Polczynski, Mark

Polczynski, Michael

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Marquette Universitye-Publications@MarquetteElectrical and Computer Engineering FacultyResearch and PublicationsElectrical and Computer Engineering, Departmentof9-14-2014Application of Information and CommunicationTechnologies for Historical ResearchMichael PolczynskiGeorgetown UniversityMark PolczynskiMarquette University, mark.polczynski@marquette.eduPublished version. Application of Information and Communication Technologies for Historical Research.European Association of Archaeologists 20th Annual Meeting. ITU, Istanbul, September 10-14,2014. Publisher Link. © 2014 European Association of Archaeologists.Continuing advances in  information and communication related technologies are providing new ways to augment  historical research:  • On-site data collection using mobile devices (e.g. iPhone) enables real-time collection of and access to field data.  • Geographic information systems (GIS) allow access to and visualization of georeferenced data.  • Social network analysis and agent-based modelling allow data to be used to drive models of human behaviour.  • Blogs, podcasts, and  related social media allow  crowd-sourced research and almost-real-time communication of research findings.  • Data mining can be applied to detect hidden patterns  and structure found in the “big data” generated by the preceding technologies.  Application of these technologies as an integrated set enables:   • Collaborative generation and analysis of massive databases of archaeological information to leverage scarce human, material, and financial resources;  • Data-driven development and verification of theoretical models of human behaviour to augment orthodox research methodology. APPLICATION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR HISTORICAL RESEARCH T02S002 MICHAEL POLCZYNSKI GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY MARK POLCZYNSKI MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY Database  Data Mining GIS Visualization On-Site Data Collection Primary Sources Social Network  Analysis Agent-Based Modeling Blogs & Podcasts Research Publications On-Site Data Collection and Geographic Information Systems (GIS)  IIC Database • Sponsor: … • Date: … • Photo: … • Translation: ………… Collector enters info into form on mobile device Collector views info on mobile device Translator translates inscription and updates database Example Ottoman Inscription Archive :  On-site crowdsourced  on-line digital archive of Ottoman dedication inscriptions.  • Information collected on-site using mobile device e.g. iPhone using GISCloud mobile app (GISCloud.com).  • Information stored in cloud in OIA database.  • Information immediately available to all collectors on map display.  • Translator translates  inscription offline  and updates database for that inscription.  • Inscription experts analyze all inscriptions and associated information in database.  Crowd-sourcing of information enables accumulation of  massive inscription database.  See: www.technologyforge.net/OIA/OIACaseStudy.htm • Sponsor: … • Date: … • Photo: … Inscription expert analyzes inscriptions in database Data Mining  Data mining technologies provide general tools that can be used for analyzing historical sites according to characteristics  (attributes) recorded in site databases*:  Clustering  -  Grouping of objects by characteristics where there exist no previously known associations among objects.  Example: associating archaeological artifacts with sites based on location and artifact attributes such as artifact type and artifact material.  Classification  -  Grouping of objects into classes given previously known class attribute/class rules.  Example:  If artifact is a bone utensil located within 20 meters of dwelling site located at (x,y) , then the artifact came from that dwelling.  Association  -  Grouping of objects that naturally “go together”.  Example:  Pottery with low aggregate concentrations tend to have black-on-white glazing. Example:  Defensive networks along Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth / Ottoman Empire frontier.   • Defensive site:  Any area of habitation capable of resisting attack. • Defensive potential:  Capacity of the site to resist attack.  Depends on factors such as – • geographical proximity to other sites; • terrain in the vicinity of the site; • site construction. • Defensive network:  Geographical cluster of sites with high defensive potential. Heat map showing frontier defensive networks: • “Heat” of an area depends on density of sites in area and defensive potential of each site. • Red areas represent  highest concentrations of sites with highest defensive potential. • Heat map created using grid-based clustering algorithm. * Databases for data mining may be created using on-site data collection and GIS technologies. Dobromil 0.11 Kniazpol .028 Przemysl .016 Mizyniec .000 Drozdowice .000 Kropiwnik .056 Przedzielneic .052 Jamna  Dolna .147 Beauplan’s description of Tatar slave raid dispersal tactics: 1. Unit of about 400 Tatar raiders divides into four parts of about 100. 2. Each part moves about 1 ½ leagues in one of four directions. 3. Each part of divides into 3 parts of about 33. 4. Each part moves about ½ league in one of three directions 5. Each part divides into 3 parts of about 11. 6. Each part moves about ½ leagues in one of three directions. APPLICATION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR HISTORICAL RESEARCH T02S002 MICHAEL POLCZYNSKI GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY MARK POLCZYNSKI MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY Social Network Analysis Agent-Based Modelling Beauplan’s diagram of slave raid dispersal tactics. Guillaume Le Vasseur, Sieur de Beauplan, A Description of the Ukraine. NetLogo agent-based model of Beuplan’s description projected onto terrain map of region in Ukraine. Agent-based models can be used to generate or verify macro-level theories of actions and behaviors based on the micro-level actions and behaviors of individual “agents”.  Though highly synthetic, such models can be useful for revealing patterns and relationships hidden within masses of text-based source data.  Example:  Visualizations of historical Crimean Tatar slave raids in southern Poland-Lithuania. • During the early modern period, 2 million slaves were taken in Tatar slave raids. • Combining primary sources describing methods used during slave raids with detailed accounts of specific forays and period geographical terrain maps, dynamic visualizations can be created to provide insights into depopulation patterns caused by slave raiding. Blog (web log): Discussion or informational site published on the World Wide Web consisting of discrete entries (posts).   • Posts often written by large numbers of authors . • Enabled by advent of web publishing tools that facilitate posting of content by non-technical users. • In contrast with static websites, blogs are often interactive, allowing visitors to add to contents.  • Interactivity builds social and professional networks among blog participants.   Podcast (netcast): Audio or video program made available in digital format for automatic download over the Internet.  Blogs, podcasts, and  related social media (e.g. Facebook) allow  crowdsourced research and almost-real-time communication of research findings. Blogs and Podcasts Recent Polonia Ottomanica blog postings Example of blog hosted by Michael Polczynski Created using “Blogger” blog publishing tool.  Example of podcast  hosted by: • Michael Polczynski • Chris Gratien • Paulina Dominik Social network analysis focuses on ties among social entities such as people, groups of people, organizations, and polities.  Analysis focuses on factors such as:  Cohesion – Which entities share ties, and which do not?  Why do they share ties,  and why not?  Brokerage -  How are goods, services, ideas, etc. transported among entities that share ties?  Ranking – Which are the most and least prestigious entities in a network?  Roles – What roles do each of the entities in a network play?  Superior?  Mediator?  Minion? Geographical distribution of sites within a defensive network along the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth / Ottoman Empire frontier. Network centrality of frontier sites Example: Centrality of sites along the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth / Ottoman Empire frontier.   • Geographical centrality depends on geographical proximity of sites.  • “Heat” of a geographical area (per defensive network data mining example) depends on: • Density of sites; • Defensive potential of each site in the area.  • Network centrality for this example depends on: • Number of ties to other sites; • Importance of the sites that a site is linked to. • Ties between sites can consist of treaties, family relationships, etc. Krasycin Liwnica Paportno Kropiwnik Kniazpol Dobromil Fredropol-Kormanice Sierakowice Przedzielnica Przemysl Mizyniec Drozdowice Posada Rybotycka Rybotycze Jamna Dolna Krasycin .016 Liwnica .016 Paportno .111 F-Kormanice .052 Sierakowice .130 P. Rybotycka .147 Rybotycze .215 Network centrality Center of network 

Application of Information and Communication Technologies for Historical Research

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Application of Information and Communication Technologies for Historical Research

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