Beitzel, Maria M.

Dawes, Jay J.

Dulla, Joseph

Lockie, Robert G.

Orr, Rob Marc

Wilson, Kathleen S.

English

In addition to the physical and mental benefits of physical activity (PA) and resistance training (RT), deputy sheriffs may also experience job-related benefits. However, incumbent deputy sheriffs and law enforcement officers tend to be less physically fit than recruits. As motivation is a key factor in PA, this lower fitness level may reflect motivation variations whether from a lack of fitness standards or a shift in priorities (i.e. shift work hours, family). To understand these variations, self-determination theory (SDT) characterizes motivation on a continuum ranging from external reasons (e.g. reward &amp; punishment) to intrinsic reasons (e.g. enjoyment of PA). The primary purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between different motivations and participation in both PA and RT in deputy sheriffs. A secondary purpose examined how years sworn was related to PA and motivation. Deputy sheriffs (n=60; years sworn: 4.8±3.5) from one law enforcement agency completed a cross-sectional questionnaire assessing PA using the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire with three added items for RT. Motivation was measured using the 24-item Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-3) categorizing motivation ranging from external to intrinsic (external, introjected, identified, integrated, and intrinsic regulation) and amotivation. Pearson correlations were conducted to assess relationships between motivation, years sworn, PA, and RT. Spearman’s Rho correlations were used for amotivation and identified regulation as normality assumptions were not met. A positive relationship was shown between PA and identified (r=0.33, p=.01), integrated (r=0.32, p=.01), and intrinsic regulation (r=0.30, p=.02). Similarly, a positive relationship was shown between RT and introjected (r=0.29, p=.03), identified (r=0.48, p&lt;.01), integrated (r=0.60, p&lt;.01), and intrinsic regulation (r=0.43, p=.01). Years sworn was negatively associated with external regulation (r=-0.30, p=.02) and PA (r = -0.34, p=.01). In line with SDT, more intrinsic motives (personal satisfaction, alignment with values) were associated with PA. However, the longer time since a deputy sheriff was sworn was associated with lower PA and lower external regulation. These relationships may reflect a lack of fitness standards and absence of external rewards and punishments for fitness maintenance that were present as recruits. Further research should explore how to encourage PA and intrinsic motivation in deputy sheriffs, from how physical training is applied during academy and promoted when deputy sheriffs begin deployment

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Bond UniversityResearch RepositoryThe Driving Force: Relationships between Motivation, Physical Activity, Resistance Training,and Years Sworn in Incumbent Deputy SheriffsBeitzel, Maria M.; Wilson, Kathleen S.; Dawes, James; Orr, Rob Marc; Dulla, Joseph; Lockie,Robert G.Published: 01/10/2010Document Version:Peer reviewed versionLink to publication in Bond University research repository.Recommended citation(APA):Beitzel, M. M., Wilson, K. S., Dawes, J. J., Orr, R. M., Dulla, J., & Lockie, R. G. (2010). The Driving Force:Relationships between Motivation, Physical Activity, Resistance Training, and Years Sworn in Incumbent DeputySheriffs. Poster session presented at The 38th Annual Meeting of the Southwest Regional Chapter of theAmerican College of Sports Medicine, Costa Mesa, United States.General rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright ownersand it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.For more information, or if you believe that this document breaches copyright, please contact the Bond University research repositorycoordinator.Download date: 10 May 2019Maria M. Beitzel1 w Kathleen S. Wilson1 w Jay J. Dawes2 w Robin M. Orr3 w Joseph M. Dulla4 w Robert G. Lockie11Center for Sport Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA. 2Department of Health Sciences, University of Colorado-Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA.3Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Qld, Australia.4Recruit Training Unit, Training Bureau, Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department, Los Angeles, CA, USA.The Driving Force: Relationships between Motivation, Physical Activity, Resistance Training, and Years Sworn in Incumbent Deputy Sheriffs INTRODUCTIONMETHODSCONCLUSIONSRESULTSTable 1: Correlations, Means and Standard Deviations for Type of Motivation and PA and RT. • In line with SDT,5 more intrinsic and autonomous motives (intrinsic, integrated, and identified regulation) wereassociated with both PA and RT.• However, the longer time since a deputy sheriff was sworn was associated with lower PA levels as well as lowerexternal regulation levels. As recruits, there are fitness standards as well as external rewards and punishmentsthat may promote PA during academy.• Although PA was not related to external regulation, the lower PA levels of deputy sheriffs may reflect a lack offitness standards and rewards and punishments after recruits graduate academy.• However, more external factors such as rewards and threats, such as evaluations, have been shown to actuallydecrease intrinsic forms of motivation.5• If fitness standards are not added as a part of post academy, it may be beneficial to foster more intrinsic andautonomous forms of motivation during and after academy to help deputy sheriffs engage in more PA and RT,which can improve their fitness levels and can benefit their job-related performance.• Further research should look at how the motivations and fitness levels of recruits and deputy sheriffs differ, as thisstudy only looked at one deputy sheriffs’ class so comparisons to recruits could not be made. Additionally, furtherresearch should explore how to encourage PA and intrinsic motivation in deputy sheriffs, from how physicaltraining is applied during academy and promoted when deputy sheriffs begin deployment.• Deputy sheriffs (n = 60; gender: male = 48, female = 12) from one law enforcement agency (years sworn: 4.8 ± 3.5)completed a questionnaire administered by graduate students from California State University, Fullerton in theSpring of 2018. The participants arrived in small groups and completed the questionnaire independently inapproximately 10-15 minutes.• PA was assessed using the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire2 considering the average frequency ofmoderate to vigorous physical activity over a 7-day period.• RT was assessed through three items addressing how often participants engaged in RT in the past 3 months, theaverage number of days per week in the past 3 months, and the number of days in the past week that theyengaged in RT.• Motivation was measured using the 24-item Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-3).3• Assessed 6 types of motivation with 4 items corresponding to each subscale.• Scale of 0 (Not true for me) to 4 (very true for me).• Cronbach’s alpha:• One item was removed from the subscales for Identified Regulation (0.74) and Amotivation (0.74) tomove Cronbach’s alpha into acceptable levels. Alpha levels were acceptable for all other variables.• Pearson correlations (p < .05) were conducted to assess relationships between motivation, years sworn, PA, and RT.• Normality assumptions were met for all variables except identified regulation and amotivation, for whichSpearman correlations were conducted.• Outliers: There was one outlier for PA that was adjusted by recording the next highest value as the score.References1. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln: University ofNebraska Press.2. Godin, G., & Shephard, R. J. (1985). A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 10(3), 141-146.3. Mullan, E., Markland, D., & Ingledew, D. K. (1997). A graded conceptualisation of self-determination in the regulation of exercise behaviour: Development of a measure using confirmatory factor analytic procedures.Personality and Individual Differences, 23(5), 745-752.4. Orr, R. M., Dawes, J. J., Pope, R., & Terry, J. (2018). Assessing differences in anthropometric and fitness characteristics between police academy cadets and incumbent officers. Journal of Strength and ConditioningResearch, 32(9), 2632-2641.5. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78.• Participation in physical activity (PA) and resistance training (RT) should provide physical and mental benefits todeputy sheriffs, in addition to job-related benefits. However, incumbent deputy sheriffs and law enforcementofficers tend to be less physically fit than recruits.4• As motivation is a key factor in PA, this lower fitness level may reflect motivation variations whether from a lack offitness standards or a shift in priorities (i.e. work hours, family).• To understand these variations, self-determination theory (SDT)5 characterizes motivation on a continuum rangingfrom intrinsic reasons (e.g. enjoyment of PA) to external reasons (e.g. reward and punishment):• Intrinsic Regulation: Performing a certain behavior because it elicits personal satisfaction and enjoyment.• Integrated Regulation: Performing a certain behavior because it aligns with one’s identity, values, and needs.• Identified Regulation: Performing a certain behavior because of the personal importance and value placed ofit.• Introjected Regulation: Performing a certain behavior to avoid guilt or to increase egocentric feelings, suchas pride.• External Regulation: Performing a certain behavior in order to obtain external rewards or avoid punishment.• Amotivation: A lack of desire to perform a certain behavior.• More intrinsic forms of motivation have been shown to not only be related to performance but also moreexcitement and persistence in engaging in a behavior.1 Additionally, more internal forms of motivation are alsomore sustainable due to links to autonomy and competence in the behavior.5• The primary purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between different motivations and participationin both PA and RT in deputy sheriffs. A secondary purpose examined how years sworn was related to PA andmotivation.ABSTRACTIn addition to the physical and mental benefits of physical activity (PA) and resistance training (RT), deputy sheriffs may also experience job-relatedbenefits. However, incumbent deputy sheriffs and law enforcement officers tend to be less physically fit than recruits. As motivation is a key factor inPA, this lower fitness level may reflect motivation variations whether from a lack of fitness standards or a shift in priorities (i.e. shift work hours,family). To understand these variations, self-determination theory (SDT) characterizes motivation on a continuum ranging from external reasons (e.g.reward & punishment) to intrinsic reasons (e.g. enjoyment of PA). The primary purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between differentmotivations and participation in both PA and RT in deputy sheriffs. A secondary purpose examined how years sworn was related to PA and motivation.Deputy sheriffs (n=60; years sworn: 4.8±3.5) from one law enforcement agency completed a cross-sectional questionnaire assessing PA using the GodinLeisure Time Exercise Questionnaire with three added items for RT. Motivation was measured using the 24-item Behavioral Regulation in ExerciseQuestionnaire (BREQ-3) categorizing motivation ranging from external to intrinsic (external, introjected, identified, integrated, and intrinsic regulation)and amotivation. Pearson correlations were conducted to assess relationships between motivation, years sworn, PA, and RT. Spearman’s Rhocorrelations were used for amotivation and identified regulation as normality assumptions were not met. A positive relationship was shown betweenPA and identified (r=0.31, p=.02), integrated (r=0.32, p=.01), and intrinsic regulation (r=0.30, p=.02). Similarly, a positive relationship was shownbetween RT and introjected (r=0.29, p=.03), identified (r=0.48, p=.01), integrated (r=0.60, p=.01), and intrinsic regulation (r=0.43, p=.01). Years swornwas negatively associated with external regulation (r=-0.30, p=.02) and PA (r=-0.34, p=.01). In line with SDT, more intrinsic motives (personalsatisfaction, alignment with values) were associated with PA. However, the longer time since a deputy sheriff was sworn was associated with lower PAand lower external regulation. These relationships may reflect a lack of fitness standards and absence of external rewards and punishments for fitnessmaintenance that were present as recruits. Further research should explore how to encourage PA and intrinsic motivation in deputy sheriffs, from howphysical training is applied during academy and promoted when deputy sheriffs begin deployment.* p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001Figure 1. Scatter plot for years sworn and PA (r = -0.34,p = .01).Figure 2. Scatter plot for years sworn and externalregulation (r = -0.30, p = .02)Figure 3. Scatter plot for intrinsic regulation and PA (r = 0.30, p = .02)Figure 4. Scatter plot for intrinsic regulation and RT (r =0.43, p = .001)• Correlations and descriptive statistics for types of motivation, PA and RT are shown in Table 1. Figures 1-4 displaythe relationships for years sworn with PA and external regulation, and for intrinsic regulation with PA and RT.

The Driving Force: Relationships between Motivation, Physical Activity, Resistance Training, and Years Sworn in Incumbent Deputy Sheriffs

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The Driving Force: Relationships between Motivation, Physical Activity, Resistance Training, and Years Sworn in Incumbent Deputy Sheriffs

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