Blumfield, Michelle

Carr, Prudence

Duve, Emily

Fayet-Moore, Flavia

Lancaster, Graham

Marshall, Skye

McMillan, Joanna

Petocz, Peter

Wibisono, Cinthya

English

Pink salt is marketed as a healthier alternative to white salt; however, little is known about its nutritive and non-nutritive mineral composition. This study aimed to evaluate for the first time the mineral composition of pink salt available for purchase in Australia. Pink salt samples were purchased from retail outlets in two metropolitan Australian cities and one regional town. Color intensity, salt form, and country of origin were coded. A mass spectrometry scan in solids was used to determine the amount of 25 nutritive and non-nutritive minerals in pink salt (n = 31) and an iodized white table salt control (n = 1). Analyses found a wide variation in the type and range of nutrients and non-nutritive minerals across pink salt samples. One pink salt sample from Peru contained a level of lead (&gt;2 mg/kg) that exceeded the national maximum contaminant level set by Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Pink salt in flake form, pink salt originating from the Himalayas, and darker colored pink salt were generally found to contain higher levels of minerals, including non-nutritive heavy metals (p &lt; 0.05). Despite pink salt containing nutrients, &gt;30 g per day (approximately 6 teaspoons) would be required to make any meaningful contribution to nutrient intake, a level that would provide excessive sodium and potential harmful effects. The risk to public health from potentially harmful non-nutritive minerals should be addressed by Australian food regulations. Pink salt consumption should not exceed the nutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand guidelines of &lt;5 g of salt per day.Copyright © 2020 Nutrition Research AustraliaReproduced with permission </p

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Bond UniversityResearch RepositoryNutritive and non-nutritive mineral composition of pink salt available in AustraliaFayet-Moore, Flavia; Wibisono, Cinthya; Carr, Prudence; Duve, Emily ; Petocz, Peter;Lancaster, Graham; McMillan, Joanna; Marshall, Skye; Blumfield, MichelleUnpublished: 26/10/2020Document Version:Peer reviewed versionLicence:Free to readLink to publication in Bond University research repository.Recommended citation(APA):Fayet-Moore, F., Wibisono, C., Carr, P., Duve, E., Petocz, P., Lancaster, G., McMillan, J., Marshall, S., &Blumfield, M. (2020). Nutritive and non-nutritive mineral composition of pink salt available in Australia. LifestyleMedicine 2020 , Virtual, Australia.General rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright ownersand it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.For more information, or if you believe that this document breaches copyright, please contact the Bond University research repositorycoordinator.Download date: 25 Jan 2021Nutritive and non-nutritive mineral composition of pink salt available in AustraliaFlavia Fayet-MooreCopyright 2020 Nutrition Research Australia 1Copyright 2020 Nutrition Research Australia 2DISCLOSURESDr Flavia Fayet-Moore serves as:• Olive Wellness Institute Advisory Panel• Consultant to Nutrigenomix Inc• Founding board member of the Australasian Society of Lifestyle MedicineNRAUS receives research funding from government, industry and NGO sources.This study received no external funding and was self funded by NRAUS.Copyright 2020 Nutrition Research Australia 3BACKGROUNDPink salt: Any salt that is pink in colourIncreasing popularity of pink saltClaims of high mineral content and health benefits“Nutritionally superior to white salt”Concerns for sodium intake at high levels of pink salt intakeNecessary for function (1) Extra-cellular fluid volume Nerve conduction Muscle functionHigh sodium intake (2)↑ Hypertension ↑ Stroke, CVD and CKD riskWorld Health Organisation recommends less than 2g sodium/day (5g salt) (3)1. Author, Abbrev Journal Year;vol(issue):Pg Copyright 2020 Nutrition Research Australia 4WHAT IS ACTUALLY IN PINK SALT?Few studies conducted internationallyVariety of essential nutrients Iron, Zinc, Calcium (1,2,3)Some impurities and heavy metalsArsenic, Lead, Cadmium (2)No research on commercially available samplesNo research on samples available in AustraliaGiven the increasingconsumer interest and potential for harm, information on pink salt is necessary for health professionals and consumers to be able to make informed choices on their salt intake.1. Author, Abbrev Journal Year;vol(issue):Pg Copyright 2020 Nutrition Research Australia 5METHODSCoffs HarbourSydneyCanberra31 commercially available pink salt samples purchased from retailers in 2 metropolitan cities and 1 regional town1 iodised salt sample purchased as a controlCountry of origin, price ($/100g), brand, and salt form (finely ground, flakes, coarse/rock) recordedSamples de-identified for analysisColour coded independently by 3 independent researchers (no colour, light, medium, dark pink) Samples analysed by mass spectrometry in a NATA accredited laboratory at Southern Cross UniversityCopyright 2020 Nutrition Research Australia 6MINERALS ANALYSEDNutritive MineralsCalciumChromiumCopperIronMagnesiumManganeseMolybdenumPhosphorusPotassiumSeleniumSodiumZincNon-Nutritive MineralsAluminiumArsenicBariumBoronCadmiumCobaltLeadMercuryNickelSiliconSilverSulferVanadiumNutritionally required for bodily functionsNo nutritional requirementsCopyright 2020 Nutrition Research Australia 7DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLESPink Salt originHimalayas: n = 27Australia: n = 3Peru: n = 1Pink Salt formFine: n = 14Coarse: n = 15Flakes: n = 1Pink Salt Colour:No colour: n = 2Light pink: n = 5Medium pink: n = 11Dark pink: n = 13* Percentages derived from the 25 minerals tested in the studyCopyright 2020 Nutrition Research Australia 8MINERAL COMPOSITIONTop 3 non-sodium nutritive minerals found in pink salt:Magnesium 5 – 12,000 mg/100gCalcium 53 – 574 mg/100gPotassium 10 – 453 mg/100g Non-nutritive minerals:100% contain sulfur93% contain aluminium94% contain lead83% contain silicon!Toxic levels of lead found in one imported sample of 2.59 mg/kg, Exceeds FSANZ limit of 2.0 mg/kgCopyright 2020 Nutrition Research Australia 9PREDICTORS OF MINERAL CONTENTSamples with higher nutritive minerals also had higher non-nutritive mineralsHimalayan Origin, and darker colour predict higher non-sodium mineral content  Australian samples had lower levels of both nutritive and non-nutritive minerals Copyright 2020 Nutrition Research Australia 10IMPLICATIONSPink salt is not healthier than any other saltPink salt contains higher levels of nutritive AND non-nutritive mineralsOne sample contained toxic levels of lead (No safe level for lead intake)To make a meaningful contribution to nutrient intake, over SIX teaspoons of salt a  day is neededAt this level, sodium will exceed WHO recommendations by 592 %Pink salt should be consumed within WHO recommendations of < 5 g salt each dayCopyright 2020 Nutrition Research Australia 11STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONSThis world-first study measured and reported the mineral composition of commercially available pink salts. This research provides important information to allow health care providers, consumers, and policy makers make informed choices.Although a representative sample was attempted, there may be selection bias due to where samples were purchasedColour coding was subjective and may be prone to misclassification biasSome minerals of interest were unable to be measured (Fluorine, Iodine)Samples were only measured once by one laboratory. Where two products were analysed from the same brand, findings were consistent, strengthening the analysisCopyright 2020 Nutrition Research Australia 12RECOMMENDATIONSFlavourful salt replacers:• Herbs (fresh or dried)• Spices• Umami foods (tomato, parmesan)• Flavoured vinegars and oils Recommendations for practice:• Salt (including pink) consumption should not exceed 5 g/day (2000 mg/day sodium) from all sources • Iodised salt is the only salt to meet a nutritional requirementRegulatory considerations:• Lead levels exceeded safety limit for one imported sampleThank You Copyright 2020 Nutrition Research Australia 13

Nutritive and non-nutritive mineral composition of pink salt available in Australia

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Nutritive and non-nutritive mineral composition of pink salt available in Australia

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