Baba Mizuho

Uehara Hiroshi

Utsuro Takehito

English

Uehara, Hiroshi

83079

Baba, Mizuho

83080

Utsuro, Takehito

80740

90263433

Waseda University Repository

Detecting an Infant’s Developmental Reactions in Reviews on Picture BooksHiroshi Uehara†‡ Mizuho Baba† Takehito Utsuro††Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba,Tsukuba, 305-8573, JAPAN‡Corporate Sales and Marketing Division, NTT DOCOMO, INC.,Tokyo, 100-6150, JAPANAbstractWe extract the book reviews on picture bookswritten on the Web site specialized in picturebooks, and found that those reviews reflect in-fants’ behavioral expressions as well as theirparents’ reading activities in detail. Analy-sis of the reviews reveals that infants’ reac-tions written on the reviews are coincidentwith the findings of developmental psychol-ogy concerning infants’ behaviors. In orderto examine how the stimuli of picture booksinduces varieties of infants’ reactions, this pa-per proposes to detect an infant’s developmen-tal reactions in reviews on picture books andshows effectiveness of the proposed methodthrough experimental evaluation.1 IntroductionGenerally, educational books focus on a specificsubject to be learned such as science, sociology, etc.Picture books are exceptions, in terms of their effi-ciency for infants’ cognitive developments (Pardeck,1986) without any intention on specific educationalsubject with their style of expressions, i.e., funnystories and pictures. Additionally, picture books areoutstanding in that those who read them are sepa-rated from those who perceive them. Readers areparents or child care persons who make book talksfor infants who do not have sufficient literacy yet.Infants perceive and interpret incoming stimuli ofthe book talks and the pictures.According to the research in the developmentalpsychology, infants are found to express variety ofcognitive reactions to the external stimuli in accor-dance with their developmental stage. If picturebooks work as those kinds of stimuli, infants mightexpress the cognitive reactions when the stimuli ofpicture books are perceived. Furthermore, this ten-dency might be amplified, because infants are freefrom understanding the printing letters of picturebooks.In order to examine how the stimuli of picturebooks induces varieties of infants’ reactions, we takean approach of applying a text mining techniqueto a large amount of the reviews on picture bookswritten by their parents or the childcare persons.More specifically, this paper proposes to detect aninfant’s developmental reactions in reviews on pic-ture books and shows effectiveness of the proposedmethod through experimental evaluation. This paperis the first attempt to solve the task of detecting aninfant’s developmental reactions in reviews on pic-ture books.2 The Web Site specialized in PictureBooksTo analyze the infants’ reactions, text data of reviewson picture books are collected from EhonNavi1, theweb site specialized in picture books. EhonNaviprovides with the information concerning picturebooks such as publishers, authors, outlines as wellas a large amount of reviews written by the parentsor child care persons, where the numbers of the titlesof the picture books included in EhonNavi amount toabout 55,600. The number of the reviews amount toapproximately 290,000 as of January 2015 (shownin Table 1). Other than EhonNavi, popular Web sites1http://www.ehonnaviPACLIC 296429th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation: Posters, pages 64 - 71Shanghai, China, October 30 - November 1, 2015Copyright 2015 by Hiroshi Uehara, Mizuho Baba and Takehito Utsuro 		 !"# $!!%&!!!!'( !!!')			&  '*!+	 !! !&	 	  		&!&,+!&&&&& !!&!' 	!'	#"&&%&	')""&	 		&&"#-.%''"'$ /  &  0	   	+&  & $ 1!&	2'3'3' 	$& &&'Figure 1: An Example of a Review of “The Giant Turnip”Table 1: Overview of EhonNavi(a) Principal InformationStart date ofthe serviceNumberof titlesNumber ofunique usersper monthNumber ofmembersNumberof reviewsApr. 2002 55,600 1,055,000 343,000 289,000(b) Distribution of the Numbers of Reviews according to Infants’ AgeAge of infants 0 1 2 3 4 5Number of reviews 7,272 13,450 22,448 25,795 21,573 18,143PACLIC 2965Table 2: Categorization of Descriptions in ReviewsCategories ExplanationFrequency in345 reviewsof 16 titlesimpressions / cri-tiquesReviewers’ impressions and / or critiqueson the picture books177Reviewers’reactionsretrospection in theirages of infantsReviewers’ retrospective descriptions re-flecting their own reactions when they werein their infants’ ages11performance of read-ingPerformance such as gestures and change ofvoice tones for attracting the infants’ atten-tions when reading33expectation of in-fants’ reactionsReviewers’ expectations and concernsabout how the picture book affect to theirinfants177Infants’ reactions Infants’ reactions to reviewers’ reading ofthe picture books276Description of the story Description of the scenes, stories, and thecharacters of the picture books147with a large amount of book reviews include Ama-zon2 and Booklog3. Out of them, EhonNavi hasa unique characteristics in that its reviews tend tobe elaborated, reflecting the reactions of those whomake book talks as well as those who perceive them.Additionally, it is also the EhonNavi’s characteris-tics that the age of the infant is attached to each re-view. All these characteristics are preferable for ourwork aiming at detecting the infants’ reactions in ac-cordance with their developmental stages. There-fore, we employ the reviews of EhonNavi for theanalysis of this paper.3 Categorization of Descriptions inReviewsFigure 1 shows an example of the review of Ehon-Navi. As shown in the figure, the header of eachreview includes the age of the infant to whom the re-viewer reads the picture book. As described above,reviews of EhonNavi include descriptions of booktalkers’ reactions, mixed with infants’ reactions.Since reviewers are book talkers in all the cases, in-fants’ reactions described in reviews are those ob-served by reviewers.2http://www.amazon.co.jp3http://booklog.jpIn order to categorize descriptions in reviews,we randomly picked up 345 reviews from 16 ti-tles of picture books and manually classified de-scriptions in those reviews4. Table 2 shows the re-sult of categorizing descriptions in reviews. Thosedescriptions are roughly categorized into review-ers’ reactions, infants’ reactions, and descriptionsof the story. Reviewers’ reactions are further sub-categorized as shown in the table5. In order tofurther sub-categorize infants’ reactions, we referto studies of developmental psychology. In thosedevelopmental psychology literatures, they presentcategories of infants’ cognitive developments in ac-cordance with their ages. Next section introducesthose categories of infants’ cognitive developmentsand analyze the reviews based on them.4The first author of the paper worked on manually catego-rizing descriptions in reviews.5Note that, since each review may include not only one typeof reviewers’ reactions but also other type of reviewers’ reac-tions, or both of reviewers’ and infants’ reactions, etc., sum ofthe frequencies in 345 reviews of 16 titles is more than 345.PACLIC 2966Table 3: Infants’ Reactions based on the Theory of Developmental Psychology and Typical ExpressionsCharacteristicsof developmental Typical expressionsreactions Explanations and examples ID expressionReactions to visualstimuliShowing an interest in the pictures especially the onesof foods. / Enjoy to find something in the pictures thatare familiar to the infants.1. gaze at /stare hard /listen hardPhysical expres-sions mixed withverbal expressionsPointing fingers and making gestures in case the in-fants are not able to express verbally. / Reaching forthe things on the picture book as if they were the realthings.2. point fingersPretend play An example: If the infant is asked to hand somethingto his or her parents, he or she pretends to hand it tothem even though it does not exist.3. pretendImitate Imitating various things such as the persons, things,and the events surrounding the infant.4. imitateSupposition Finding common characteristics between real thingsand what are supposed to be.5. supposeReactions to repeat-ing the same rhythmReacting to onomatopoeic words. / The infant repeatsthe onomatopoeic words because of their rhythmicalsounds, though he or she does not understand whatthey mean.6. onomatopoeicwordsGame of make-believeReproducing the story of the picture book basedon such activities that the infant imagines him-self/herself to be in the place in the picture book.7. game ofmake-believeInterests in therelationship or thecausalityIndicating intellectual curiosity by asking “why” fre-quently. / An example: “Does Papa read the newspa-per because he works? Does Mama cook the dinnerbecause she is a housewife?”8. “?” (ques-tion mark)Empathy for the Emotionally being involved in the world depicted bythe picture book.9. enter intostory / An example: “If I could enter into the picture book,I would save the cat.”10. empathyTable 4: Number of Analyzed Reviews per age (ages from 0 to 5)age of infants 0 1 2 3 4 5 totalnumber of reviews 1,491 3,150 4,306 4,062 3,203 2,033 18,245PACLIC 2967Figure 2: Estimating the Numbers of Infants’ Developmental Reactions4 Categorizing Infants’ Reactions basedon Developmental PsychologyAccording to the theory of developmental psychol-ogy, infants express age specific reactions to incom-ing stimuli. We collect such infants’ reactions thatare specific to ages ranging from 0 to 3 from pub-lications or papers concerning developmental psy-chology (Sully, 2000; Piaget, 1962; Leslie, 1987;Walker-Andrews and Kahana-Kalman, 1999) andlist them in Table 3. In this table, we list those 10types of reactions in the order of from those ob-served in the early age 0 to those observed in thelater age 3. This result indicates that infants at theirvery early stage of ages tend to react automaticallywith their physical expression, such as pointing thefingers, or grasping gestures, meanwhile, those attheir later stage of ages tend to react consecutivelyexpressing their intention, such as game of make-believe, or asking why, though some reactions arecommon over multiple ages.Finally, we manually examine those randomlypicked up 345 reviews from 16 titles of picturebooks examined in the previous section and collecttypical expressions representing each of the 10 typesof infants’ reactions listed in Table 3. Collected ex-pressions are shown on the right hand side columnof Table 3.5 Detecting an Infant’s DevelopmentalReactions in ReviewsThe underlying motivation of this paper is to developa system for recommending picture books whichmight induce expected infants’ reactions specifiedby the users. Considering this motivation, this sec-tion examines whether it is possible to detect an in-PACLIC 2968Figure 3: Frequency Distribution of Infants’ Reactions of the Expression per Age: “gaze at / stare hard / listen hard”fant’s developmental reactions in reviews on picturebooks.In order to select sample reviews for the analysis,we first collect titles of picture books which havesufficient number of reviews. Here, we rank pic-ture books in descending order of the number of re-views and select the topmost 99 titles, where the to-tal number of the reviews of those 99 titles amountto 27,661. Out of the total 27,661 reviews, we an-alyze those with infants of ages from 0 to 5 yearsold, which amount to 18,245 reviews, as shown inTable 4. Table 4 also shows the numbers of the ana-lyzed reviews per age.5.1 Estimating the Numbers of Infants’Developmental ReactionsFor most of the 10 types infants’ reactions as wellas their typical expressions listed in Table 3, Fig-ure 2 shows the rate of infants’ reactions within theoccurrence of each expression as well as the esti-mated numbers of infants’ developmental reactions.For each of the 10 types of infants’ reactions, the rateof infants’ reactions within the occurrence of its typ-ical expressions is measured by collecting the latest20 reviews which include one of those typical ex-pressions and then by manually examining whethereach of their occurrences actually represents an in-fant’s developmental reaction or not.Also, those estimated numbers of infants’ devel-opmental reactions are calculated by measuring thenumber of the occurrence of the typical expressionslisted in Table 3, and then by multiplying it by therate of infants’ reactions within the occurrence ofeach expression.As can be seen from this result, the rates of in-fants’ reactions are relatively low. In the next sec-tion, we propose to detect an infant’s developmentalreactions with collocational expressions so that wecan improve the rate of infants’ reactions.5.2 Detecting an Infant’s DevelopmentalReactions in Reviews with CollocationalExpressionsAs typical expressions which represent infants’ de-velopmental reactions and are suitable for the anal-ysis of this paper, out of the 10 types infants’ reac-tions as well as their typical expressions listed in Ta-ble 3, we select “gaze at / stare hard / listen hard”,“imitate”, and “game of make-believe”. Accordingto the studies in developmental psychology (Sully,2000; Piaget, 1962; Leslie, 1987; Walker-Andrewsand Kahana-Kalman, 1999), the infants’ reaction“gaze at / stare hard / listen hard” is mostly ob-served around the age of 1, “imitate” around thatof 2, and “game of make-believe” around that of 3.Then, in order to detect an infant’s developmentalreactions in reviews on picture books, we proposeto collect collocations of each of those three expres-PACLIC 2969Figure 4: Frequency Distribution of Infants’ Reactions of the Expression per Age: “imitate”sions as below and to detect an infant’s developmen-tal reactions represented by those collocational ex-pressions.• For “gaze at / stare hard / listen hard”, wefurther add pronunciation variation of “gaze at/ stare hard / listen hard” as well as expres-sions which are “gaze at / stare hard / listenhard” concatenated with the object “the pic-ture book”.• For “imitate”, we collect “imitate to eat”, “im-itate and”, and “imitation of”.• For “game of make-believe”, we collect“make-believe play” and “train games”.For each of the three expressions “gaze at / starehard / listen hard”, “imitate”, and “game of make-believe”, Figure 3 to Figure 5 show frequency dis-tribution of infants’ reactions per age. In these fig-ures, total frequencies of those with collocationalexpressions as well as frequencies of cases otherthan infants’ reactions are shown. Those frequen-cies are counted by manually judging several hun-dreds matched expressions. From these results, wemeasure rates of correctly detecting infants’ devel-opmental reactions, which are 94% (“gaze at / starehard / listen hard”), 77% (“imitate”), and 70%(“game of make-believe”). Thus, it is quite possi-ble to detect an infant’s developmental reactions inreviews on picture books with fairly high precision.Moreover, out of all the occurrences of each ofthe expressions “gaze at / stare hard / listen hard”,“imitate”, and “game of make-believe”, we exam-ine how many of them are actually covered by thecollected collocational expressions. We found thatthose with the collected collocational expressionscover about 50% (“gaze at / stare hard / listenhard”), 60% (“imitate”), and 66% (“game of make-believe”) of their occurrences. Thus, those collectedcollocational expressions cover fairly large amountof occurrences. Finally, as clearly shown in this re-sult, expressions appearing in reviews of EhonNavirepresent infants’ reactions in the way coincidentwith respective age specific reactions asserted by de-velopmental psychology.6 ConclusionIn order to examine how the stimuli of picture booksinduces varieties of infants’ reactions, this paperproposed to detect an infant’s developmental reac-tions in reviews on picture books and showed ef-fectiveness of the proposed method through experi-mental evaluation. Future work includes developinga framework of recommending picture books whichaccepts the age of an infant and an expected develop-mental reaction as its input, and as its output, givesa list of picture books that are ranked according toPACLIC 2970Figure 5: Frequency Distribution of Infants’ Reactions of the Expression per Age: “game of make-believe”the degree of expected developmental reactions byinfants.ReferencesA. M. Leslie. 1987. Pretense and representation: Theorigins of theory of mind. Psychological Review,94(4):412–426.J. Pardeck. 1986,. Books for Early Childhood: A Devel-opmental Perspective. Greenwood Pub Group.J. Piaget. 1962,. Play, Dreams, and Imitation in Child-hood. W W Norton & Co Inc.J. Sully. 2000. Studies of Childhood. Free AssociationBooks.A. S. Walker-Andrews and R. Kahana-Kalman. 1999.The understanding of pretence across the second yearof life. British Journal of Developmental Psychology,17(4):523–546.PACLIC 2971

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