Two alternative ways of embedding human performance models into man-machine systems exist, namely embedding them directly into the man-machine interface or into the technical system proper as a decision support. The boundary between these two solutions is rather fuzzy and their simultaneous application could also be reasonable and effective

Hollnagel, E.

Weir, G.R.S.

English

Name not available

Principles of procedural support in man-machine systems

University of Strathclyde Institutional Repository

Strathprints Institutional RepositoryWeir, G.R.S. and Hollnagel, E. (1990) Principles of procedural support in man-machine systems. In:Ninth European Annual conference on human decision making and manual control, Varese, Italy,1990-09-10 - 1990-09-12, Varese, Italy.Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde.Copyright c© and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authorsand/or other copyright owners. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for anyprofitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (http://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or study, educational, ornot-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge.Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to Strathprints administrator:mailto:strathprints@strath.ac.ukhttp://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/  Weir, G.R.S. and Hollnagel, E. (1990) Principles of procedural support in man-machine systems. In: Ninth European Annual conference on human decision making and manual control, Varese, Italy, 10-12 Sept 1990, Varese, Italy.     http://eprints.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/2803/      Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (http://eprints.cdlr.strath.ac.uk) and the content of this paper for research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. You may freely distribute the url (http://eprints.cdlr.strath.ac.uk) of the Strathprints website.  Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to The Strathprints Administrator: eprints@cis.strath.ac.uk  H J Ce tr 0co1.'~r II l,d.'.1o'0ooh;:< .;".~ ...... I'fllh~ operator from ;l possibly fixated vie"- of the proce.'l.1 511uation. jdcall~\ forcingthe: operatOr to re-evaluate the sItuation and provide meal1.~ for readil\' cheel,,"!/:1m anumption>. • -The ~gnifkanceof lhe~ four situallons is that they allow us 10 charaClni~ the form in"..hich operators may benefit from sYSlem suppon. 10 pamaJlar pTOccdural support.E.<iM:olial"·. a procedure consisu of one or more ill.'IJOns (nperatloru;) ..... hlcb. IncombinatiOn. ,ake the agent further !O\lo'ard a deSired objCC1I,e. Taking an ,""",ample froma communication nCl\Ioork domain. we have: a procedure for handling a Si1U;1\I0n Inwhich a communication hne or itS ou~r"er has gone down. This procedure COns1St5 ofs.:veral ~Iep!i- ,....hich m:ly III Ihem.~lves be 5ub-pr<K"cdures. ThUs. Ihe operator mus:check the hnc:. 10 determine whether the line or OUller.'er 15 at faull, then proceed clthclI,..ilh a repmr ~r.·er or rep.alr lice re5p<.)f1S('. Ailhnllij:k thc prense detail of uu< examplei~ nol ImponanL il sel"o'es 10 illUStrate the sequential Slepwise nature of operatorprocedures. rUI mOSl simply, a pr()(.'(!dure is a '....ay to do something: lbe aCll\'e mealUwhereby a goal may be 3.ppfOached or aceomplisbed For the case 10 point, the scqucnceof operalor actions determmoCS whether a line or oul5el'\'er is at fault, arid lakes remedialaction accordingly.With Ih,s Illl!lal undentanding. "procedural support" may be assumed to de~cribe anyassistance ....·hleh cnhances lhc operator's capahilitles 10 act proceduralh' (toward arecognised goal). Tne an~'S15 by De Kcyser. hOIl'c\"er, made II dear lhat diUerent t}-pe1iof situatinns require different types of suppon and r.roccdures. III some cases suppan isneeded for the straigll1{of\l.-arll achl'~menl of a goa. In Other cases support is needed toreestablish the operator's comprehensIon of the situation. In both cases proceduralsupport lIla" do the job. but II will be difierenl \I,~ of pr()(.'(!dl1lc,\. Above all, theprocedural suppon mllSl tit flexible and adaptive. able to tate the operator's needs as.....el1 a~ the system state inln acooum.In whal follows. we describe the GRADIENT approach to intelligenl operator support.with emph~ upon the needs Ind scope for procedural a55islance.3. THE GRADlENT APPROACHThe primary objecth'e of Ihe GR.WrEf\'" project tS [0 develop a knowted~~·basedSUpporl and inlerface for operalOrs 10 control of dynamic processu. This is aehlevtd t')'an arcll1lecture of ~pecialised moduks .....hICh nOI only provides on-re<jU('51 infolTTl3tionand advice 10 operalon, hut also functIOns 3$ a monilor of lhe operalor and the proces~.Control of inleraction bet.....een operalors and the GRADIENT system IS handfed by aknowledge-based dialogue system ""hieh drives a graphical tnlerface to tbe u~r. A clearprinciple in the design of the GRADIENT archilecture i\ 10 mtet the demands ofoperator suppan through speciali~lion oi s~'!'.lem modules. nils F.-per dtscribes Ihespecific performance of 1Il1O GRADIEI''T modules in the pro\1sion of procedur.alsuppan.The support needed by an opc:ralOr elln be desaibed in relatwn to the lc:mporaJdc:velopment of an evenl. This produ~ Ihe follo..... ing C8tel.l0ries:o Alarm Of alll1uncialion, The system state mUM ~ brought to the altcnlion of lhtopc:rator, -I) mi lecl tI ·-.bl.. Jin .u ;] on00 0 dadnCl10n mu·iii ~ ion ofc s.0 . n b the e.oo o e Df(:>CC~ClRESQ)·nwug anguided b"U(PI CODrnThe Uialolile3.1'---__--------------Juuo,.I I"\:)erl Figure'; a OU~ hereIr fI- Il;jIRESU's concern IS c)c1us.l~ely ~Ih ·comrol plans', Thls.is the ttrm given 10 an)" orderedsequo.!nee of operator acttOn>. aimed at ~ome cumrol obJcetl\"c on the process or conTrolS)"'Sle.m. Such plms conSISt In large P:'"" of actions "'hieh moclfy the Stale of the proce,~or or lhe rontrol equipment. Addlllonally. th~· Include actiOns wherem the n~r~10'·plt-pares" for !lUch mo<hficalion. e.g. by m:<klllg component S<!leCl,on) on his Jbplal'panel. performing ))":<lcm de.h. elc. Thc\,(' aspt:etl'. of ;meraeuoll ...·,11 be used tlV RESt}to fQl;Us its intcrprC131ion orlhe operalM's likely plalL 'DIS b 1101 e..clJ$l\'cl} con..--emcd Willi sueh romrul plan\. TIie nptralor m.a~ ,n,«Ike:lMi~l11nCc ('1.1111 II,,: Dialogue S"-s!cm 11 he has !'Ittd of a <)l't'rific llUOrmal.lOn S<!r.~1X(e.g.. to acC'eSS anolher oR.AJ.5rEI\'T faclln)'). In handling rhL< reque51. DIS ",',11 n01relalc in any W'"d~ to plans f(lr operating on the pr~M.. On the other hand. the operalormay lequest dialogue SIlppoll fur perfornung SOr:le conl1ol Of test procedure. In thl~C~. DIS providell asS15lance directly lied to rele";mt control pbns.If the operator lJa.} m,n in''Q\';ed dl3Jogue SUlJport for his ~~tem imeraclinr~ then DIS ""IInot be In"olved in his imeracnon. saw thIn the GPA "'ill SCl'"\·e iti A rei..)· far RE$Q.Lnder dialogue support. DIS replaces the need f\lr HF..5Q 1\1 follow el'try step of thepossibk operator control plan. 1n l;lJd\ II <'a§.e. DiS follcw.... the imeraction. ~,bl~lead;n! the opcr:uor. unlil he performs some a<:110n whicb direct I,· affects the pfOceS!. orcontlO system. At this point.. the relevant action ""ill be signil'ied to RESQ. \!,-'herenece~a. ...y. DIS provides indicauon 01 the releV2nl ste~ by ""hictt t1m actIon "''alireached. In this ",·ay. DIS empl~'\ $ub!;.ets oi control plans In order to !lUppon operators.and iDcidentall~.complement.\. RE$O in irs I""k of follO"oWlnS Ih: uperatul.1be namre oi plans am.! thell diffuem represent.. tions p!..i) a crucial pan in theprovision of RESQ and DIS support fo~ the operator. Primarily. DiS wtlJ opelate uponscgmentS of cormol plan.~ i.e. each control plan will be represented as a set of sub-SCtSof the plan u held ,n RESO. In DIS. $\lch plll.ru. ..~II include addillOnai sle~ ·... h,chrepre!Cnl the rdll~e of relevant information sel'"\~ctS available to the operator at eachpoint in the plan I. enriched dIalogue"). In thi~ sense. DIS may abo maJrilam plaru; whichale dialogue ~cific and serve as additional support for assistance with controlprocedures. ThUs. we can appreciate iou! 1<:\'e15 of plan Jeprescmatlon:o a1 oil;ecu 11\ the Plan lJ.brary;o as a sequence of essential actions on the cootrolle"el (control plans);o .... an cnrlched ><quenL:(' of actiOns on the dialogue level (enriched dlaloglle): ando as dialogue sub-plans [dIalogue elcursLOn.~)Plans a.~ objects and a.s seque~~ of control arnon~ arc held !l)' RF....'iQ. ""hile Ih~enrielled plan sequences (eomrol plam .....ith dialogue supplements) and the non-comroldialogJc sub-plans arc held ~ DIS.5. DIS AND RESQ IN OIIER-\TIONConsider a !ioCt'nano in the d'Ha necv.·ork ""here a line or !>C1"I·er h3.~ 8r"U'le do",·o and theoperator i~ requited 10 lal:e appropnalC respon._e. No.ificauon or the hne·<lI·scl'"\·c,-du"''TI fa,lur" w,lI \)., p:l$s~d to Ih~(Jperlll()I from ORES. ,.j" DiS awl PRES. Thereupon.the dialogu<! S),;tem off<!,~ assistance on handling th~ failure ~l1uation. l1tis help takes"ntl ..... a line or ~erver \\'11ead l" hed i 11..-.....tilnCO IIIn 1:. IT . , ...liD, G-ITUAnON. .I ua 10, sOPEl ATOREGJES?01AS OR.-v ........ "---Sl AT10NS-TyesFi u e ~ -0 r y -cal 0 eI _US GRIMA- ATJOORMAL01 ERAT[ON I.. - ':iA LYSI-ADVCen0 en Cf) (fJ~ (j)i :=JI « UJCI 0 a: 0 (.)FO III e 2' ie,'es OfGlmermodule1CemmUf\lcal on Hand!e.II 1 t( BLACKSOARD )I I tPL.~N PL'" ERROR- -"ANDLERRECQGNISEA EVAlUATORI t f t "II I "PLAN l eRARYI,Figure 4: The Architecture 01 RESQ

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Principles of procedural support in man-machine systems

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