. The main objectives of this research are to evaluate the simulation of foundations on unsaturated soil using various soil models incorporating loading and wetting collapse of the soil and to verify the settlement behaviour through physical model and laboratory shear strength test on unsaturated soil samples. The double wall triaxial apparatus was used to determine the unsaturated shear strength of the soil following Curved Surface Envelope Soil Shear Strength Model

Mohamed Jais, Ismacahyadi Bagus

Over the years, consolidation settlement has always been associated with effective stress increase. However, in unsaturated soils, volume change behaviour of soils due to wetting is always complex due to changes of the soil when it is inundated. The main objectives of this research are to evaluate the simulation of foundations on unsaturated soil using various soil models incorporating loading and wetting collapse of the soil and to verify the settlement behaviour through physical model and laboratory shear strength test on unsaturated soil samples. The double wall triaxial apparatus was used to determine the unsaturated shear strength of the soil following Curved Surface Envelope Soil Shear Strength Model. The Modified Rowe’s cell apparatus was used to model the loading and wetting collapse behaviour of the soil, hence simulate using the Rotational Multiple Yield Surface Framework. The proposed shear strength equation and model for saturated and unsaturated conditions are in good agreements with the Kuala Kubu Baharu granite residual soil, which proves that the Curved Surface Envelope Soil Shear Strength Model is applicable to gravels and granite residual soil with 30 % fines. Hence, the prediction of the stress strain response for every specimen can be established during initial shearing of the specimen producing a general unique relationship between minimum mobilised friction angle, Ømoh against axial strain, ɛₐ. The unique relationship curve follows the true behaviour of soil since the stiffness is related to the resisting strength parameters, which are Ø’moh and ea. A settlement comparison was made between the simulated settlement values and the laboratory modelling showing that the simulation is almost similar to the laboratory modelling and is in good agreements to the laboratory modelling for unsaturated Kuala Kubu Baharu granite residual soil. This showed that significant settlements occurred when the soil is nearly saturated. In conclusion, the shear strength of granite residual soil predicted from the simulation using Curved Surface Envelope Soil Shear Strength Model is in good agreements with the triaxial test results and the wetting collapse settlement can be explained from the simulation and validation using Rotational Multiple Yield Surface Framework. In fact, the experimental results agreed with the simulation and formulation produced from this model and framework, hence, the complex wetting collapse behaviour of unsaturated soil can be explained and predicted with this fundamental approach

UiTM Institutional Repository (Univ. Teknologi MARA)

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARAMODELLING OF COLLAPSE SETTLEMENT BY EFFECTIVE STRESS AND SHEAR STRENGTH INTERACTION FOR GRANITE RESIDUAL SOILISMACAHYADI BAGUS MOHAMED JAISThesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of PhilosophyFaculty of Civil EngineeringApril 2014AUTHOR’S DECLARATIONI declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the regulations of Universiti Teknologi MARA. It is original and is the results of my own work, unless otherwise indicated or acknowledged as referenced work. This topic has not been submitted to any other academic institution or non-academic institution for any degree or qualification.I, hereby, acknowledge that I have been supplied with the Academic Rules and Regulations for Post Graduate, Universiti Teknologi MARA, regulating the conduct of my study and research.Name of Student Ismacahyadi Bagus Mohamed JaisStudent I.D. No. 2007241226Programme :Faculty :Thesis Title :Signature of StudentDate :Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering (Numerical Geomechanics)Faculty of Civil EngineeringModelling of Collapse Shear StrengtnVnteractioiApril 2014ent by Effective Stress and ranite Residual SoiliiABSTRACTOver the years, consolidation settlement has always been associated with effective stress increase. However, in unsaturated soils, volume change behaviour of soils due to wetting is always complex due to changes of the soil when it is inundated. The main objectives of this research are to evaluate the simulation of foundations on unsaturated soil using various soil models incorporating loading and wetting collapse of the soil and to verify the settlement behaviour through physical model and laboratory shear strength test on unsaturated soil samples. The double wall triaxial apparatus was used to determine the unsaturated shear strength of the soil following Curved Surface Envelope Soil Shear Strength Model. The Modified Rowe’s cell apparatus was used to model the loading and wetting collapse behaviour of the soil, hence simulate using the Rotational Multiple Yield Surface Framework. The proposed shear strength equation and model for saturated and unsaturated conditions are in good agreements with the Kuala Kubu Baharu granite residual soil, which proves that the Curved Surface Envelope Soil Shear Strength Model is applicable to gravels and granite residual soil with 30 % fines. Hence, the prediction of the stress strain response for every specimen can be established during initial shearing of the specimen producing a general unique relationship between minimum mobilised friction angle, ^min against axial strain, sa. The unique relationship curve follows the truebehaviour of soil since the stiffness is related to the resisting strength parameters, which are ^ 'min and ea. A settlement comparison was made between the simulatedsettlement values and the laboratory modelling showing that the simulation is almost similar to the laboratory modelling and is in good agreements to the laboratory modelling for unsaturated Kuala Kubu Baharu granite residual soil. This showed that significant settlements occurred when the soil is nearly saturated. In conclusion, the shear strength of granite residual soil predicted from the simulation using Curved Surface Envelope Soil Shear Strength Model is in good agreements with the triaxial test results and the wetting collapse settlement can be explained from the simulation and validation using Rotational Multiple Yield Surface Framework. In fact, the experimental results agreed with the simulation and formulation produced from this model and framework, hence, the complex wetting collapse behaviour of unsaturated soil can be explained and predicted with this fundamental approach.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSIn the name of Allah, the Most Beneficent and the Most Merciful. Praised be to Him that I have managed to complete my work with His blessings and knowledge bestowed upon me. First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hj. Mohd Jamaludin Md. Noor and to my co-supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yasmin Ashaari for their supervision, guidance and patience in guiding me throughout the overall process of this research. Without them, the idea and knowledge imparted could not be achieved and written in this research for the development of theoretical soil mechanics for unsaturated soils.I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to the ones I love, my mothers, Che’ Amah Hanafi and Zaiton Sapie, my siblings, Iskandar Hana Mohamed Jais, Ismawijaya Mohamed Jais and Ismie Roha Mohamed Jais, my wife, Suzana Mohd Shaid and my children, Syahmi Isyraq Ismacahyadi, Irdina Syahirah Ismacahyadi and Irdina Syazwina Ismacahyadi for their support, motivation, du’a and patience in order for me to achieve my goals in this research. My passion towards this research has made me less responsible to the people I love and I owe them millions of apologies for the inconvenience caused.I would like to extend my warmest gratitude to the people involved in this research, the laboratory technicians, Mohd. Akhbar Abdul Hamid, Muhamad Fuad Ahmad and Nor Haidi Mat Saud for their kind assistance and provisions to this research work. I would also like to express my appreciation to my colleagues and friends, especially to my previous supervisors, Assoc. Prof. Ir. Hj. Bahardin Baharom from Universiti Teknologi MARA, Penang campus and Dr. Mohamed Rouainia from University of Newcastle upon Tyne, because of their contribution to the knowledge I acquired during my undergraduate and MSc degrees has developed the experience and expertise gained during this research.Finally, I would like to dedicate this research to my late fathers, Mohamed Jais Mohajer and Mohd Shaid Jaafar. Without them, I would not have achieved this honour. Their departure is truly missed and loved forever. Al-Fatihah.TABLE OF CONTENTSPageAUTHOR’S DECLARATION iiABSTRACT iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENT ivTABLE OF CONTENTS vLIST OF TABLES xvLIST OF FIGURES xxiLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xlvCHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 11.1 INTRODUCTION 11.2 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 11.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT 21.4 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 41.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 41.6 SCOPE OF WORK 51.6.1 Limitations 51.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH 61.8 REVIEW OF CHAPTERS 7CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 92.1 INTRODUCTION 92.2 SHEAR STRENGTH FOR SATURATED AND UNSATURATED SOILS 92.2.1 Development of Effective Stress Equation for Unsaturated Soils 112.2.2 Development of the Shear Strength Equations for UnsaturatedSoil 15

Modelling of collapse settlement by effective stress and shear strength interaction for granite residual soil / Ismacahyadi Bagus Mohamed Jais

I n s t i t u t e  o f  G r a d u a t e  S t u d i e s  ( I G S )* (MS) = Main Supervisor       (CS) = Co Supervisor6123Name :Frag Ahmed Ma KridanTitle :Development And Performance Determination Of Warm Mix Asphalt Using Rap For Malaysian ConditionsSupervisor : Associate Prof. Ir. Dr. Ahmad Kamil Arshad (MS)Dr. Juraidah Hj. Ahmed  (CS)Name :Ismacahyadi Bagus Mohamed JaisTitle :Modelling Of Collapse Settlement By Effective Stress And Shear Strength Interaction For Granite Residual SoilSupervisor : Associate Prof. Dr. Hj. Mohd Jamaludin Md Noor  (MS)Associate Prof. Dr. Yasmin Ashaari (CS)Name :Mohd Adib Mohammad RaziTitle :Development Of Rainfall Model For Flood Level Simulation Incorporating Tidal EffectsSupervisor : Prof. Ir. Dr. Hjh. Junaidah Ariffin  (MS)Associate Prof. Dr. Wardah Tahir (CS)Dr. Wan Azli Wan Hassan (CS)Current concerns on the scarcity of resources necessitate the road building industry to review its production of asphaltic concrete. The use of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) technologies with asphalt mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) may provide synergistic advantages. WMA-RAP mixes conserves scarce resources such as aggregates by using RAP as partial replacement of aggregates and reduces the use of energy (reduction in production temperature) by using WMA additives. Most specifications allow not more than 30% RAP as higher percentages of RAP introduces variability in the material properties and produces inconsistencies in asphalt mix properties. The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of warm mix asphalt with high proportions of RAP (30%, 40% and 50%) and using Sasobit as the warm mix additive to reduce the mixing and compaction temperature. The research focused on performance investigations of conventional hot mix asphalt using AC14 gradation as control mix and three types of warm mix asphalt with AC14 gradation incorporating high proportions of RAP (30%, 40%, and 50% RAP). The research was carried out in three phases, namely; the pilot phase to ensure that all research materials conform to the specifications, Over the years, consolidation settlement has always been associated with effective stress increase. However, in unsaturated soils, volume change behaviour of soils due to wetting is always complex due to changes of the soil when it is inundated. The main objectives of this research are to evaluate the simulation of foundations on unsaturated soil using various soil models incorporating loading and wetting collapse of the soil and to verify the settlement behaviour through physical model and laboratory shear strength test on unsaturated soil samples. The double wall triaxial apparatus was used to determine the unsaturated shear strength of the soil following Curved Surface Envelope Soil Shear Strength Model. The Modified Rowe’s cell apparatus was used to model the loading and wetting collapse behaviour of the soil, hence simulate using the Rotational Multiple Yield Surface Framework. The proposed shear strength equation and model for saturated and unsaturated conditions are in good agreements with the Kuala Kubu Baharu granite Flood simulation models that have been developed in these decades are mostly influenced by local factors. Building a good flood model begins with determining the amount of rainfall that is influenced by local meteorology; and this model can estimate the rainfall pattern in the next catchment area, in which the runoff will flow to the ocean. However, most of the developed models are not capable of merging the whole hydrologic cycle, where the models should incorporate rainfall models with meteorological parameters. This step is very important as to first, project the amount of rainfall in a particular catchment area, considering the overall hydrologic model and second, to identify the areas with flood risks, considering the tidal effect. In order to fix the shortcoming, this study introduces a rainfall model that has been developed using selected rainfall parameters with the aim to recognize rainfall depth in a catchment area. In order to examine its ability, the rainfall model will be integrated with selected hydrologic models after the development phase. The result will influence quantity of flood in the catchment area, if a flood simulation model that considers every factor in hydrologic cycle were to be developed. This study proposes a rainfall model that utilizes the amount of rainfall, temperature, humidity Faculty of Civil EngineeringL e a d i n g  Y o u  T o  G r e a t e r  H e i g h t s ,  D e g r e e  b y  D e g r e e 7the second phase was to carry out the mix design to produce the WMA-RAP mixes and the third phase was to investigate the performance of the mixes. Marshall Method was used to produce all samples to determine the proper concentration of Sasobit to be added into the asphaltic concrete, and in establishing the suitable mixing and compaction temperature, this phase also consist of the determination of optimum bitumen content for 30%, 40% and 50% RAP mixes. The criteria followed are those set in Section 4, Malaysian Specification for Road works, published by the Public Works Department of Malaysia (PWD Malaysia). Thereafter, the volumetric properties, Marshall stability, flow and the performance of all mixes in terms of stiffness, moisture damage, rut depth and fatigue were investigated. The results show no substantial differences in volumetric properties.  The stability and stiffness values of WMA-RAP mixes were higher than those of the control mix. The rut depths of all WMA-RAP residual soil, which proves that the Curved Surface Envelope Soil Shear Strength Model is applicable to gravels and granite residual soil with 30 % fines. Hence, the prediction of the stress strain response for every specimen can be established during initial shearing of the specimen producing a general unique relationship between minimum mobilised friction angle,   minmoh against axial strain, εa. The unique relationship curve follows the true behaviour of soil since the stiffness is related to the resisting strength parameters, which are   minmoh and εa. A settlement comparison was made between the simulated settlement values and the laboratory modelling showing that the simulation is almost similar to the laboratory modelling and is in good agreements to the laboratory modelling for unsaturated Kuala Kubu Baharu granite and pressure records taken from selected stations in Peninsular Malaysia and they are analyzed using SPSS multiple regression model. The analysis shows that the selected meteorological parameters influence the rainfall development. As a result, the rainfall model developed for Senai proves that it can be used in Kota Tinggi catchment area within the limit boundaries, as the two stations are close from one another. Then, the amounts of rainfall at the Senai and Kota Tinggi stations are compared and the calibration analysis shows that the proposed rainfall model can be used in both areas. Kota Tinggi, Johor is chosen as the study area because of its flood records in 2006 and 2007. The amount of rainfall collected from selected stations in Kota Tinggi catchment has been processed using hydrologic model, HEC-HMS to identify the ability of Kota Tinggi as a catchment area in order to accommodate a huge amount of runoff that can cause flooding. During calibration process, the tests mixes were relatively lower than the control mix. The fatigue life-cycle, all WMA-RAP mixes performed better than the control mix. The WMA-RAP mixes also met the minimum Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) criteria of 80%. The performance models have been developed through regression analysis for resilient modulus, moisture damage, rut depth, and fatigue. It can be concluded that WMA-RAP mixes performed similar to or better than the conventional hot mix asphalt. It is recommended that further research on the performance of WMA-RAP is carried out for other gradation types and asphalt mixes. Also, a full scale study should also be carried out to measure and compare the field performance of WMA-RAP mixes with conventional hot mix asphalt mixes. residual soil. This showed that significant settlements occurred when the soil is nearly saturated. In conclusion, the shear strength of granite residual soil predicted from the simulation using Curved Surface Envelope Soil Shear Strength Model is in good agreements with the triaxial test results and the wetting collapse settlement can be explained from the simulation and validation using Rotational Multiple Yield Surface Framework. In fact, the experimental results agreed with the simulation and formulation produced from this model and framework, hence, the complex wetting collapse behaviour of unsaturated soil can be explained and predicted with this fundamental approach.demonstrate that the simulation data and the data from previous floods are almost similar. This result suggests that the damaging floods in 2006 and 2007 were caused by Sungai Johor’s incapability to accommodate the increased amount of rainfall and tidal effect at that time. In addition, flood inundation model is then developed for Kota Tinggi’s catchment area, which includes Sungai Johor and the lowland areas in Kota Tinggi, using InfoWork RS and SURF7. The flood inundation model integrated with hydrologic and rainfall models produce data that resembles the data collected during flooding. In conclusion, the calibration analysis and validation for each suggested model show that the combination of rainfall, hydrologic and simulation models enhance the overall result and could be developed using selected parameters for each catchment area of interest. 

http://ir.uitm.edu.my/19315/1/ABS_ISMACAHYADI%20BAGUS%20MOHAMED%20JAIS%20TDRA%20VOL%206%20IGS_14.pdf

Modelling of collapse settlement by effective stress and shear strength interaction for granite residual soil / Ismacahyadi Bagus Mohamed Jais

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