Abdollahi, Mohammad

Bahadar, Haji

Maqbool, Faheem

Niaz, Kamal

Eldorado - Repository of the TU Dortmund

EXCLI Journal 2016;15:5-9 – ISSN 1611-2156 Received: November 01, 2015, accepted: December 06, 2015, published: January 06, 2016   5 Guest editorial: CAN BACTERIUM UD1023 LESSEN THE UPTAKE AND  BIOACCUMULATION OF HEAVY METALS IN PLANTS?  AN UPDATE  Kamal Niaz1 , Faheem Maqbool1, Haji Bahadar2, Mohammad Abdollahi1 *  1 Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, International Campus, Tehran, Iran 2 Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat, Pakistan  * Corresponding author: Mohammad Abdollahi, Dean, Department of Toxicology and  Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-21-66959104;  E-mail: Mohammad.Abdollahi@uToronto.ca or Mohammad@tums.ac.ir  http://dx.doi.org/10.17179/excli2015-661  This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).    Abbreviations: Ni – Nickel; Cd – Cadmium; TL – Thallium; As – Arsenic; DEHP - Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalates; DBP - Di-n-butyl phthalates; AMF - Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; MHB - Mycorrhizal helping bac-teria; PGPR - Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria; ↑ - Increased; ↓ - Reduced    Pollution of water and soil with heavy metals highlights one of the most important public health threats. Soil and plants are pol-luted with heavy metals like nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), thallium (Tl) and arsenic (As) which mostly comes from the irrigation system, chemical industry, agrochemicals, and pesticides in the environment. The plant root signifies the first barrier to the selective accumulation of ions and heavy metals pre-sent in the soil. Kinetic data, uptake for nu-trient ions and chemically related nonnutri-ent analogs suggest that metabolic processes associated with root absorption of nutrients regulate both rate of absorption and the affin-ity of specific nonnutrient ions. Differnet de-tailed kinetic studies of Ni, Cd, and Tl up-take by intact plants demonstrate multiphasic root absorption processes over a wide range of concentration (Cataldo and Wildung, 1978). For example, wheat and some vegeta-bles have been reported to bio-accumulate heavy metals more than WHO/FAO permis-sible level. In addition, excessive application of pesticides and herbicides in the agriculture for the protection of plants from diseases and high production is also a threat to humans (Bahadar et al., 2014). Some of the trace el-ements (phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium) are necessary for the plant growth, but with that plants also take noxious metals and met-alloids. The metals concentrations are differ-ent among various plants species and body parts. A study conducted in the Hamadan Province, Iran proves that metals (copper, zinc, iron and magnesium) accumulation de-pends on different factors like metals con-centration, pH, electrical conductivity, nutri-ents in the subsoil (substrata). The results showed that zinc and copper concentration in aboveground and underground tissues plants were significantly positive related to their to-tal subsoil amount and soil phosphorus had negative affectson copper, iron and zinc EXCLI Journal 2016;15:5-9 – ISSN 1611-2156 Received: November 01, 2015, accepted: December 06, 2015, published: January 06, 2016   6 (Nouri et al., 2009). The bioaccumulation of the phthalates and their metabolites like Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalates (DEHP) and Di-n- butyl phthalates (DBP) in some medicinal plants and agricultural crops (radish, wheat) which is a human carcinogen, having ad-verse effects on different organs, reproduc-tive and developmental anomalies (Saeidnia and Abdollahi, 2013).  THE ROLE OF MICROBES Microbes present in the rhizoshperes re-gion of soil play an important role in the phytoremediation of the metals (Khan, 2005). Mostly, in the nonagricultural sur-roundings, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), mycorrhizal helping bacteria (MHB), p-solubilizing bacteria, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are helping to sustain the soil fertility than in conventional agriculture and forestry, where constant and high use of pesticide and herbi-cide minimize their significance. These mi-crobes twitch their work when significant concentration is achieved like quorum sens-ing. AMF produce high amount of insoluble glomalin and glycoprotein which impound trace elements and play role in the mainte-nance of contaminated soils (Khan, 2005). Furthermore, the role of some important soil microbes to reduce or immobilize the metals, their transclocation in the plants is shown in the Table 1. This means that phytoremedia-tion is a low cost strategy, tolerance to dis-ease in situ technology applied to remove or control heavy metals in the soils.  However, high concentration of heavy metals adversely effects the plant growth. As there are different role of heavy metals in the plant including their role as electron carrier, catalyzing enzymatic activities, in the redox reactions, and their presence in the structure of DNA and RNA. In addition, heavy metals also influence the functionality of enzymes   Table 1: The role of soil microorganisms characterized for their potential role to reduce/immobilize the heavy metals and other trace elements Microorganisms Origin Microbial effects in metals References Pseudomonas putida Panki power plant,  Kanpur-India ↑Pb and Cd in Phaseolus vulgaris Tripathi et al., 2005 Pseudomonas Tomato and chickpea field, Ahmadabad-India ↑Ni accumulation chick-pea plants Tank and Saraf, 2009 Burkholderia capecia Hunan and Zhejiang prov-inces, China Solubilized CdCO3, ZnCO3 and ZnO Li et al., 2010 Azotobacter species Mangenese Mine Spoil Dump Near Gumgaon, India Immobilized Cr and Cd and decrease their uptake by Triticum aestivum also Joshi and Juwarkar, 2009 Glomus mosseae Sorhgum Immobilized Cd, Pb and Cu accumulation. ↑plant fitness and soil fer-tility  Gonzalez-Chavez et al., 2004 Rhodococcus specie, Delftia specie,  Comamonas specie and Streptomyces  lividans specie National Microbilogy La-boratory of Huazhong Ag-ricultural University, China↓ As (VI) to As (III), ↑plant cell enzymatic activities  Yang et al., 2012 Serratia specie Nodules of Lupinus con-sentinii ↓ translocation of Cd, Cu and As from roots to shoots in Lupinus luteus Aafi et al., 2012  EXCLI Journal 2016;15:5-9 – ISSN 1611-2156 Received: November 01, 2015, accepted: December 06, 2015, published: January 06, 2016   7 as well as protein. The functionality, activity and permeability of plasma membrane of the plants are effected by heavy metals. The oxi-dative stress of heavy metals also influences the plants growth by production of reactive oxygen species (Miransari, 2015). To overcome such problems, using dif-ferent mechanisms that plants must be able to keep ions hemostasis in their tissue by de-toxifying the adverse effects of heavy metals. The different strategies for the remediation of heavy metals and other trace elements are shown in Figure 1. The presence of organic products, like phytochelatin and metallothi-oneins inside the cell, having high affinity for absorption of heavy metals, can control their cellular concentration (Miransari, 2015). Even phytoremediation, bioremedia-tion and bioengineering will help to lessen the bioaccumulation of metals in the plants. The future importance of bacterium UD1023 characterized as naturally occurring in the soil by Harsh Bais and Janine Sherier of the University of Delaware’s, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences (Sohn, 2014). UD1023 was identified for the first time in the soil of rice (Oryza Sativa) field in Cali-fornia by Bais (2006). The basic function of UD1023 is to create an oily iron layer around the root of the rice that acts as a barrier for uptake of arsenic to grains. This bacterium is naturally present in the rhizosphere region of the soil that is enriched with soil microor-ganisms (Sohn, 2014). Arsenic is found in the environment (soil, water) and also in food chain contaminants, specifically in rice that cause deleterious effects on human health in high rice consuming peoples (Zhao et al., 2010). In addition some other heavy metals have also been reported recently to induce endocrine disorders in humans (Maqbool et al., 2015). The preliminary study showed that UD1023 collect iron from the soil around the roots and slow down the arsenic uptake. The researchers have not yet determined that how exactly this process works and how much percentage of arsenic level is reduced through this process. Harsh Bais proposed hypothesis that roots drive out the oxygen, which oxidize the iron in the soil, making iron rust around the roots that prevent arsenic from binding and it outside of the plants. The complex and keeping  eco-logical process occurs in the rhizospere re-gion of the soil in which root exudates also help in signaling events, plant roots and oth-er plants interaction (Storrs, 2014; Bais et al., 2006; Sandle, 2013). Furthermore, Scientists have discovered the transporter proteins to help in carrying of heavy metals and metal-loids into the roots. If they identify the gene responsible for the action of transporter pro-teins, then the flow of arsenic to the roots can be blocked. If researchers control or fix the arsenic uptake in the rice plants it might be helpful in the future because in the Chi-nese population 60 % arsenic come from rice (Sohn, 2014).  This work is under study and the re-searchers want to determine the mechanisms involved in the slowdown of arsenic move-ment into the roots and also to the edible portion of the plants by the UD1023. Our idea about this bacterium is related to scien-tists achievement in future, when they will successfully find the mechanism, how it mo-bilize iron and diminish the uptake of not on-ly arsenic but also other noxious heavy met-als. Other need of the hour is that scientists should successfully modify the roots of the rice and other plants as well as the soil with this bacterium. Then it will be helpful in practical application in agriculture. Coating seeds with this bacterium will have great im-portance if we utilize the low cost approach-es and easy implementation to take a negli-gible level of arsenic in the human food chain. And we are of the opinion that this approach might be helpful in confining the uptake of other metals like cadmium, lead and mercury.   EXCLI Journal 2016;15:5-9 – ISSN 1611-2156 Received: November 01, 2015, accepted: December 06, 2015, published: January 06, 2016   8  Figure 1: Classification of remediation strategies for heavy metals and other trace elements   REFERENCES Aafi NE, Brhada F, Dary M, Maltouf AF, Pajuelo E. Rhizostabilization of metals in soils using Lupinus lu-teus inoculated with the metal resistant rhizobacte-rium Serratia sp. MSMC541. Int J Phytoremediation. 2012;14:261-74. Bahadar H, Mostafalou S, Abdollahi M. Growing burden of diabetes in Pakistan and the possible role of arsenic and pesticides. J Diab Metab Disord. 2014;13: 117. Bais HP, Weir TL, Perry LG, Gilroy S, Vivanco JM. The role of root exudates in rhizosphere interactions with plants and other organisms. Annu Rev Plant Bi-ol. 2006;57:233-66. Cataldo D, Wildung R. Soil and plant factors influ-encing the accumulation of heavy metals by plants. Environ Health Perspect. 1978;27:149. Cobb GP, Sands K, Waters M, Wixson BG, Dorward-King E. Accumulation of heavy metals by vegetables grown in mine wastes. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2000; 19:600-7. Gonzalez-Chavez M, Carrillo-Gonzalez R, Wright S, Nichols K. The role of glomalin, a protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in sequestering po-tentially toxic elements. Environ Pollut. 2004;130: 317-23. Joshi PM, Juwarkar AA. In vivo studies to elucidate the role of extracellular polymeric substances from Azotobacter in immobilization of heavy metals. Envi-ron Sci Technol. 2009;43:5884-9. Khan AG. Role of soil microbes in the rhizospheres of plants growing on trace metal contaminated soils in phytoremediation. J Trace Elements Med Biol. 2005; 18:355-64. 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New technique to reduce arsenic levels in rice. Environment. 2013, 3rd May.  http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/349416 Sohn E. Contamination: the toxic side of rice. Nature. 2014;514:62-3. Storrs C. Fighting poisons with bacteria: going inside the rice microbiome. 2014. New York Times, 16.09.2014 http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/16/science/going-inside-the-rice-microbiome.html  Tank N, Saraf M. Enhancement of plant growth and decontamination of nickel‐spiked soil using PGPR. J Basic Microbiol. 2009;49:195-204. Tripathi M, Munot HP, Shouche Y, Meyer JM, Goel R. Isolation and functional characterization of sidero-phore-producing lead-and cadmium-resistant Pseu-domonas putida KNP9. Curr Microbiol. 2005;50:233-7. Yang Q, Tu S, Wang G, Liao X, Yan X. Effectiveness of applying arsenate reducing bacteria to enhance ar-senic removal from polluted soils by Pteris vittata L. Int J Phytoremediation. 2012;14:89-99. Zhao FJ, Mcgrath SP, Meharg AA. 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Can bacterium UD1023 lessen the uptake and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in plants?

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Can bacterium UD1023 lessen the uptake and bioaccumulation of heavy metals in plants?

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