Kang Beom-Mo

English

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Language, Information and Computation(PACLIC 11), 1996, 219-228Markup of Korean Dictionary EntriesBeom-mo KangKorea Universitybmkang @ kuccnx.korea.ac.krAbstractDictionary markup (encoding) is one of the concerns of TEI (TextEncoding Initiative), an international project for text encoding. Inthis paper, we investigate ways to use and extend TEI encoding schemefor the markup of Korean dictionary entries. Since TEI suggestionsfor dictionary markup are mainly for western language dictionaries,we need to cope with problems to be encountered in encoding Koreandictionary entries. We try to extend and modify the TEI encodingscheme in the way suggested by TEI. Also, we restrict the contentmodel so that the encoded dictionary might be viewed more as adatabase than as a simple computerized, originally printed,dictionary.1. IntroductionTEI (Text Encoding Initiative) is an international project which aims toprovide some guidelines for encoding various kinds of texts in electronic forms.It conforms to the ISO standard of Standard Generalized Markup Language(ISO 1986). The primary result of this project, published in 1994, Guidelinesfor Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange (TEI P3) edited by Burnard andSperberg-McQueen, covers many kinds of texts in depth. Dictionary markup isone of them. In this paper, we investigate ways to use and extend TEIencoding scheme for the markup of Korean dictionary entries. To accomplishthis objective, it is necessary to consider the logical structure of the Koreandictionary entries.Although TEI suggestions for dictionary encoding (markup) is verycomprehensive to cover various kinds of dictionaries, its original commitment isto consider only western language dictionaries Ode and Veronis 1995: 168). Weneed to cope with problems to be encountered in encoding Korean dictionaryentries in conformance with TEI. We try to extend and modify the TEIencoding scheme in the way suggested by TEL In addition, we restrict thecontent model so that the encoded dictionary might be viewed more as adatabase than as a simple computerized (originally printed) dictionary.[1][2]2. Top Level Elements of a Dictionary EntryBefore presenting the model of Korean dictionary entries, let us go over thebasic dictionary scheme provided by TEI.219(1) TEI P3: Basic Structure of a Dictionary<text><body><entry> ... </entry><entry> ... </entry><superEntry><entry> ... </entry><entry> ... </entry>• • •</superEntry><entry> ... </entry><entry>• • •	<hom>	 </hom>	<hom>	 </hom></entry></body></text>The text of a dictionary consists of a number of <entry> elements, each ofwhich can consist of a number of <hom>(i.e. homonym) elements.Some dictionary elements, called dictionary top level elements can appear atthe level of entry, homonym, and sense, disregarding superentry element for themoment. The following DTD definitions show this:(2) TEI P3: Print Dictionaries DTD Top Level<!ENTITY x superentry 'INCLUDE' ><![ xsuperentry; [<!ELEMENT xn.superentry; - 0 ((xn.form)?, (xn.entry)+). . .<!ENTITY x entry 'INCLUDE' >xentry; [	<!ELEMENT xn. entry;	 - 0	 (xn.hom; I xn. sense; 1xm.dictionaryTopLevel)++(anchor)<!ENTITY x hom 'INCLUDE' ><![ xhom; [<!ELEMENT xn.hom;	 - 0	 (xn.sense;xm.dictionaryTopLevel)*-(entry)	 ><!ENTITY x sense 'INCLUDE' ><!( xsense; [	<!ELEMENT xn.sense;	 - -	 (xn.sense;	 xm.dictionaryTopLevelxm.phrase I #PCDATA)*220The definitions of <entry>, <horn>, and <sense> include dictionary toplevel elements, which are defined as follows:(3)TEI P3: Dictionary Top Elements<!ENTITY x x.dictionaryTopLevel<!ENTITY x m.dictionaryTopLevel 'xx.dictionaryTopLevel def egetym 1 form : gramGrp I note 1 re I trans 1 usg xr' >As defined by m.dictionaryTopLevel entity reference, these top levelelements are <def>, <eg>, <etym>, <form>, <gramGrp>, <note>, <re>,<trans>, <usg>, and <xr>. For Korean dictionary entries, these 10 elementsare all are needed. Overall, some elements can be used as they are providedby TEI, and others need to be modified according to specific needs of aKorean dictionary, in the way to be specified from now on.First of all, the following dictionary top level elements elements are to beused without modifications for the markup of Korean dictionary entries: 1)<def> for definition; 2) <trans> for translation (not used in a monolingualdictionary); 3) <eg> for usage examples; 4) <note> for any kind of notes; 5)<re> for related words. Other dictionary top elements are to be modified asfollows.For the <form> element, besides usual <orth> (orthography) and <pron>(pronunciation) elements, we need a sub-element which contains a formshowing long vowels and a major morphological constituent break, which isusually marked for entries in Korean dictionaries. 	 We call this element<lenHyph>.	 In the following example, we provide -the part tagged by<lenHyph> along with parts of <orth> and <pron>.(4) Eg. ,1;?1ZEJC4 'courageous'<form><orth>gg-Z`._.t CWorth><lenHyph>g	 CE</lenHyph><pron>- ECE</pron></f orm>Another top level element is <gramGrp> for grammatical information of anentry. Besides <pos> and <subc> elements provided by TEI P3, we seem toneed some elements which specify the kinds of irregular inflection for someverbs and exemplary inflected forms. These are marked by tags of <irreg>and <irrForm>, as shown in the following example.(5) Eg. 111C4 'cold'<gramGrp><pos>t</pos><irreg>ti if</irreg><irrForm>li-4, 191.4</irrForm></gramGrp>The usage note of an entry (<usg>) can contain academic domains (specialfields) in which this item is used, other domains (such as marking for 'oldKorean'), and dialect areas, which are prominent in Korean dictionaries. These221can be encoded with new tags defined within <usg>. They are <domAca>,<domEtc>, and <dialArea>. They can be used as follows.(6) Eg. 4-` IF 'daffodil'<usg><domAca> (-&-' </doinlica></usg>Eg. ±1.41 7	 shower<usg><dialArea> g ELF</dialArea></usg>Eg. 7 Eg 'river'<usg><domEtc>9e5V</domEtc></usg>Since the content and format of etymology in a Korean dictionary isconstrained in certain ways, some modifications of the DTD definitions of the<etym> element are needed. For this element, we add a new attribute'hdType' whose value should be one of: 'hj' (for hanja, i.e. of Chinese origin:content being given in Chinese characters), 'foreign' (of any other foreignorigin), and 'kor' (of Korean origin proper).( 7 ) Eg.	 radio'<etym hdType=f °reign> <lang> g</lang>radio</etyin>Eg. AE.2 thought'<etym hdType=hj>g 4-</etym>Eg. igg 'chanson'<etym hdType=foreign><lang>a</lang>chanson</etym>For a limited number of kinds of cross reference in a Korean dictionary, wecan define various empty elements which mark the kinds of cross reference tobe used in the dictionary. Among them are 'synonym', 'antonym', 'long form','short form', 'honorific form', etc. One of these elements should be used in thefirst part of <xr> element. In the first example provided below, a tag specifyingantonymy is used.(8) Eg.	 g- 'success'<xr > <xrant><ref > 1lil </ref ></xr >Eg. UEXI al<xr><xrlarge><ref > XI </ref></xr><xr><xrstr><ref> xi al </ref > </xr>3. Modifying the TEI DTDUntil now, we have seen what (dictionary top) elements need to be addedor modified for Korean dictionary entries. From now on, I will show how, inorder to accommodate the above discussions, we can modify the TEI DTDalong the way suggested by TEI dtd extension mechanism. In concrete, thesemodifications amount to editing a TELexntenstions.ent file and aTEI.extensions.dtd file.222First, <lenHyph> (a form element), and <irreg> and <irrForm>(grammatical information elements) are treated by modifying "x.formInfo" and"x.gramInfo" entities so that they can contain needed element names.(9) <lenHyph>, <irreg>, <irrForm>In TEI.extensions.ent file<!ENTITY x x.formInfo 'lenHyph l'><!ENTITY x x.gramInfo 'irreg 1 irrForm 1'>0n TEI.extensions.dtd file<!ELEMENT lenHyph - -	 (xphrase.seq;)><!ATTLIST lenHyph	xa.global;xa.dictionaries; ><!ELEMENT irreg - - (xphrase.seq;)><!ATTLIST irreg	 xa.global;xa.dictionaries; ><!ELEMENT irrForm - (xphrase.seq;)><!ATTLIST irrForm 	 xa.global;xa.dictionaries; ><lenHyph> is a subelement of <form>, which is defined in the TEI DTDusing m.formInfo entity. So, x.formInfo entity is defined as containing lenHyph.Similarly, <irreg> and <irrForm>, subelements of <gramGrp> is added as partof x.gramInfo entity.Usage specifics, such as <domAca>, <domEtc>, and <dialArea> aredefined as subcomponents of <usg>, a new model of <usg> being defined.(10)<domAca>, <domEtc>, <dialArea>► TEI.extensions.ent file<!ENTITY x usg 'IGNORE'>► TEI.extensions.dtd file<!ELEMENT xn.usg - 0 (xparaContent; domAca domEtc dialArea)+ ><!ATTLIST xn.usg 	 xa.global;xa.dictionaries;type	 CDATA	 #IMPLIEDTElform	 CDATA	 'usg'><!ELEMENT domAca - - 	 (%phrase.seq;)><!ATTLIST domAca	 xa.global;xa.dictionaries; ><!ELEMENT domEtc - -	 (xphrase.seq;)><!ATTLIST domEtc	 xa.global;xa.dictionaries; ><!ELEMENT dialArea	 -	 (xphrase.seq;)><!ATTLIST dialArea	 xa.global;xa.dictionaries; >The case of <etym> is a modification to attributes that this element has.As discussed above, a new attribute hdType is added and its value ranges overkor, hj, and foreign. The content model of <etym> is not changed at all.223(11) <etym>► TEI.extensions.ent file<!ENTITY x etym 'IGNORE'>► TEI.extensions.dtd file<!ELEMENT xn.etym;	 - 0 (xparaContent xn.usg; 1 %n.lbl;xn.def; 1 xn. trans; 1 xn. tr;(u.morphInfo) 1 xn.eg; 1 xn.xr;)* ><!ATTLIST %n.etym;	 xa.global;xa.dictionaries;hdType	 (kor 1 hj 1 foreign)	 #REQUIREDTElform	 CDATA	'etym'	 >For <xr>, cross reference words, we restrict them to less than 20 kindsshown below. Each kind is marked by an empty element specifying its kind,which appears in the first part of <xr> element.(12) Kinds of Cross Referencexrseexrstdxrxstdxrantxrsamexrsynxrshortxrlongxrstrxrstr2xrsoftxrlargexrsmallxrhonxrintxrchgxrcfwdxrvarSee the word!Standard formNonstandard formAntonymSame wordSynonymShort formLong formStrong form (onomatopoeia)Another strong formSoft formLarge formSmall formHonorific formIntimate formChanged formWord for referenceVariant formTo make these elements available, the element declaration of <xr> ischanged as follows. Notice that newly added elements such as <xrsee>,<xrstd>, etc are defined as empty elements.(13) <xr>► TEI.extensions.ent file<!ENTITY x xr	 'IGNORE'>► TEI.extensions.dtd file<!ELEMENT xn.xr;		 - - ( (xrsee 1 xrstd xrxstd xrant 1 xrsamexrsyn xrshort xrlong Ixrstr2 1 xrstr 1 xrsoft xrlarge 1 xrsmallxrhon xrint xrchg xrcfwd xrvar xrof),(xparaContent xn.usg 1 xn.lbl)* )	 >224<!ATTLIST xn.xr; 	 xa.global;xa.dictionaries;type	 CDATA	 #IMPLIEDTElform	 CDATA	 'xr'<!ELEMENT xrsee	 - 0 EMPTY<!ATTLIST xrsee	 u.global;%a. dictionaries; >4. SGML Parsing and ProcessingSince TEI is an instance of SGML, Standard Generalized Markup Language,any TEI document can be processed by an. SGML-aware software. Since theencoding of Korean dictionary entries we have pursued here is TEI-conformant,any document encoded in this way should be processed by such softwares.NSGMLS (Clark 1995), an SGML parser, and SoftQuad Panorama Pro (SoftQuad1995), an SGML viewer, have been tested for such a purpose successfully.Some sample Korean dictionary entries marked up (encoded) in this wayfollows.(14) Sample Entries<entry><form><orth>t; yJ </orth><lenHyph>	 </lenHyph><pron>-..Y.1/-441</pron></form><etym hdtype=hj>6 </etym><gramGrp><pos> </pos></gramGrp><def> 1:11-g2.M. &LI 8Ft-  3;1 . EEt-- ,	 . </def><re><form><orth>l:kj	 El</orth><lenHyph>tl.1/4:1-81- Cl.</lenHyph></form><gramGrp><pos></pos><subc> Xl .</subc><subc> EF</subc><irreg> 0,1*</irreg> <irrForm> `al 8[01</irrForm></gramGrp></re></entry><entry><form><orth>riECK/orth><lenHyph> f Cf</lenHyph> </form><gramGrp><pos> o </pos><subc>X[</subc></gramGrp><sense n= ' 1' ><def > (	 0 I LE	 *) Eij*C1. </def><eg> <q>	 J 0 I <oRef>. </q></eg></sense><sense n= ' 2' ><xr><xrsyn><ref> Ail 7I Cf</ref>, <ref> a4 CI-</ref></xr><eg><q>E.	 <oRef>. </q></eg></sense></entry>And what you see on the monitor when you view the file by Panorama Prois as follows:225Fr	r rFile Edit Options Styles Navigator Webs Help.4,• al• .4-.1• 14F	 'et*71n .711 -	 (41)J	 (N -1111.1) * (x)(.4) w *Pe_	 01)• c-1- (q. 	)	 )1. (..ie1.11-1.	 4J.1=2. OF]	 21111c1- cio.N-117)1	1-11011 .1.50.1111.1• brol 011A1 *VS V.I. 4 24711g4* 1.	 'Ai	 41E 111	 Ckvp,/-Awroofift7:1%.2. 4) 9101 MI	 x1.11 a1tti. 04	 ®x- .. t71171.[°]71 Nit ,1	 .7:4 voi	 2; Gh(4]71 71 71 ill	 .1.101041A1	 L-1- c+[4]71 71 III .4 SS	 al n 51.oiFigure 1 Dictionary Entries Viewed by Panorama ProAs can be seen, many components of a dictionary entry can be highlightedby color and font variations and by some symbol prefixed.Regarding the possibility of using the TEI method in dictionary compilation,that is, in the case of a lexicographer's writing of an entry, the encoding wouldbe very difficult if we work on a text editor or a non-SGML editor and try totype the tags directly. Instead, we might adopt the following work procedure.Lexicographers use a popular wordprocessor, which is non-SGML, but theywrite in a strict format and use a few special symbols which specify variousdictionary elements. A program converts this file to a text file which conformsto the modified TEI DTD discussed above. Lexicographers view the content ofthe writing in a formated way by an SGML browser. If we findinconsistencies and faults in the file, we correct the wordprocessor file andconvert it and view the content again, and so on. This procedure can beadopted at a later stage of dictionary compilation and is necessary if oneconsiders an SGML publishing of the dictionary in the long run (Alschuler1995). Also, it is a step toward making a machine-readable dictionary to beused for theoretical and computational linguistic research purposes (Boguraev1994, Atkins and Zampoli 1994, Fillmore and Atkins 1994, Sinclair 1987).5. ConclusionIn this paper, I have presented some ways to accommodate TEI encodingscheme for the markup of Korean dictionary entries. It is an SGML application,so it is in general an approach to structured information. Since dictionary entryis a typical instance of structured information, the SGML method can be appliedmost easily and successfully. However, since the structure of a dictionaryentry is relatively flexible too, we need to be careful not to be too strict inmodeling the structure. TEI's definition of dictionary top level elements seemsto give enough flexibility to cope with such a problem. Other SGMLapproaches relating to the markup of Korean dictionaries, such as Choe (1996)and Choe & Choe (1996), which assume a more strict structure for a Koreandictionary entry, might encounter a problem in actual markup of Koreandictionary entries.226(Notes)[1] Ide and Veronis (1995) and Chapter 12 (Print Dictionaries) of TEI P3(Sperberg-McQueen and Burnard, eds., 1994) discuss three views of dictionaries:(a) the typographic view; (b) the editorial view; (c) the lexical view. The firstview is concerned with the two-dimensional printed page while the last view isconcerned with underlying information represented in a dictionary, withoutconcern for its exact form. The editorial view is in between.[2] The markup scheme presented here has been investigated in conjunctionwith an on-going project of Korean dictionary compilation at Korea University.Also, the TEI scheme has been used for the encoding of texts in "Korea-1Corpus" compiled in this project (Kim and Kang 1996).(References)Alschuler, L. 1995. ABCD..SGML: A User's Guide to Structured Information,London: ITP.Atkins, B.T.S. and A. Zampoli. eds. 1994. Computational Approaches to theLexicon, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Boguraev, B. 1994. Machine-Readable Dictionaries and Computational LinguisticsResearch, in A. Zampoli, N. Calzolari, and M. Palmer. eds., 119 - 54.Choe, B. 1996. Markup of Machine Readable Dictionaries and Texts, presentedat 1996 Symposium on the Standards for Information Processing in Koran,July 1996, Seoul.Choe, B. and K. Choe (1996) The Logical Structure for the Construction of aMachine Readable Dictionary, Ms. KAIST, Taejon, Korea [written inKorean].Clark, J. 1995. NSGMLS - a Validating SGML Parser, software available atftp://ftp.jclark.com/pub/sp/.Fillmore, C. J. and B.T.S. Atkins. 1994. Starting where the Dictionaries Stop:The Challenge of Corpus Lexicography, in B.T.S. Atkins and A. Zampoli.eds., 349 - 393.Ide, N. and J. Veronis. 1995. Encoding Dictionaries, in Computers and theHumanities 29-2, 167-179.ISO. 1986. ISO 8879: Information Processing - Text and Office Systems -Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), ISO.Kim, H. and B. Kang. 1996. KOREA-1 Corpus: Design and Composition, inKorean Linguistics 3, 233-258 [written in Korean].Sinclair, J. ed. 1987. Looking Up, London: Collins.SoftQuad (1995) Panorama Pro, SGML software.Sperberg-McQueen, C.M. and L. Burnard. eds. 1994. Guidelines for ElectronicText Encoding and Interchange (TEI P3), Chicago and Oxford: TEI.227Zampoli, Antonio, N. Calzolari, and M. Palmer. eds. 1994. Current Issues inComputational Linguistics: In Honour of Don Walker, Pisa: Giardini andDordrecht: Kluwer.228

Markup of Korean Dictionary Entries

Kang, Beom-Mo

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Markup of Korean Dictionary Entries

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