Atmospheric ionization and cosmic rays: studies and measurements before 1912

Abstract

The discovery of cosmic rays, a milestone in science, was based on the work by scientists in Europe and the New World and took place during a period characterised by nationalism and lack of communication. Many scientists that took part in this research a century ago were intrigued by the penetrating radiation and tried to understand the origin of it. Several important contributions to the discovery of the origin of cosmic rays have been forgotten; historical, political and personal facts might have contributed to their substantial disappearance from the history of science.Comment: Presented at the conference "100 Years Cosmic Ray Physics - Anniversary of the V.F. Hess Discovery"; 6 - 8 August, Bad Saarow/Pieskow, Germany (the place where Hess landed 7th Aug 1912 after discovery