Jayawickrama, Janaka

O'Brien, Geoff

O'Keefe, Phil

Rose, Joanne

English

Northumbria Research Link

AND THE CIRCLES, THEY GO ROUNDAND ROUND…UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON2011GLOBAL FACTS• Humanitarian budget 1990-2010 increase 12 fold(OECD DAC data).• All databases, despite incompleteness, show a risein natural hazards.• Little disasters or mundane events have greatercumulative impact than large scale events.• The rise in natural hazards dominated by climaticevents, particularly flood and drought.• Rule of thumb: a flood at 10% of the impact ofdrought gets equal media coverage – August 2010Pakistan floods, 2000+ dead and rising, Nigerdrought 400,000 severe malnutrition.RELIEF OPERATIONSThe humanitarian aid given to people in distress byindividuals, organisations, or governments with thecore purpose of preventing and alleviating humansuffering.The Principles of Humanitarian Aid• Impartiality: no discrimination• Neutrality: do not take sides• Independence: retain autonomyINCREASING DISASTERSNatural Hazards: 2000-2009 there were 385natural disasters an increase of 233% since1980-1989 and 67% increase since 1990-1999.• Increased climatic variability• Increased population pressures• Environmental (???) refugeesCOMPLEX EMERGENCIES• Characterized by breakdown of government andinternal or external conflict• 1975-1985: 5 Complex emergencies worldwide• By 1995: 50 Complex emergencies worldwide• Conflict has taken over from drought as theprimary cause of famine!• 740,000 people die each year as a result ofconflict• In 2009 there were more IDPs from conflict thanany point since the mid 1990sHUMANITARIAN SYSTEMFour Main Actors• Donor Governments• United Nations• ICRCINGOsThe UN Division of Labour OCHA: Policy & Planning WFP: food delivery & logistics UNHCR: Refugees & IDPs, ShelterUNICEF: Child health , education,• nutrition and WASH FAO: Emergency agriculture ICRC & MSF: Health WHO: Policy & programmingOn-the-ground management and effectivecoordination remains the weakest linkFUNDING• The CAP (established 1991) is the main tool forcoordination, strategic planning and programming.• Since 1992, over 100 donor countries have donatedover US$42 billion to more than 50 countries andregions.• Aid peaked in 2005 at US$13.1 billion and humanitarianaid budgets have continually increased since the 1980s.• Despite increasing aid budgets humanitarian sectorsremain grossly underfunded.• In 2005, the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF),a UN relief fund, was established. Its aim is to addressthe gaps, and delays of aid contributionsHUMANITARIAN APPEALSHumanitarian Consolidated & Flash AppealRequirements Met Per SectorSector 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Food 89% 88% 88% 92% 61%Health 32% 49% 48% 47% 34%Shelter & NFIs 27% 41% 51% 54% 33%Water & Sanitation 30% 44% 53% 49% 27%GLOBAL INTERPRETATIONS• Vulnerability associated withunderdevelopment; resilience associated withdevelopment• Under globalisation, a different level of riskGLOBAL INTERPRETATIONSNo. No.• The erosion of entitlement; the collapse of pre-capitalist coping mechanisms• Understanding pre-capitalist and capitalist modesof productionUS$ US$Well-BeingTotal “Well-Being” greater butinsensitivity leads to recurring disasterTraditional CopingMechanisms:sensitivebut notnecessarily resilientto outside pressuresDisasterTimeMinimum Well-BeingTHE DEVELOPED WORLD CONTEXT• Policy Driver is the Risk Society (Beck, 1992; Giddens,1991)• In 21st century the more specific driver is theSecurity Agenda• Complex Emergencies• Policy outcome is a drive to resilience• Resilience is focused on First Responders “BlueLight” services• Community is there to be protected, but notinvolved, despite being the real First Responder• Bounce-Back Ability is only focused Businessand Responder ContinuityTHE LIMITS OF CAPITAL AND RISKScaleMarket RefusedbyMarketBeyondMarketPrivateCapitalSocialLosses ($)CapitalBIG ISSUES• Humanitarianism as a right???• Dunant Vs Wilson• Majority of the humanitarian aid recipientsare Muslim (Hyder, 2007)• Oligopoly of INGOs• Tsunami as an exception• LRRD or DRR?• Where does adaptation feature?CLIMATE ADAPTATION• The Green Climate Fund promises $100 billionp.a. by 2020 – where will this come from?• In 2007 UNFCCC estimated the total fundingneeded for adaptation by 2030 could amountto between $49-171bn per annum globally, ofwhich $27 and 66bn would accrue indeveloping countries• Will the new humanitarianism becomeadaptation?CONCLUSION• Consider where we are now: DRR/CC/MDGs orMDGS/CC/DRR• Much is beyond the market, both the event and thedefinition of vulnerability• As academics we have confused the arguments bytrying to incorporate everything into risk models(people, technology and hazards with all theirattendant histories)• To serve vulnerable people well we mustconcentrate on addressing the issues ofvulnerability• We must again un-package the paradigm of riskTHANK YOUProf. Phil O’KeefeDr. Geoff O’BrienJoanne RoseDr. Janaka JayawickramaREFERENCESO’Brien, G. et al., (2010), Approaching disastermanagement through social learning, DisasterPrevention and Management, Vol 19; No 4O’Keefe, P. and Rose, J. (2008) Relief Operations,Encyclopedia of Public Health, pp506-513Elsevier Inc.O’Keefe, P. and Rose, J. (2008), Humanitarian Aid,Companion to Development Studies, Chapter9.4, Hodder Education

And the circles, they go round: role of humanitarian aid

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