Berdeaux, G

Hieke, K

Hutchinson, J

Lafuma, A

Lopatriello, S

Mimaud, V

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749Abstracts
of 128 scenarios was selected from 729 possible scenarios (3
power 6) in order to test second-order interactions. Interviews
with 21 healthcare professionals (nurses and nursing auxiliaries)
ascertained the duration of assistance required for 18 of the 128
scenarios, selected at random. The economic perspective was
that of society. The link between time spent, costs, and factor
scores was derived from linear and non-linear models. These
functions were applied to the 16,945 subjects in order to esti-
mate the assistance time required. Comparisons between blind,
low vision and control subjects were performed using an
ANOVA with adjustments for age, number of people in the
household, and number of handicaps. RESULTS: Average care-
hours per annum were 682.7 for blind people, 261.4 hours for
low vision subjects, and 147.5 for controls. The annual care
budget was 6750€ for blind subjects, and 1463€ for subjects with
low vision. The total mean yearly nationwide care cost to fami-
lies for visual impairment was estimated at 2025.9€m. CON-
CLUSIONS: Screening and treatment programs aimed at
preserving vision should beneﬁt society and would help to reduce
expenditures on assistance time due to visual impairment.
PES12
NON-MEDICAL COSTS RELATED TO VISUAL IMPAIRMENT IN
FOUR EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY
AND THE UNITED KINGDOM)
Lafuma A1, Lopatriello S2, Hieke K3, Hutchinson J4, Mimaud V1,
Berdeaux G5
1CEMKA, Bourg la Reine, France; 2PBE-Consulting,Verona, Italy; 3Neos
Health, Binningen, Switzerland; 4Fourth Hurdle Consulting Ltd,
London, UK; 5Alcon France SA, Rueil-Malmaison, France
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the non-medical costs related to
visual impairment in four European countries. METHODS:
Counts of visually impaired people, deﬁned according to local
rules, were extracted from National Registers, and for France
from two recent nation-wide surveys realized by INSEE. Esti-
mated numbers of non-registered persons were based on the lit-
erature and expert opinion. Estimation of non-medical cost
included stay in institution, medical devices, home adaptations,
burden on carer, paid home help, loss of income and social
allowances related to visual impairment. Unit costs were
obtained from National databases, local manufacturers and the
Web. Also, in France, interviews were conducted on 21 health-
care professionals to estimate the duration of assistance required
by visually impaired people. These durations were used to eval-
uate the cost of paid home help in each of the four countries.
RESULTS: Visually impaired subjects in France, Germany, Italy
and the UK numbered, respectively, 1.27, 0.73, 1.03 and 1.11
million, including 55,9%, 10%, 80%, and 64% non-registered
persons. The institutionalization rate of visually impaired
persons were 7.8%, 9.6%, 10.9% and 10.0%, respectively. Total
annual costs for visually impaired people were estimated at
10,749€m, 9338€m, 12,069€m, and 15,180€m in France,
Germany, Italy and the UK, respectively. The main costs attrib-
utable to visual impairment were “loss of income” (22.6% to
42.5%), “burden on carer” (23.5% to 38.6%), “paid assistance”
(12.4% to 27.8%) and “social allowances” (4.8% to 8.8%).
CONCLUSIONS: The total non-medical costs attributable to
visual impairment are considerable, amounting to 8.1%, 4.7%,
12.4%, and 14.9% of the National Health expenditure of
France, Germany, Italy and the UK, respectively. However, they
were under-estimated because many blind people were not reg-
istered. Also, the total costs did not include allowances that
should have been paid to non-registered persons.
PES13
A COST MINIMISATION ANALYSIS OF CUSTOM PAK® FOR
CATARACT SURGERY
Lafuma A1, Smith AF2
1CEMKA, Bourg la Reine, France; 2University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
OBJECTIVES: To compare the cost of disposable items used
during cataract surgery with and without Custom Pak ® in two
French public centres. METHODS: Custom Pak ® is a cus-
tomised package that provides all the necessary disposable
devices speciﬁed by a surgeon for cataract surgery in one sterile
bag. An exploratory time and motion analysis of cataract surg-
eries at two well-known French public centres was carried out
to compare operations performed with the customized versus
regular set ups. The time and category of employees involved
during the cataract surgery was recorded from the start to the
ﬁnish of the operation. Moreover, the time costs of profession-
als was calculated from available information. The potential for
increasing turnover to the hospitals was also estimated.
RESULTS: The main time savings beneﬁt with the Custom Pak®
was observed during the preparation phase of the cataract sur-
gical intervention. The mean time of surgical preparation was
decreased by 10.45 minutes with a total time deceased of 16.15
minutes for the individual surgeon. The savings associated with
this gain in time was estimated to be 17.63€ as compared with
an incremental Custom Pak ® cost of 11.30€. During one oper-
ating session of 4 hours, the Custom Pak ® allowed the hospi-
tals to perform 1.02 more cataract operations (n = 4.36 cataract
operations without Custom Pak® and n = 5.38 cataract opera-
tions with Custom Pak®) and to increase the overall hospital
turn-over by 1863€, that is, the amount paid for this extra
cataract surgery to the public hospital at an additional costs of
61€ for Custom Pak® devices. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the
Custom Pak ® increases the productivity and potential for
turnover associated with performing cataract surgery. This
increased turnover easily exceeds the extra cost of the customized
package.
PES26
ANALYSIS OF RUSSIAN PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET OF
ANTI-GLAUCOMA MEDICINES IN THE PERIOD 2000–2003
Kuroyedov AV
Mandryka 2nd Central Military Clinical Hospital, Moscow, WA, Russia
OBJECTIVES: To analyze the prevalence of local antiglaucoma
medicines in drug-store of Russia and to make the pharmaeco-
nomical research on the base of large statistical selection.
METHODS: In 2003, the total cost of antiglaucoma medicines
sales in drug-stores of Russia was about 10.86m USD. The beta-
blockers took the ﬁrst place ($7.0m or 64.4%. The pilocarpine
analogue medicines took the second place. Their joint sales
volume was $1.8m or 16.7%. Two combined medicines Fotil
and Fotil forte (Santen) were at the third place $1.2m (10.7%).
Latanoprost (Xalatan, Pharmacia-Pﬁzer) and Brinzolamide
(Azopt, Alcon) began to be saled more active. The sales of the
ﬁrst, in 2003, were 3.8%. Azopt began to be saled only in 2002
and its results are $147,878.15 or 1.35% and in 2003—
$289,265 (2.7%) The other CAI Trusopt (MSD) was pharma-
coeconomical in 2002 on $217,473.86 (1.99%) and in 2003
$184,713 (1.7%). The portion of all other medicines in 2002
was less than 0.5%. The average price of beta-blocers is 0.7-
$2.1, CAIs about $22; prostaglandins and their combination
(Xalacom, Pﬁzer—sales started only in the end of 2002 year in
Russian market) $25.6 and $26.9; combined form (timolol +
pilocarpine) $5; pilocarpine $0.83 round the clock and the
course of treatment during a one year is $11.92 (pilocarpine)
$380.32 (Trusopt). RESULTS: The timolol maleate, pilocarpine


PES12 NON-MEDICAL COSTS RELATED TO VISUAL IMPAIRMENT IN FOUR EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY AND THE UNITED KINGDOM) 

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PES12 NON-MEDICAL COSTS RELATED TO VISUAL IMPAIRMENT IN FOUR EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY AND THE UNITED KINGDOM)

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